Kinshasa (English Wikipedia)

"DR Congo election: 17 dead in anti-Kabila protests Archived 16 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine", BBC, 19 September 2016.
[2] BBC News - 'Hell behind bars' - life in DR Congo's most notorious jail

bonobos.org

"Friends of Bonobos | We save bonobos and their Congo rainforest home". Bonobos. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.

books.google.com

Cécile B. Vigouroux & Salikoko S. Mufwene (2008). Globalization and Language Vitality: Perspectives from Africa, pp. 103 & 109. A&C Black. ISBN 9780826495150. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Huband, Mark (20 May 2019). The Skull Beneath The Skin: Africa After The Cold War. Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-429-96439-8. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
Ness, Immanuel (19 September 2017). Encyclopedia of World Cities. Thames, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317471585. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
Boya, Loso Kiteti (2010). D.R. Congo. Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris Corporation. p. 175. ISBN 9781450082495. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
Academie, Jan Van Eyck (12 June 2006). Brakin: Brazzaville-Kinshasa : Visualizing the Visible. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers. ISBN 978-3-03778-076-3. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Zimi, Gutu Kia (10 January 2021). Growing Trees in Urban Kinshasa: Shrub Vegetation in Residential Plots in Kinshasa. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthoHouse. ISBN 978-1-6655-1262-6. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
Moulin, Léon de Saint (1971). Les anciens villages des environs de Kinshasa (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Lovanium. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
Prunier, Gérard (31 December 2008). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford, England, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 12–15. ISBN 978-0-19-970583-2.
Prunier, Gérard (31 December 2008). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford, England, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 12–15. ISBN 978-0-19-970583-2.
Muiu, M.; Martin, G. (5 January 2009). A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika. London, England, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-230-61831-2.
Katulondi, Hubert Kabasu Babu (14 March 2019). Democratisation in the Dr Congo from Joseph Mobutu to Joseph Kabila: A Modelled Exploration. Bloomington, Indiana, United States: AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-7283-8287-6.
PhD, Gutu Kia Zimi (10 January 2021). Growing Trees in Urban Kinshasa: Shrub Vegetation in Residential Plots in Kinshasa. Bloomington, Indiana, United States: AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-6655-1262-6. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Iyenda, Guillaume (2007). Households' Livelihoods and Survival Strategies Among Congolese Urban Poor: Alternatives to Western Approaches to Development. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-7734-5269-5. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Redwood, Mark, ed. (16 May 2012). Agriculture in Urban Planning: Generating Livelihoods and Food Security. Thames, Oxfordshire United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-136-57205-0. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Congo Republic Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws. Miami, Florida, United States: Global Pro Info USA. 22 November 2017. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-5145-1238-8. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Monographie de la province du Maniema (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: République démocratique du Congo, Ministères de l'agriculture et de l'élevage. 1998. p. 9. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
African Soils: Volumes 16-18. Paris, France: Commission Scientifique, technique et de la recherche de l'Organisation de l'unité Africaine. 1971. p. 169. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
Innocent Chirisa, Abraham Rajab Matamanda, & Liaison Mukarwi, "Desired and Achieved Urbanisation in Africa: In Search of Appropriate Tooling for a Sustainable Transformation”; in Umar Benna & Indo Benna, eds., Urbanization and Its Impact on Socio-Economic Growth in Developing Regions; IGI Global, 2017, ISBN 9781522526605; pp. 101–102.
Stewart, Gary (17 November 2003). Rumba on the River: A History of the Popular Music of the Two Congos. Verso. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-85984-368-0.
Trefon, Theodore (2004). Reinventing Order in the Congo: How People Respond to State Failure in Kinshasa. London and New York: Zed Books. p. 7. ISBN 9781842774915. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2009. A third factor is simply a demographic one. At least one in ten Congolese live in Kinshasa. With its population exceeding eleven million, it is the second-largest city in sub-Saharan Africa (after Lagos). It is also the second-largest French-speaking city in the world, according to Paris (even though only a small percentage of Kinois speak French correctly),
Manning, Patrick (1998). Francophone sub-Saharan Africa: Democracy and Dependence, 1985–1995. London and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780521645195. Retrieved 31 May 2009.^{[permanent dead link]} While the culture is dominated by the Francophonie, a complex multilingualism is present in Kinshasa. Many in the francophonie of the 1980s labelled Zaïre as the second-largest francophone country, and Kinshasa as the second-largest francophone city. Yet Zaïre seemed unlikely to escape a complex multilingualism. Lingala was the language of music, of presidential addresses, of daily life in government and in Kinshasa. But if Lingala was the spoken language of Kinshasa, it made little progress as a written language. French was the written language of the city, as seen in street signs, posters, newspapers and in government documents. French dominated plays and television as well as the press; French was the language of the national anthem and even for the doctrine of authenticity. Zairian researchers found French to be used in vertical relationships among people of uneven rank; people of equal rank, no matter how high, tended to speak Zairian languages among themselves. Given these limits, French might have lost its place to another of the leading languages of Zaïre – Lingala, Tshiluba, or Swahili – except that teaching of these languages also suffered from limitations on its growth.
Terry M. Mays, Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping, Third Edition; Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2011; p. 330.
Emizet Francois Kisangani, Scott F. Bobb, "China, People's Republic of, Relations with"; Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2010; pp. 74 Archived 1 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine–75.
Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (23 May 2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
O. Oko Elechi and Angela R. Morris, “Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Congo-Kinshasa)”; in Mahesh K. Nalla & Graeme R. Newman (eds.), Crime and Punishment around the World, Volume 1: Africa and the Middle East; Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2010; pp. 53–56.
Erenberg, Lewis A. (22 May 2019). The Rumble in the Jungle: Muhammad Ali and George Foreman on the Global Stage. Chicago, United States: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226059570. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
Tamagni, Daniele; Goodwin, Paul (2009). Gentlemen of Bacongo. Contributors: Paul Goodwin, Paul Smith. London, England: Trolley. ISBN 9781904563839. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.

