Kidnapping (English Wikipedia)

Perri, Frank S.; Lichtenwald, Terrance G.; MacKenzie, Paula M. (2009). "Evil Twins: The Crime-Terror Nexus" (PDF). Forensic Examiner. pp. 16–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2010.

austlii.edu.au (Global: 1,563^rd place; English: 725^th place)

www5.austlii.edu.au

"CRIMES ACT 1900 – SECT 86 Kidnapping". austlii.edu.au. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

bailii.org (Global: 3,564^th place; English: 1,705^th place)

Hendy-Freegard v R [2007] EWCA Crim 1236 (23 May 2007)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"Colombia: Kidnap capital of the world". BBC News. 27 June 2001. Retrieved 20 January 2012.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Colombia kidnappings down 92% since 2000, police say". bbc.com. 28 December 2016.

biocatch.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Express kidnapping: The dark side of improved digital security". www.biocatch.com. Retrieved 19 November 2025.

businessinsider.com (Global: 201^st place; English: 139^th place)

Stargardter, Gabriel; Gardner, Simon (12 October 2014). "Mexican Gangs Could Be Making Up To $250 Million A Year By Abusing And Extorting Migrants". Business Insider. Reuters. Retrieved 21 March 2024.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

dictionary.cambridge.org

"Definition of kidnapping". 2017. Sources: Cornell University Law School. Cambridge English Dictionary. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

cambridge.org

Gilbert, Danielle (November 2022). "The Logic of Kidnapping in Civil War: Evidence from Colombia". American Political Science Review. 116 (4): 1226–1241. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000041. ISSN 0003-0554.

channel4.com (Global: 1,192^nd place; English: 622^nd place)

"Bride Kidnapping – a Channel 4 documentary". Channel 4.

commercialriskonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Dowding, Tony (20 February 2023). "Kidnap and ransom risk on the rise". Global Risk Manager. Retrieved 19 March 2024.

controlrisks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

RiskMap Report 2015 – Kidnap and extortion overview (PDF). controlrisks.com. p. 122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
"Kidnap for ransom in 2022". www.controlrisks.com. 14 February 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,383^rd place; English: 954^th place)

n.a. "Tort Liability for Cult Deprogramming: Peterson v. Sorlien". CORE.

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

law.cornell.edu

Legal Information Institute. "abduction". Cornell University.
"kidnapping". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 19 November 2025.
"Definition of kidnapping". 2017. Sources: Cornell University Law School. Cambridge English Dictionary. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

cps.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,685^th place)

"Kidnapping – False Imprisonment: Offences against the Person: Sentencing Manual: Legal Guidance". Crown Prosecution Service. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
For the CPS guidance, see: "Legal Guidance:The Crown Prosection Service: Prosecuting Cases of Child Abuse". Cps.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
For Offences against the person, see: "Offences against the Person: Legal Guidance". Crown Prosecution Service. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

crimelibrary.com (Global: 5,163^rd place; English: 3,705^th place)

"Chowchilla kidnap, Crime Library website". Crimelibrary.com. 15 July 1976. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2012.

criminalnotebook.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Kidnapping and Unlawful Confinement (Offence)". Criminal Law Notebook. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
"Murder (Offence)". Criminal Law Notebook. Retrieved 21 March 2024.

davidpshapirolaw.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Shapiro, David P. (2 April 2025). "Child Abduction for Sexual Purposes (Penal Code § 207) in California | Laws, Penalties & Defenses". David P. Shapiro Criminal Defense Attorneys. Retrieved 19 November 2025.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

Maras, Marie-Helen; Arsovska, Jana (June 2023). "Understanding the Intersection Between Technology and Kidnapping: A Typology of Virtual Kidnapping". International Criminology. 3 (2): 162–176. doi:10.1007/s43576-023-00091-4. ISSN 2662-9968. PMC 10256574.
Welsh, Blair (2024). "Taking Civilians: Terrorist Kidnapping in Civil War". International Studies Quarterly. 68 (2) sqae074. doi:10.1093/isq/sqae074. ISSN 0020-8833.
Gilbert, Danielle (November 2022). "The Logic of Kidnapping in Civil War: Evidence from Colombia". American Political Science Review. 116 (4): 1226–1241. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000041. ISSN 0003-0554.

