Kingdom of Benin (English Wikipedia)

Connah, Graham (2004). Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology. Routledge. pp. 125-6. ISBN 978-0415305914.
Millar, Heather (1996). The Kingdom of Benin in West Africa. Benchmark Books. pp. 14. ISBN 978-0761400882.
Boisragon, Alan Maxwell (1897). The Benin massacre. Smithsonian Libraries. London : Methuen.
Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 479. ISBN 978-0-521-822459. OCLC 50291226.
Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 0-521-82245-9. OCLC 50291226.
Roth, H. Ling (Henry Ling) (1903). Great Benin; its customs, art and horrors. Smithsonian Libraries. Halifax, Eng., F. King & Sons, ltd.
Dapper, Olfert (1668). Naukeurige Beschrijvinge der Afrikaensche Gewesten. Amsterdam: Jacob van Meurs. p. 495.
Dapper, Olfert (1668). "Het Kongrijk van Benijn". Naukeurige Beschrijvinge der Afrikaensche Gewesten. Amsterdam: Jacob van Meurs. pp. 494/495.
Bosman, Willem (1704). "Beschryving van Rio Formosa, Anders gesegt de Benin.". Nauwkeurige Beschryving van de Guinese Goud-tand-en Slave-kust. Utrecht: Anthony Schouten. pp. 212–257.
Bosman, Willem (1704). Nauwkeurige Beschryving van de Guinese Goud-tand-en Slave-kust. Utrecht: Anthony Schouten. pp. 222 f.

artsandculture.google.com

"Remarkable Historical Figures of Ancient Benin Kingdom – The Centenary Project". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 13 July 2021.

bbc.co.uk

"What was the Kingdom of Benin?". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
"The kingdom of Benin". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
"The kingdom of Benin". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
"The Kingdom of Benin - Precolonial Africa - KS3 History - homework help for year 7, 8 and 9". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 25 June 2024.

beninmoatfoundation.org

"Home | Benin Moat Foundation". www.beninmoatfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011.

beninroyalfamily.com

"History | The Benin Royal Family - Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria". The Benin Royal Family in North America. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

books.google.com

Aisien, Ekhaguosa (2001). The Benin City Pilgrimage Stations. Aisien Publishers. ISBN 9789783153356.
Thornton (1999), p. 76–77 Thornton, John Kelly (1999). Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781857283921.
Uyilawa Usuanlele and Victor Osaro Edo, "Migrating out of reach: fugitive Benin communities in colonial Nigeria, 1897-1934", in Femi James Kolapo and Kwabena O. Akurang-Parry (eds.), African agency and European colonialism: latitudes of negotiation and containment: essays in honor of A.S. Kanya-Forstner (2007), pp.72-74
Connah, Graham (2001). African Civilizations: An Archaeological Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 160. ISBN 9780521596909.
Patrick Darling (2015). "Conservation Management of the Benin Earthworks of Southern Nigeria: A critical review of past and present action plans". In Korka, Elena (ed.). The Protection of Archaeological Heritage in Times of Economic Crisis. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 341–352. ISBN 9781443874113. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
Thornton (1999), p. 81 Thornton, John Kelly (1999). Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781857283921.
Pargas, Damian Alan; Roşu, Felicia (2017). Critical Readings on Global Slavery. Brill Publishers. p. 1141. ISBN 9789004346611.

britannica.com

"Ewuare the Great | African king | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

doi.org

Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018), "Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)", Benin Studies, Routledge, pp. 76–128, doi:10.4324/9781351031264-4, ISBN 978-1-351-03126-4, S2CID 159119713, retrieved 27 January 2023
Ryder, A. F. C. (March 1965). "A Reconsideration of the Ife-Benin Relationship". The Journal of African History. 6 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1017/s0021853700005314. ISSN 0021-8537. S2CID 161293672.
Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.
Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.
Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.
Igbafe 1970, p. 385. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
Igbafe 1970, pp. 385–400. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
Igbafe 1970. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
Igbafe 1970, p. 387. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
Graham, James (1965). "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History". Cahiers d'Études africaines. 5 (18): 317–334. doi:10.3406/cea.1965.3035.
"Benin, Oba of Godfrey Okoro, (1899–1978)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u152217, retrieved 13 July 2021
Graham, James D. (1965). "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History: The General Approach". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 5 (18): 327–30. doi:10.3406/cea.1965.3035. JSTOR 4390897.
Igbafe, Philip A (1975). "Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945". The Journal of African History. 16 (3): 409–429. doi:10.1017/S002185370001433X. JSTOR 180474. S2CID 161431780 – via JSTOR.
Law, Robin (January 1985). "Human Sacrifice in Pre-Colonial West Africa". African Affairs. 84 (334): 65. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097676. JSTOR 722523.
Nevadomsky, Joseph; Lawson, Natalie; Hazlett, Ken (2014). "An Ethnographic and Space Syntax Analysis of Benin Kingdom Nobility Architecture". African Archaeological Review. 31 (1): 59–85. doi:10.1007/s10437-014-9151-x. JSTOR 43916862. S2CID 145149202.
Ogundiran, Akinwumi (June 2005). "Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives". Journal of World Prehistory. 19 (2): 133–168. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y. S2CID 144422848.
Connah, Graham (January 1972). "Archaeology of Benin". The Journal of African History. 13 (1): 33. doi:10.1017/S0021853700000244. S2CID 162976770.
Graham, James (1965). "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History". Cahiers d'Études africaines. 5 (18): 328–329. doi:10.3406/cea.1965.3035.
Skowronek, Tobias B.; Decorse, Christopher R.; Denk, Rolf; Birr, Stefan D.; Kingsley, Sean; Cook, Gregory D.; Benito Dominguez, Ana María; Clifford, Brandon; Barker, Andrew; Otero, José Suárez; Moreira, Vicente Caramés; Bode, Michael; Jansen, Moritz; Scholes, Daniel (2023). "German brass for Benin Bronzes: Geochemical analysis insights into the early Atlantic trade". PLOS ONE. 18 (4): e0283415. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1883415S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283415. PMC 10075414. PMID 37018227.