britannica.com

"Kinshasa – national capital, Democratic Republic of the Congo". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
"Kinshasa – national capital, Democratic Republic of the Congo". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

brooklynstreetart.com

"Kinshasa Shines Brightly at Kin Graff 4: Part I". 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

cagesideseats.com

"The story behind Shinsuke Nakamura's Bomaye becoming Kinshasa in WWE". 2 April 2016. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.

cairn.info

Tuema, Jacques Kiambu Di (5 December 2009). "Déréglementation des services de télécommunications en République Démocratique du Congo et inégale répartition des ressources". Revue d'Économie Régionale & Urbaine (in French) (2009/5): 975–994. doi:10.3917/reru.095.0975. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
Inge Wagemakers & Jean-Nicholas BCH, "Les Défis de l’Intervention: Programme d'aide internationale et dynamiques de gouvernance locale dans le Kinshasa périurbain Archived 18 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine"; Politique africaine 2013/1 no. 129; doi:10.3917/polaf.129.0113.

cefacongo.org

"Cefacongo.org". Cefacongo.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.

ceni.cd

Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante. "La Cartographie Electorale des 26 Provinces—Kinshasa". www.ceni.cd (in French). Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2020.

citiesofmusic.net

"Kinshasa". UNESCO Cities of Music. 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

classe-export.com

Rouaud, Pierre Olivier (25 July 2022). "RD Congo: les fortes prévisions de croissance confortées par le FMI". Classe-export.com (in French). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

climate-data.org

en.climate-data.org

"Climate: Kinshasa". AmbiWeb GmbH. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.

cnn.com

Cornall, Flo (1 June 2023). "Congolese artists wear costumes made of trash to shine a light on Kinshasa's pollution problem". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
CNN Archived 11 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Dedicated followers of fashion: Congo’s designer dandies Mark Tutton, CNN 13 February 2012

collectioncongo-art.nl

"Collection_Congo_ Art: School Alhadeff". www.collectioncongo-art.nl. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.

congocheck.net

Kaseso, Joel Machozi (27 May 2023). "Faux, le magazine Forbes n'a pas publié un classement du "Top 10 des meilleurs villes de la RDC en 2023"". Congocheck.net (in French). Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

copernicus.org

hess.copernicus.org

Kitambo, Benjamin; Papa, Fabrice; Paris, Adrien; Tshimanga, Raphael M.; Calmant, Stephane; Fleischmann, Ayan Santos; Frappart, Frederic; Becker, Melanie; Tourian, Mohammad J.; Prigent, Catherine; Andriambeloson, Johary (12 April 2022). "A combined use of in situ and satellite-derived observations to characterize surface hydrology and its variability in the Congo River basin". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 26 (7): 1857–1882. Bibcode:2022HESS...26.1857K. doi:10.5194/hess-26-1857-2022. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.

demographia.com

"DemographiaWorld Urban Areas – 13th Annual Edition" (PDF). Demographia. April 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2017.

doi.org

Matthieu Kayembe Wa Kayembe, Mathieu De Maeyer et Eléonore Wolff, "Cartographie de la croissance urbaine de Kinshasa (R.D. Congo) entre 1995 et 2005 par télédétection satellitaire à haute résolution Archived 17 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine", Belgeo 3–4, 2009; doi:10.4000/belgeo.7349.
Tuema, Jacques Kiambu Di (5 December 2009). "Déréglementation des services de télécommunications en République Démocratique du Congo et inégale répartition des ressources". Revue d'Économie Régionale & Urbaine (in French) (2009/5): 975–994. doi:10.3917/reru.095.0975. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
Kitambo, Benjamin; Papa, Fabrice; Paris, Adrien; Tshimanga, Raphael M.; Calmant, Stephane; Fleischmann, Ayan Santos; Frappart, Frederic; Becker, Melanie; Tourian, Mohammad J.; Prigent, Catherine; Andriambeloson, Johary (12 April 2022). "A combined use of in situ and satellite-derived observations to characterize surface hydrology and its variability in the Congo River basin". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 26 (7): 1857–1882. Bibcode:2022HESS...26.1857K. doi:10.5194/hess-26-1857-2022. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Jean Flouriot, "Kinshasa 2005. Trente ans après la publication de l’Atlas de Kinshasa Archived 17 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine", Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer 261, January–March 2013; doi:10.4000/com.6770.
Luce Beeckmans & Liora Bigon, "The making of the central markets of Dakar and Kinshasa: from colonial origins to the post-colonial period”; Urban History 43(3), 2016; doi:10.1017/S0963926815000188.
Bédécarrats, Florent; Lafuente-Sampietro, Oriane; Leménager, Martin; Lukono Sowa, Dominique (2019). "Building commons to cope with chaotic urbanization? Performance and sustainability of decentralized water services in the outskirts of Kinshasa". Journal of Hydrology. 573: 1096–1108. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.07.023.
Hoornweg, Daniel; Pope, Kevin (2017). "Population predictions for the world's largest cities in the 21st century". Environment and Urbanization. 29 (1): 195–216. Bibcode:2017EnUrb..29..195H. doi:10.1177/0956247816663557.
Inge Wagemakers & Jean-Nicholas BCH, "Les Défis de l’Intervention: Programme d'aide internationale et dynamiques de gouvernance locale dans le Kinshasa périurbain Archived 18 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine"; Politique africaine 2013/1 no. 129; doi:10.3917/polaf.129.0113.
Bill Freund, "City and Nation in an African Context: National Identity in Kinshasa”; Journal of Urban History 38(5), 2012; doi:10.1177/0096144212449141.
Camille Dugrand, “Subvertir l’ordre? Les ambivalences de l’expression politique des Shégués de Kinshasa”; Revue Tiers Monde 4(228), 2016; doi:10.3917/rtm.228.0045. "Figures incontournables de l’urbanité kinoise, les Shégués ont fait l’objet de plusieurs travaux scientifiques (Biaya, 1997, 2000; De Boeck, 2000, 2005; Geenen, 2009)."
Bofane, In Koli Jean; De Jager, Marjolijn (2018). Congo Inc.: Bismarck's Testament. Indiana University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2204p5d. JSTOR j.ctt2204p5d. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