dx.doi.org

Welsh, Blair (2024). "Taking Civilians: Terrorist Kidnapping in Civil War". International Studies Quarterly. 68 (2) sqae074. doi:10.1093/isq/sqae074. ISSN 0020-8833.

eisf.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

IKV Pax Christi (July 2008). "Kidnapping is a booming business" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2011.

fbi.gov (Global: 1,253^rd place; English: 766^th place)

"Virtual Kidnapping: A New Twist on a Frightening Scam". fbi.gov. 16 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
"Three Orthodox Jewish Rabbis Convicted of Conspiracy to Kidnap Jewish Husbands in Order to Force Them to Consent to Religious Divorces" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 21 April 2015; U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation

foundsf.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Shanghaiing". FoundSF. Retrieved 21 March 2024.

fpc.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rachel Briggs (November 2001). "The Kidnapping Business". Guild of Security Controllers Newsletter. Retrieved 10 January 2011.

go.com (Global: 97^th place; English: 79^th place)

abcnews.go.com

Ross, Brian (11 February 2009). "Kidnapping Capital of the U.S.A." ABC News. Retrieved 5 February 2013.

icc-ccs.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Unprecedented increase in Somali pirate activity". Commercial Crime Services. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
"IMB piracy report 2018: attacks multiply in the Gulf of Guinea". Commercial Crime Services. 16 January 2019. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2019.

justice.gov (Global: 884^th place; English: 477^th place)

"Criminal Resource Manual CRM 1000-1499 | 1034. Kidnapping—Federal Jurisdiction". United States Department of Justice. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2025.
"Southern District of Texas | Texas Woman Sentenced in Virtual Kidnapping Extortion Scheme". United States Department of Justice. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General Audit Division (2012). Report GR-60-12-006 Review of the Phoenix Police Department's 2008 Kidnapping Statistic reported in Department of Justice Grant Applications (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2026.

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

Quinones, Sam (12 February 2009). "Phoenix, kidnap-for-ransom capital". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
Dickerson, Marla; Sanchez, Cecilia (5 August 2008). "Mexican police linked to rising kidnappings". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 January 2011.

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 728^th place; English: 375^th place)

The Child Abduction Act 1984, section 5 Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

"Mexico: New Anti-Kidnapping Law Promulgated". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 21 March 2024.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"Definition of kidnapping". 2017. Sources: Cornell University Law School. Cambridge English Dictionary. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

mindefensa.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Military Personnel – Logros de la Política Integral de Seguridad y Defensa para la Prosperidad" (PDF) (in Spanish). mindefensa.gov.co. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2015.

ncciraq.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"(NCCI) | NGO Coordination Committee for Iraq". www.ncciraq.org. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2019.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Maras, Marie-Helen; Arsovska, Jana (June 2023). "Understanding the Intersection Between Technology and Kidnapping: A Typology of Virtual Kidnapping". International Criminology. 3 (2): 162–176. doi:10.1007/s43576-023-00091-4. ISSN 2662-9968. PMC 10256574.

overheid.nl (Global: 3,945^th place; English: 6,476^th place)

wetten.overheid.nl

"wetten.nl – Regeling – Wetboek van Strafrecht – BWBR0001854". wetten.overheid.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2016.

pakistani.org (Global: low place; English: 9,522^nd place)

"Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860)". pakistani.org. Retrieved 21 March 2024.

project.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Project America: Crime: Crime Rates: Kidnapping". Project.org. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

link.springer.com

Maras, Marie-Helen; Arsovska, Jana (June 2023). "Understanding the Intersection Between Technology and Kidnapping: A Typology of Virtual Kidnapping". International Criminology. 3 (2): 162–176. doi:10.1007/s43576-023-00091-4. ISSN 2662-9968. PMC 10256574.

thepanamanews.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Garcia Jr; Juan A. "Express kidnappings". Thepanamanews.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

un.org (Global: 117^th place; English: 160^th place)

dataunodc.un.org

"Kidnapping". dataUNODC.
"dp-crime-violent-offences". dataUNODC. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, crime-violent-offences". Retrieved 13 August 2025.