dx.doi.org

Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018), "Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)", Benin Studies, Routledge, pp. 76–128, doi:10.4324/9781351031264-4, ISBN 978-1-351-03126-4, S2CID 159119713, retrieved 27 January 2023
"Benin, Oba of Godfrey Okoro, (1899–1978)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u152217, retrieved 13 July 2021

edoaffairs.com

Edoaffairs (19 September 2022). "Ada And Eben Sceptre As Symbols of Authority in Benin". Edoaffairs. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

edoworld.net

"THE ADA AND EBEN SCEPTRES". www.edoworld.net. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

etsu.edu

dc.etsu.edu

Ogbebor, Owen Osahon (2013). The Sustainability of Agriculture in Nigeria Using Rubber as a Case Study (Master). East Tennessee State University.

guardian.ng

"Emotan, tale of ancient Benin Kingdom on MUSON stage". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. 4 January 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
"Queen Iden: Selfless intercessor". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2021.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.
Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.
Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Skowronek, Tobias B.; Decorse, Christopher R.; Denk, Rolf; Birr, Stefan D.; Kingsley, Sean; Cook, Gregory D.; Benito Dominguez, Ana María; Clifford, Brandon; Barker, Andrew; Otero, José Suárez; Moreira, Vicente Caramés; Bode, Michael; Jansen, Moritz; Scholes, Daniel (2023). "German brass for Benin Bronzes: Geochemical analysis insights into the early Atlantic trade". PLOS ONE. 18 (4): e0283415. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1883415S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283415. PMC 10075414. PMID 37018227.

jstor.org

Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.
Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.
Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.
Igbafe 1970, p. 385. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
Igbafe 1970, pp. 385–400. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
Igbafe 1970. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
Igbafe 1970, p. 387. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345, R. H. Bacon, Benin the City of Blood (London, I897), 17, [The assumption here again is that the festival meant a holocaust of human beings. The Oba was celebrating the Ague festival, which was one of rededication. This did not involve human sacrifices. See also W. N. M. Geary: Nigeria Under British Rule (London, 1927), II4. ]
Graham, James D. (1965). "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History: The General Approach". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 5 (18): 327–30. doi:10.3406/cea.1965.3035. JSTOR 4390897.
Igbafe, Philip A (1975). "Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945". The Journal of African History. 16 (3): 409–429. doi:10.1017/S002185370001433X. JSTOR 180474. S2CID 161431780 – via JSTOR.
Law, Robin (January 1985). "Human Sacrifice in Pre-Colonial West Africa". African Affairs. 84 (334): 65. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097676. JSTOR 722523.
Nevadomsky, Joseph; Lawson, Natalie; Hazlett, Ken (2014). "An Ethnographic and Space Syntax Analysis of Benin Kingdom Nobility Architecture". African Archaeological Review. 31 (1): 59–85. doi:10.1007/s10437-014-9151-x. JSTOR 43916862. S2CID 145149202.
Connah, Graham (June 1967). "New Light on the Benin City Walls". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 3 (4): 597–599. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41856902.
Connah, Graham (June 1967). "New Light on the Benin City Walls". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 3 (4): 608. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41856902.

metmuseum.org

Bortolot, Alexander Ives (October 2003). "Women Leaders in African History: Idia, First Queen Mother of Benin". metmuseum.org. Retrieved 26 September 2022.

motleytravels.org

"Benin Empire". motleytravels.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.

nationalgeographic.org

education.nationalgeographic.org

"The Kingdom of Benin | National Geographic Society". education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 19 December 2022.