dw.com

Blanchard, Sandrine (7 September 2022). "Il y a 25 ans, la mort de Mobutu Sese Seko" [25 years ago, the death of Mobutu Sese Seko]. DW News (in French). Retrieved 15 June 2025.

economie.gouv.fr

tresor.economie.gouv.fr

"La situation économique de la RD Congo en 2022 – Perspectives 2023". Direction générale du Trésor. 27 April 2023. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.

efficacynews.africa

"DRC Unveils $956 Million Plan to Modernize Matadi-Kinshasa Railway – Efficacy News". efficacynews.africa. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.

efus.eu

"Brussels". efus.eu. European Forum for Urban Security. 21 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022.

en-vols.com

"This is the most French-speaking city in the world". En-vols.com. 10 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

euronews.com

fr.euronews.com

Chignac, François (6 July 2023). "Conférence Risque Pays 2023 : le climat des affaires s'améliore en RDC". euronews (in French). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

flightera.net

"Flightera.net". 21 August 2022. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2019.

francetvinfo.fr

Magnan, Pierre (2 June 2017). "Kinshasa a dépassé Paris comme plus grande ville francophone du monde". Franceinfo (in French). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

francophonie.org

"XIVe Sommet de la Francophonie". OIF. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.

friendsofthecongo.org

"Congolese Culture". Friends of the Congo. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

fsmtoolbox.com

Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). pp. 9–28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
Kinyamb, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" [Monograph of the city of Kinshasa] (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). p. 43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). pp. 9–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). p. 37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). pp. 31–33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). pp. 33–35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.

gettocenter.com

[Airport rankings: Africa https://gettocenter.com/airports/continent/africa Archived 16 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine]

globaldatalab.org

hdi.globaldatalab.org

"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.

gvnet.com

"Danballuff – Children of Congo: From War to Witches(video)". Gvnet.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
"Prevalence, Abuse & Exploitation of Street Children". Gvnet.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.

hal.science

Syosyo, Crispin Malingumu (2015). "Analyse du marché des télécommunications mobiles en République Démocratique du Congo: Dynamique du marché et stratégies des acteurs". hal.science (in French). Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Kitambo, Benjamin; Papa, Fabrice; Paris, Adrien; Tshimanga, Raphael M.; Calmant, Stephane; Fleischmann, Ayan Santos; Frappart, Frederic; Becker, Melanie; Tourian, Mohammad J.; Prigent, Catherine; Andriambeloson, Johary (12 April 2022). "A combined use of in situ and satellite-derived observations to characterize surface hydrology and its variability in the Congo River basin". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 26 (7): 1857–1882. Bibcode:2022HESS...26.1857K. doi:10.5194/hess-26-1857-2022. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Hoornweg, Daniel; Pope, Kevin (2017). "Population predictions for the world's largest cities in the 21st century". Environment and Urbanization. 29 (1): 195–216. Bibcode:2017EnUrb..29..195H. doi:10.1177/0956247816663557.

hrw.org

"The Rwandan Patriotic Front (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda)". Hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 1 March 1999. Retrieved 9 March 2025.
"What Future? Street Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo: IV. Background". hrw.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.

i-d.co

"the congolese musicians making music like you've never heard before". i-d.vice.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

imf.org

"IMF Staff Concludes Visit to the Democratic Republic of the Congo". IMF. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.

jeuneafrique.com

Velluet, Quentin (31 October 2018). "Offres d'emploi : les meilleures opportunités en Afrique – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

journalofscience.org

Michael, Mukendi Tshibangu; Henri, Mbale Kunzi; Meti, Ntumba Jean; Felicien, Lukoki Luyeye (15 May 2020). "Floristic Inventory of Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants Found in Malebo Pool in Congo Rivers, Kinshasa, DR. Congo (Case of MOLONDO, MIPONGO, and JAPON Islands)". Global Journal of Science Frontier Research. 20 (C6): 31–44. ISSN 2249-4626. Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.

jstor.org

Bofane, In Koli Jean; De Jager, Marjolijn (2018). Congo Inc.: Bismarck's Testament. Indiana University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2204p5d. JSTOR j.ctt2204p5d. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

kinshasa.cd

"Géographie de Kinshasa". Ville de Kinshasa. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.

krispannecoucke.org

"Kinshasa Street Artists". Kris Pannecoucke. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

l-hora.org

Madsen, Wayne (30 August 2001). "America's covert operations in the Great Lakes Region". L'HORA. Retrieved 9 March 2025.

lejournalinternational.fr

"Le Journal International – Archives". www.lejournalinternational.fr. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

lesoir.be

"Le Congo à la recherche de partenaires belges pour un ambitieux projet d'extension de Kinshasa" [Congo seeks Belgian partners for ambitious Kinshasa expansion project]. Le Soir (in French). Brussels, Belgium. 18 April 2025. Retrieved 24 June 2025.