uslegalforms.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

legal-resources.uslegalforms.com

"Ransom: Understanding Its Legal Definition and Implications". US Legal Forms. Retrieved 19 November 2025.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Definition of kidnapping". 2017. Sources: Cornell University Law School. Cambridge English Dictionary. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Perri, Frank S.; Lichtenwald, Terrance G.; MacKenzie, Paula M. (2009). "Evil Twins: The Crime-Terror Nexus" (PDF). Forensic Examiner. pp. 16–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2010.
Garcia Jr; Juan A. "Express kidnappings". Thepanamanews.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
"Unprecedented increase in Somali pirate activity". Commercial Crime Services. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
"IMB piracy report 2018: attacks multiply in the Gulf of Guinea". Commercial Crime Services. 16 January 2019. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
Samaha, Albert; "Bad Rabbi: Tales of Extortion and Torture Depict a Divorce Broker's Brutal Grip on the Orthodox Community" , 4 December 2013; Village Voice
"Three Orthodox Jewish Rabbis Convicted of Conspiracy to Kidnap Jewish Husbands in Order to Force Them to Consent to Religious Divorces" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 21 April 2015; U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation
"CRIMES ACT 1900 – SECT 86 Kidnapping". austlii.edu.au. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
"wetten.nl – Regeling – Wetboek van Strafrecht – BWBR0001854". wetten.overheid.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
The Child Abduction Act 1984, section 5 Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
"Kidnapping – False Imprisonment: Offences against the Person: Sentencing Manual: Legal Guidance". Crown Prosecution Service. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
For the CPS guidance, see: "Legal Guidance:The Crown Prosection Service: Prosecuting Cases of Child Abuse". Cps.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
For Offences against the person, see: "Offences against the Person: Legal Guidance". Crown Prosecution Service. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
"Project America: Crime: Crime Rates: Kidnapping". Project.org. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
"Phoenix Kidnappings: Uncovering the Truth". Archived from the original on 13 April 2013.
U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General Audit Division (2012). Report GR-60-12-006 Review of the Phoenix Police Department's 2008 Kidnapping Statistic reported in Department of Justice Grant Applications (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2026.
IKV Pax Christi (July 2008). "Kidnapping is a booming business" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
RiskMap Report 2015 – Kidnap and extortion overview (PDF). controlrisks.com. p. 122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
"Business Horizons". Vol. 33, no. 3. 14 May 2011. Archived from the original on 17 August 2005.
"(NCCI) | NGO Coordination Committee for Iraq". www.ncciraq.org. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
"Welcome to Mexico City the new kidnap capital of the World". The Independent on Sunday. London, England. 5 September 2004. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2012 – via HighBeam Research.
"Facts about Kidnapping". Free Legal Advice. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
"Military Personnel – Logros de la Política Integral de Seguridad y Defensa para la Prosperidad" (PDF) (in Spanish). mindefensa.gov.co. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2015.
"Chowchilla kidnap, Crime Library website". Crimelibrary.com. 15 July 1976. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2012.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Maras, Marie-Helen; Arsovska, Jana (June 2023). "Understanding the Intersection Between Technology and Kidnapping: A Typology of Virtual Kidnapping". International Criminology. 3 (2): 162–176. doi:10.1007/s43576-023-00091-4. ISSN 2662-9968. PMC 10256574.
Welsh, Blair (2024). "Taking Civilians: Terrorist Kidnapping in Civil War". International Studies Quarterly. 68 (2) sqae074. doi:10.1093/isq/sqae074. ISSN 0020-8833.
Gilbert, Danielle (November 2022). "The Logic of Kidnapping in Civil War: Evidence from Colombia". American Political Science Review. 116 (4): 1226–1241. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000041. ISSN 0003-0554.

Kidnapping (English Wikipedia)

abc15.com (Global: low place; English: 6,127th place)

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loc.gov (Global: 63rd place; English: 47th place)

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mindefensa.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

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project.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

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