newscientist.com

Pearce, Fred. African Queen. New Scientist, 11 September 1999, Issue 2203.
"Famous Benin Bronzes from West Africa used metal sourced in Germany". New Scientist. 2023. The world-famous Benin Bronze artworks created by African metalsmiths between the 16th and 19th centuries were made of brass rings produced in Germany's Rhineland region. These rings were used as currency in the transatlantic slave trade.
"Famous Benin Bronzes from West Africa used metal sourced in Germany". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Skowronek, Tobias B.; Decorse, Christopher R.; Denk, Rolf; Birr, Stefan D.; Kingsley, Sean; Cook, Gregory D.; Benito Dominguez, Ana María; Clifford, Brandon; Barker, Andrew; Otero, José Suárez; Moreira, Vicente Caramés; Bode, Michael; Jansen, Moritz; Scholes, Daniel (2023). "German brass for Benin Bronzes: Geochemical analysis insights into the early Atlantic trade". PLOS ONE. 18 (4): e0283415. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1883415S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283415. PMC 10075414. PMID 37018227.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Skowronek, Tobias B.; Decorse, Christopher R.; Denk, Rolf; Birr, Stefan D.; Kingsley, Sean; Cook, Gregory D.; Benito Dominguez, Ana María; Clifford, Brandon; Barker, Andrew; Otero, José Suárez; Moreira, Vicente Caramés; Bode, Michael; Jansen, Moritz; Scholes, Daniel (2023). "German brass for Benin Bronzes: Geochemical analysis insights into the early Atlantic trade". PLOS ONE. 18 (4): e0283415. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1883415S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283415. PMC 10075414. PMID 37018227.

oluwalanu.com

Agusto, Lanu (10 November 2021). "The Story of Ekaladerhan: was Oduduwa Benin or Yoruba?". Oluwalanu. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

persee.fr

Graham, James (1965). "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History". Cahiers d'Études africaines. 5 (18): 317–334. doi:10.3406/cea.1965.3035.
Graham, James (1965). "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History". Cahiers d'Études africaines. 5 (18): 328–329. doi:10.3406/cea.1965.3035.

researchgate.net

Bondarenko, Dmitri; Roese, Peter (1 January 1999). "Benin Prehistory. The Origin and Settling Down of the Edo". Anthropos: International Review of Anthropology and Linguistics. 94: 542–552.
Bondarenko, Dmitri M.; Roese, Peter M.; Roese, Tobias (2001). "Ludewig Ferdinand Römer's "Nachrichten von der Küste Guinea" (Mid-18th Century) as a Source on the Benin Kingdom History and Culture". Tribus. 50: 135–149.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018), "Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)", Benin Studies, Routledge, pp. 76–128, doi:10.4324/9781351031264-4, ISBN 978-1-351-03126-4, S2CID 159119713, retrieved 27 January 2023
Ryder, A. F. C. (March 1965). "A Reconsideration of the Ife-Benin Relationship". The Journal of African History. 6 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1017/s0021853700005314. ISSN 0021-8537. S2CID 161293672.
Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.
Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.
Ben-Amos Girshick, Paula; Thornton, John (2001). "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853701007915. hdl:2022/3613. JSTOR 3647167. S2CID 145691565.
Igbafe 1970, p. 385. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
Igbafe 1970, pp. 385–400. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
Igbafe 1970. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
Igbafe 1970, p. 387. Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: a reassessment". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
Igbafe, Philip A (1975). "Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945". The Journal of African History. 16 (3): 409–429. doi:10.1017/S002185370001433X. JSTOR 180474. S2CID 161431780 – via JSTOR.
Nevadomsky, Joseph; Lawson, Natalie; Hazlett, Ken (2014). "An Ethnographic and Space Syntax Analysis of Benin Kingdom Nobility Architecture". African Archaeological Review. 31 (1): 59–85. doi:10.1007/s10437-014-9151-x. JSTOR 43916862. S2CID 145149202.
Ogundiran, Akinwumi (June 2005). "Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives". Journal of World Prehistory. 19 (2): 133–168. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y. S2CID 144422848.
Connah, Graham (January 1972). "Archaeology of Benin". The Journal of African History. 13 (1): 33. doi:10.1017/S0021853700000244. S2CID 162976770.

substack.com

nextgenbronzes.substack.com

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tell.ng

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theguardian.com

Koutonin, Mawuna (18 March 2016). "Story of cities #5: Benin City, the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
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web.archive.org

"Home | Benin Moat Foundation". www.beninmoatfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011.
Alberge, Dalya (5 April 2023). "Benin bronzes made from metal mined in west Germany, study finds". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
"Famous Benin Bronzes from West Africa used metal sourced in Germany". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
"Benin Empire". motleytravels.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.

worldcat.org

Ryder, A. F. C. (March 1965). "A Reconsideration of the Ife-Benin Relationship". The Journal of African History. 6 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1017/s0021853700005314. ISSN 0021-8537. S2CID 161293672.
Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 479. ISBN 978-0-521-822459. OCLC 50291226.
Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 0-521-82245-9. OCLC 50291226.
Connah, Graham (June 1967). "New Light on the Benin City Walls". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 3 (4): 597–599. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41856902.
Connah, Graham (June 1967). "New Light on the Benin City Walls". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 3 (4): 608. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41856902.

worldhistory.org

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worldstatesmen.org

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