mapping-report.org

"First Congo War - Attacks against Hutu refugees - South Kivu". Mapping-report.org. The Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 United Nations Mapping Report. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
"Attacks against other civilian populations – Kinshasa". Mapping-report.org. The Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 United Nations Mapping Report. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
"The Second Congo War (August 1998–January 2001)". Mapping-report.org. The Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 United Nations Mapping Report. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
"Second Congo War – Attacks on other civilian populations – South Kivu". Mapping-report.org. The Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 United Nations Mapping Report. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2025.
"Second Congo War – Attacks on other civilian populations – Kinshasa". Mapping-report.org. The Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 United Nations Mapping Report. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
"DRC Towards Transition (January 2001–June 2003)". Mapping-report.org. The Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 United Nations Mapping Report. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2025.
"DRC Towards Transition (January 2001–June 2003)". Mapping-report.org. The Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 United Nations Mapping Report. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2025.
"DRC Towards Transition (January 2001–June 2003)". Mapping-report.org. The Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 United Nations Mapping Report. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2025.

mediacongo.net

"Actualité | Quelle est la nature juridique de l'autorité du ministre de la Justice sur le Parquet ?". www.mediacongo.net (in French). Kinshasa. 6 July 2020. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

mediatheque.be

Sutter, Anne-Sophie de (19 July 2017). "Kinshasa en musiques" [Kinshasa in music]. Médiathèque Nouvelle (in French). Retrieved 15 June 2025.

memoireonline.com

Luzonzo, Merseign (2016). "Les fondements de l'émergence économique de la République Démocratique du Congo: défis et perspectives" [The foundations of the economic emergence of the Democratic Republic of Congo: challenges and prospects] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Catholique du Congo. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
Luaka, Evrard Nkenku (2005). "La gestion et la gouvernance des déchets dans la ville-province de Kinshasa" [Waste management and governance in the city-province of Kinshasa] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: University of Kinshasa. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
"Memoire Online – Tfc: inventaire dendrométrique et floristique des arbres du jardin botanique de Kinshasa – Samuel ABANDA". Memoire Online. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
Bukasa, Ismael (2015). "Entrepreneuriat et la lutte contre la pauvreté en république démocratique du Congo" [Entrepreneurship and the fight against poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université International Al-Mustafa. Retrieved 24 June 2025.

mgafrica.com

Gianluca Iazzolino, "Kinshasa, megalopolis of 12 million souls, expanding furiously on super-charged growth Archived 9 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine"; Mail & Guardian Africa, 2 April 2016.

mkbco.pro

ins.mkbco.pro

Institut National De La Statistique. "Projections demographiques 2019–25 (in French)". Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

moneyinternational.com

Hughes, Martin (3 July 2016). "Kinshasa Is Most Expensive City To Live For Expats". Money International. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

mronline.org

Black, Christopher (12 September 2010). "The Rwandan Patriotic Front's Bloody Record and the History of UN Cover-Ups". Monthly Review Online. Retrieved 9 March 2025.

newleftreview.org

Joe Trapido, "Kinshasa's Theater of Power Archived 17 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine", New Left Review 98, March/April 2016.

newsweek.com

Ali, Muhammad (24 October 1999). "Muhammad Ali Remembers the Rumble in the Jungle". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

nova.fr

Gaitet, Richard (3 December 2017). "Jupiter Bokondji: "Sans littérature, il n'y a pas de cerveau"" [Jupiter Bokondji: "Without literature, there is no brain"]. Nova.fr (in French). Paris, France: Radio Nova. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
Stisi, Bastien (2 June 2017). "L'ode à la teuf pour le nouveau clip de Jupiter & Okwess" [The ode to the party for the new music video by Jupiter & Okwess]. Nova.fr (in French). Paris, France: Radio Nova. Retrieved 16 June 2025.

npr.org

Merritt Kennedy, "Congo A 'Powder Keg' As Security Forces Crack Down On Whistling Demonstrators Archived 17 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine", NPR, 21 December 2016.

nytimes.com

"Congo Starts Expulsions". The New York Times. 22 August 1964. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
Wachter, Sarah J. (19 June 2007). "Giant dam projects aim to transform African power supplies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
Catsoulis, Jeannette (9 June 2011). "'Viva Riva!'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Trebay, Guy (27 April 2016). "Papa Wemba's Influential, Cross-Cultural Chic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

parcdelavalleedelansele.com

"LE PARC – Parc de la Vallée de la N'sele". parcdelavalleedelansele.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.

people.com.cn

english.people.com.cn

"Africa Feature: Around 20,000 street children wander in Kinshasa". English.people.com.cn. 1 June 2007. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2011.

pitchfork.com

"On Hearing My Father's Legacy in Vampire Weekend". Pitchfork. 1 February 2018. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

pls-rdc.com

wordpress.pls-rdc.com

"Onze school". Prins van Luikschool Kinshasa. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.

politico.cd

Rédaction, La (28 January 2019). "Félix Tshisekedi s'installe dans "une modeste" villa à la cité de l'UA". Politico.cd (in French). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

populationstat.com

"PopulationStat.com". Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.

researchgate.net

Nuah M. Makungo, "Is the Democratic Republic of Congo being Globalized by China? The Case of Small Commerce at Kinshasa Central Market Archived 17 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine", Quarterly Journal of Chinese Studies 2(1), 2012.

reuters.com

"IMF revises Congo's 2022 growth up to 8.5%, rebel conflict a concern". Reuters. 15 February 2023. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
Manson, Katrina (22 July 2010). "Congo's children battle witchcraft accusations". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2011.

uk.reuters.com

Ross, Aaron (13 March 2016). "Beaten and discarded, Congo street children are strangers to mining boom". reuters.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.

revueconflits.com

Buron, Thierry (22 November 2020). "Brazzaville et Kinshasa : proches, mais séparées". Conflits : Revue de Géopolitique (in French). Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.

revues.org

belgeo.revues.org

Matthieu Kayembe Wa Kayembe, Mathieu De Maeyer et Eléonore Wolff, "Cartographie de la croissance urbaine de Kinshasa (R.D. Congo) entre 1995 et 2005 par télédétection satellitaire à haute résolution Archived 17 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine", Belgeo 3–4, 2009; doi:10.4000/belgeo.7349.

com.revues.org

Jean Flouriot, "Kinshasa 2005. Trente ans après la publication de l’Atlas de Kinshasa Archived 17 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine", Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer 261, January–March 2013; doi:10.4000/com.6770.

rfi.fr

"En RDC, le difficile accès à la justice pour les femmes victimes de viols". RFI (in French). 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

rottentomatoes.com

[3] Archived 16 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Rotten Tomatoes Season 1 The Widow 8 July 2019

stanford.edu

www-sul.stanford.edu

"Countries: Democatric Republic of the Congo: News" (Archive). [sic] Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Retrieved on 28 April 2014.

state.gov

travel.state.gov

"U.S. Dept. of State – Congo, Democratic Republic of the Country Specific Information". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010.

statista.com

[Statistica: Africa Press Freedom https://www.statista.com/statistics/1221101/press-freedom-index-in-africa-by-country/ Archived 22 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine]

streetchildrenofkinshasa.com

"At the centre – Street Childrens". streetchildrenofkinshasa.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.

theculturetrip.com

Douniama, Victoire (25 June 2018). "The Art of La Sape: Fashion Tips from Congo's "Sapeurs"". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

theeastafrican.co.ke

"UN beefs up peacekeeping force in DR Congo capital Archived 13 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine", East African / AFP, 19 October 2016.

theguardian.com

Burke, Jason (17 January 2017). "Face-off over the Congo: the long rivalry between Kinshasa and Brazzaville". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja (17 January 2011). "Patrice Lumumba: the most important assassination of the 20th century". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
Morgan, Andy (9 May 2013). "The scratch orchestra of Kinshasa". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
Yocum, Thomas (15 October 2014). "Forty years on from the Rumble in the Jungle, Kinshasa is a city of chaos". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Bradshaw, Peter (9 November 2017). "Félicité review – gritty story of Kinshasa bar singer". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Mujula, Fiston Mwanza (7 January 2016). "Tram 83, the Congolese novel that's wowing the literary world – extract". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Bromwich, Kathryn (25 March 2023). "Rubbish fashion: street art costumes of Kinshasa – in pictures". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

theneweuropean.co.uk

Deboick, Sophia (8 June 2020). "Heart of smartness – DR Congo's city united in music". The New European. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

transurbainkinshasa.wordpress.com

"Trans urbain kinshasa". Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2019.

typepad.com

africaaction.typepad.com

"Street Children in Kinshasa". Africa Action. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.

ua.ac.be

Inge Wagemakers, Oracle Makangu Diki, & Tom De Herdt, "Lutte Foncière dans la Ville: Gouvernance de la terre agricole urbaine à Kinshasa Archived 18 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine"; L’Afrique des grands lacs: Annuaire 2009–2010.

uantwerpen.be

medialibrary.uantwerpen.be

Reyntjens, Filip (1999). "La deuxième guerre du Congo: plus qu'une réédition" [The Second Congo War: More Than a Reissue] (PDF). Medialibrary.uantwerpen.be (in French). University of Antwerp. p. 3. Retrieved 23 May 2025.

unesco.org

en.unesco.org

"Kinshasa: Ville Créative de la Musique" [Kinshasa: Creative City of Music] (PDF). en.unesco.org (in French). Paris, France. 2016–2019. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
"Kinshasa: About the Creative City". En.unesco.org. 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2023.

uil.unesco.org

[1] UNESCO :The Congo Literacy Project (The Democratic Republic of Congo)

unhcr.org

"10The Rwandan genocide and its aftermath" (PDF). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Geneva, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. p. 2 (246). Retrieved 13 November 2024.

universalis.fr

Encyclopædia Universalis. "Kinshasa: La population et les activités" [Kinshasa: Population and activities]. Encyclopædia Universalis (in French). Retrieved 24 June 2025.

voanews.com

"US Ambassador: UN Aiding 'Corrupt' Government in Congo Archived 31 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine", VOA News, 29 March 2017.

warchild.org.uk

"A night on the streets with Kinshasa's 'child witches'". War Child UK – Warchild.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.

waze.com

"Driving directions to Jardin Zoologique, 1 Avenue Kasa-Vubu, Kinshasa". Waze. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.

weatherbase.com

"KINSHASA, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.

web.archive.org

Institut National De La Statistique. "Projections demographiques 2019–25 (in French)". Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
Matthieu Kayembe Wa Kayembe, Mathieu De Maeyer et Eléonore Wolff, "Cartographie de la croissance urbaine de Kinshasa (R.D. Congo) entre 1995 et 2005 par télédétection satellitaire à haute résolution Archived 17 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine", Belgeo 3–4, 2009; doi:10.4000/belgeo.7349.
"DemographiaWorld Urban Areas – 13th Annual Edition" (PDF). Demographia. April 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
"PopulationStat.com". Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
Cécile B. Vigouroux & Salikoko S. Mufwene (2008). Globalization and Language Vitality: Perspectives from Africa, pp. 103 & 109. A&C Black. ISBN 9780826495150. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Chignac, François (6 July 2023). "Conférence Risque Pays 2023 : le climat des affaires s'améliore en RDC". euronews (in French). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Rouaud, Pierre Olivier (25 July 2022). "RD Congo: les fortes prévisions de croissance confortées par le FMI". Classe-export.com (in French). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Kaseso, Joel Machozi (27 May 2023). "Faux, le magazine Forbes n'a pas publié un classement du "Top 10 des meilleurs villes de la RDC en 2023"". Congocheck.net (in French). Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Syosyo, Crispin Malingumu (2015). "Analyse du marché des télécommunications mobiles en République Démocratique du Congo: Dynamique du marché et stratégies des acteurs". hal.science (in French). Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
Tuema, Jacques Kiambu Di (5 December 2009). "Déréglementation des services de télécommunications en République Démocratique du Congo et inégale répartition des ressources". Revue d'Économie Régionale & Urbaine (in French) (2009/5): 975–994. doi:10.3917/reru.095.0975. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
"La culture et le divertissement au Congo". Actualite.cd (in French). 27 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
Luzonzo, Merseign (2016). "Les fondements de l'émergence économique de la République Démocratique du Congo: défis et perspectives" [The foundations of the economic emergence of the Democratic Republic of Congo: challenges and prospects] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Catholique du Congo. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
"Actualité | Quelle est la nature juridique de l'autorité du ministre de la Justice sur le Parquet ?". www.mediacongo.net (in French). Kinshasa. 6 July 2020. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
"En RDC, le difficile accès à la justice pour les femmes victimes de viols". RFI (in French). 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Rédaction, La (28 January 2019). "Félix Tshisekedi s'installe dans "une modeste" villa à la cité de l'UA". Politico.cd (in French). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Huband, Mark (20 May 2019). The Skull Beneath The Skin: Africa After The Cold War. Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-429-96439-8. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). pp. 9–28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
Ness, Immanuel (19 September 2017). Encyclopedia of World Cities. Thames, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317471585. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
Boya, Loso Kiteti (2010). D.R. Congo. Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris Corporation. p. 175. ISBN 9781450082495. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
Buron, Thierry (22 November 2020). "Brazzaville et Kinshasa : proches, mais séparées". Conflits : Revue de Géopolitique (in French). Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
Academie, Jan Van Eyck (12 June 2006). Brakin: Brazzaville-Kinshasa : Visualizing the Visible. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers. ISBN 978-3-03778-076-3. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Burke, Jason (17 January 2017). "Face-off over the Congo: the long rivalry between Kinshasa and Brazzaville". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
Zimi, Gutu Kia (10 January 2021). Growing Trees in Urban Kinshasa: Shrub Vegetation in Residential Plots in Kinshasa. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthoHouse. ISBN 978-1-6655-1262-6. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
"Géographie de Kinshasa". Ville de Kinshasa. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Magnan, Pierre (2 June 2017). "Kinshasa a dépassé Paris comme plus grande ville francophone du monde". Franceinfo (in French). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
"This is the most French-speaking city in the world". En-vols.com. 10 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Cornall, Flo (1 June 2023). "Congolese artists wear costumes made of trash to shine a light on Kinshasa's pollution problem". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
[Airport rankings: Africa https://gettocenter.com/airports/continent/africa Archived 16 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine]
"Kinshasa: Ville Créative de la Musique" [Kinshasa: Creative City of Music] (PDF). en.unesco.org (in French). Paris, France. 2016–2019. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
"Kinshasa: About the Creative City". En.unesco.org. 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
Velluet, Quentin (31 October 2018). "Offres d'emploi : les meilleures opportunités en Afrique – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Karuri, Ken (22 June 2016). "Luanda, Kinshasa ranked among world's most expensive cities for expats". Africanews. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Hughes, Martin (3 July 2016). "Kinshasa Is Most Expensive City To Live For Expats". Money International. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
"Kinshasa – national capital, Democratic Republic of the Congo". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
Moulin, Léon de Saint (1971). Les anciens villages des environs de Kinshasa (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Lovanium. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
Luaka, Evrard Nkenku (2005). "La gestion et la gouvernance des déchets dans la ville-province de Kinshasa" [Waste management and governance in the city-province of Kinshasa] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: University of Kinshasa. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
Kinyamb, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" [Monograph of the city of Kinshasa] (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). p. 43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja (17 January 2011). "Patrice Lumumba: the most important assassination of the 20th century". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
"Congo Starts Expulsions". The New York Times. 22 August 1964. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
Snow, Keith Harmon (17 December 2023). "Exposing U.S. agents of low intensity warfare in Africa: The policy wonks behind covert warfare and humanitarian fascism". African Agenda. Archived from the original on 24 January 2025. Retrieved 9 March 2025.
Joe Trapido, "Kinshasa's Theater of Power Archived 17 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine", New Left Review 98, March/April 2016.
"DR Congo election: 17 dead in anti-Kabila protests Archived 16 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine", BBC, 19 September 2016.
Merritt Kennedy, "Congo A 'Powder Keg' As Security Forces Crack Down On Whistling Demonstrators Archived 17 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine", NPR, 21 December 2016.
PhD, Gutu Kia Zimi (10 January 2021). Growing Trees in Urban Kinshasa: Shrub Vegetation in Residential Plots in Kinshasa. Bloomington, Indiana, United States: AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-6655-1262-6. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Iyenda, Guillaume (2007). Households' Livelihoods and Survival Strategies Among Congolese Urban Poor: Alternatives to Western Approaches to Development. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-7734-5269-5. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). pp. 9–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Wachter, Sarah J. (19 June 2007). "Giant dam projects aim to transform African power supplies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
Redwood, Mark, ed. (16 May 2012). Agriculture in Urban Planning: Generating Livelihoods and Food Security. Thames, Oxfordshire United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-136-57205-0. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Congo Republic Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws. Miami, Florida, United States: Global Pro Info USA. 22 November 2017. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-5145-1238-8. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Kitambo, Benjamin; Papa, Fabrice; Paris, Adrien; Tshimanga, Raphael M.; Calmant, Stephane; Fleischmann, Ayan Santos; Frappart, Frederic; Becker, Melanie; Tourian, Mohammad J.; Prigent, Catherine; Andriambeloson, Johary (12 April 2022). "A combined use of in situ and satellite-derived observations to characterize surface hydrology and its variability in the Congo River basin". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 26 (7): 1857–1882. Bibcode:2022HESS...26.1857K. doi:10.5194/hess-26-1857-2022. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Michael, Mukendi Tshibangu; Henri, Mbale Kunzi; Meti, Ntumba Jean; Felicien, Lukoki Luyeye (15 May 2020). "Floristic Inventory of Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants Found in Malebo Pool in Congo Rivers, Kinshasa, DR. Congo (Case of MOLONDO, MIPONGO, and JAPON Islands)". Global Journal of Science Frontier Research. 20 (C6): 31–44. ISSN 2249-4626. Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Monographie de la province du Maniema (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: République démocratique du Congo, Ministères de l'agriculture et de l'élevage. 1998. p. 9. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
African Soils: Volumes 16-18. Paris, France: Commission Scientifique, technique et de la recherche de l'Organisation de l'unité Africaine. 1971. p. 169. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
Jean Flouriot, "Kinshasa 2005. Trente ans après la publication de l’Atlas de Kinshasa Archived 17 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine", Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer 261, January–March 2013; doi:10.4000/com.6770.
Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante. "La Cartographie Electorale des 26 Provinces—Kinshasa". www.ceni.cd (in French). Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
"Climate: Kinshasa". AmbiWeb GmbH. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
"KINSHASA, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
"STATIONSNUMMER 64210" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
"LE PARC – Parc de la Vallée de la N'sele". parcdelavalleedelansele.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
"Driving directions to Jardin Zoologique, 1 Avenue Kasa-Vubu, Kinshasa". Waze. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
"Memoire Online – Tfc: inventaire dendrométrique et floristique des arbres du jardin botanique de Kinshasa – Samuel ABANDA". Memoire Online. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
"Friends of Bonobos | We save bonobos and their Congo rainforest home". Bonobos. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). p. 37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
Gianluca Iazzolino, "Kinshasa, megalopolis of 12 million souls, expanding furiously on super-charged growth Archived 9 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine"; Mail & Guardian Africa, 2 April 2016.
Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). pp. 31–33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). pp. 33–35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
"Populations of 150 Largest Cities in the World". World Atlas. 7 March 2016. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
Trefon, Theodore (2004). Reinventing Order in the Congo: How People Respond to State Failure in Kinshasa. London and New York: Zed Books. p. 7. ISBN 9781842774915. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2009. A third factor is simply a demographic one. At least one in ten Congolese live in Kinshasa. With its population exceeding eleven million, it is the second-largest city in sub-Saharan Africa (after Lagos). It is also the second-largest French-speaking city in the world, according to Paris (even though only a small percentage of Kinois speak French correctly),
"XIVe Sommet de la Francophonie". OIF. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
"UN beefs up peacekeeping force in DR Congo capital Archived 13 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine", East African / AFP, 19 October 2016.
"US Ambassador: UN Aiding 'Corrupt' Government in Congo Archived 31 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine", VOA News, 29 March 2017.
"UN troops open fire in Kinshasa Archived 10 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine", BBC, 3 June 2004.
Inge Wagemakers, Oracle Makangu Diki, & Tom De Herdt, "Lutte Foncière dans la Ville: Gouvernance de la terre agricole urbaine à Kinshasa Archived 18 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine"; L’Afrique des grands lacs: Annuaire 2009–2010.
Inge Wagemakers & Jean-Nicholas BCH, "Les Défis de l’Intervention: Programme d'aide internationale et dynamiques de gouvernance locale dans le Kinshasa périurbain Archived 18 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine"; Politique africaine 2013/1 no. 129; doi:10.3917/polaf.129.0113.
"IMF revises Congo's 2022 growth up to 8.5%, rebel conflict a concern". Reuters. 15 February 2023. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
"IMF Staff Concludes Visit to the Democratic Republic of the Congo". IMF. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
"La situation économique de la RD Congo en 2022 – Perspectives 2023". Direction générale du Trésor. 27 April 2023. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
"Kinshasa – national capital, Democratic Republic of the Congo". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
Emizet Francois Kisangani, Scott F. Bobb, "China, People's Republic of, Relations with"; Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2010; pp. 74 Archived 1 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine–75.
Nuah M. Makungo, "Is the Democratic Republic of Congo being Globalized by China? The Case of Small Commerce at Kinshasa Central Market Archived 17 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine", Quarterly Journal of Chinese Studies 2(1), 2012.
"Cefacongo.org". Cefacongo.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
"Onze school". Prins van Luikschool Kinshasa. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
"Collection_Congo_ Art: School Alhadeff". www.collectioncongo-art.nl. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
"Provincial Health Division of Kinshasa" Archived 14 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine African Development Information Services
Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (23 May 2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
Morgan, Andy (9 May 2013). "The scratch orchestra of Kinshasa". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
CNN Archived 11 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Dedicated followers of fashion: Congo’s designer dandies Mark Tutton, CNN 13 February 2012
"Les travaux de construction de la Maison d'Adoration Nationale en bonne progression !". 20 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
[Statistica: Africa Press Freedom https://www.statista.com/statistics/1221101/press-freedom-index-in-africa-by-country/ Archived 22 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine]
"Democratic Republic of Congo country profile – Media". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
"Countries: Democatric Republic of the Congo: News" (Archive). [sic] Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Retrieved on 28 April 2014.
"Trans urbain kinshasa". Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
"Request a ride in Kinshasa via the Yango app!". Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
"Flightera.net". 21 August 2022. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
"N'djili Airport website". Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
"U.S. Dept. of State – Congo, Democratic Republic of the Country Specific Information". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
Bruce Baker. "Nonstate Policing: Expanding the Scope for Tackling Africa's Urban Violence" (PDF). Africacenter.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
Prisons in the Democratic Republic of Congo Archived 18 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, ed. Ryan Nelson, Refugee Documentation Center, Ireland; May 2002.
Manson, Katrina (22 July 2010). "Congo's children battle witchcraft accusations". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
"Street Children in Kinshasa". Africa Action. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
"A night on the streets with Kinshasa's 'child witches'". War Child UK – Warchild.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
"Danballuff – Children of Congo: From War to Witches(video)". Gvnet.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
"Africa Feature: Around 20,000 street children wander in Kinshasa". English.people.com.cn. 1 June 2007. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
"Prevalence, Abuse & Exploitation of Street Children". Gvnet.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
"At the centre – Street Childrens". streetchildrenofkinshasa.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
Ross, Aaron (13 March 2016). "Beaten and discarded, Congo street children are strangers to mining boom". reuters.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
"What Future? Street Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo: IV. Background". hrw.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
"Brussels". efus.eu. European Forum for Urban Security. 21 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
"Sister Cities of Ankara". Ankara.bel.tr. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
"Congolese Culture". Friends of the Congo. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Ali, Muhammad (24 October 1999). "Muhammad Ali Remembers the Rumble in the Jungle". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Yocum, Thomas (15 October 2014). "Forty years on from the Rumble in the Jungle, Kinshasa is a city of chaos". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Erenberg, Lewis A. (22 May 2019). The Rumble in the Jungle: Muhammad Ali and George Foreman on the Global Stage. Chicago, United States: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226059570. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
Catsoulis, Jeannette (9 June 2011). "'Viva Riva!'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Bradshaw, Peter (9 November 2017). "Félicité review – gritty story of Kinshasa bar singer". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
[3] Archived 16 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Rotten Tomatoes Season 1 The Widow 8 July 2019
Mujula, Fiston Mwanza (7 January 2016). "Tram 83, the Congolese novel that's wowing the literary world – extract". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Bofane, In Koli Jean; De Jager, Marjolijn (2018). Congo Inc.: Bismarck's Testament. Indiana University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2204p5d. JSTOR j.ctt2204p5d. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Deboick, Sophia (8 June 2020). "Heart of smartness – DR Congo's city united in music". The New European. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
"Kinshasa". UNESCO Cities of Music. 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
"the congolese musicians making music like you've never heard before". i-d.vice.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
"On Hearing My Father's Legacy in Vampire Weekend". Pitchfork. 1 February 2018. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Bromwich, Kathryn (25 March 2023). "Rubbish fashion: street art costumes of Kinshasa – in pictures". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
"Kinshasa Street Artists". Kris Pannecoucke. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
"Kinshasa Shines Brightly at Kin Graff 4: Part I". 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
"Le Journal International – Archives". www.lejournalinternational.fr. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Tamagni, Daniele; Goodwin, Paul (2009). Gentlemen of Bacongo. Contributors: Paul Goodwin, Paul Smith. London, England: Trolley. ISBN 9781904563839. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
Trebay, Guy (27 April 2016). "Papa Wemba's Influential, Cross-Cultural Chic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Douniama, Victoire (25 June 2018). "The Art of La Sape: Fashion Tips from Congo's "Sapeurs"". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
"The story behind Shinsuke Nakamura's Bomaye becoming Kinshasa in WWE". 2 April 2016. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.

worldatlas.com

"Populations of 150 Largest Cities in the World". World Atlas. 7 March 2016. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2016.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Burke, Jason (17 January 2017). "Face-off over the Congo: the long rivalry between Kinshasa and Brazzaville". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
Kitambo, Benjamin; Papa, Fabrice; Paris, Adrien; Tshimanga, Raphael M.; Calmant, Stephane; Fleischmann, Ayan Santos; Frappart, Frederic; Becker, Melanie; Tourian, Mohammad J.; Prigent, Catherine; Andriambeloson, Johary (12 April 2022). "A combined use of in situ and satellite-derived observations to characterize surface hydrology and its variability in the Congo River basin". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 26 (7): 1857–1882. Bibcode:2022HESS...26.1857K. doi:10.5194/hess-26-1857-2022. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Michael, Mukendi Tshibangu; Henri, Mbale Kunzi; Meti, Ntumba Jean; Felicien, Lukoki Luyeye (15 May 2020). "Floristic Inventory of Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants Found in Malebo Pool in Congo Rivers, Kinshasa, DR. Congo (Case of MOLONDO, MIPONGO, and JAPON Islands)". Global Journal of Science Frontier Research. 20 (C6): 31–44. ISSN 2249-4626. Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Yocum, Thomas (15 October 2014). "Forty years on from the Rumble in the Jungle, Kinshasa is a city of chaos". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Catsoulis, Jeannette (9 June 2011). "'Viva Riva!'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Bradshaw, Peter (9 November 2017). "Félicité review – gritty story of Kinshasa bar singer". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Mujula, Fiston Mwanza (7 January 2016). "Tram 83, the Congolese novel that's wowing the literary world – extract". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Bromwich, Kathryn (25 March 2023). "Rubbish fashion: street art costumes of Kinshasa – in pictures". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
Trebay, Guy (27 April 2016). "Papa Wemba's Influential, Cross-Cultural Chic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

worldpopulationreview.com

Kinshasa Population 2024, World population review 30 May 2024
"Kinshasa Population 2025". Worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 24 June 2025.

yango.com

"Request a ride in Kinshasa via the Yango app!". Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.