Kizil Caves (English Wikipedia)

CHANG, YUAN ZANG. THE EVOLUTION OF EARLY CHINESE BUDDHA FIGURES (PDF). p. 70, Note 70 referencing Li Ruizhe, Cave Temple in Kucha (《龟兹石窟寺》), China Social Sciences Press, December 2015, p. 11.

academia.edu

Kubik, Adam (2008). "The Kizil Caves as an terminus post quem of the Central and Western Asiatic pear-shape spangenhelm type helmets The David Collection helmet and its place in the evolution of multisegmented dome helmets, Historia i Świat nr 7/2018, 141–156". Histïria I Swiat. 7: 143–144.
Ilyasov, Jangar (2001). "The Hephthalite Terracotta // Silk Road Art and Archaeology. Vol. 7. Kamakura, 2001, 187–200". Silk Road Art and Archaeology: 187–197.
Hiyama, Satomi (January 2017). "Portrait of the Royal Patronage in Kizil Cave 60 (Größte Höhle)". Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrift: 40, note 7.
"In Kuchean iconographical convention, cartouches do not appear in narrative representations, but are most typically appended to the portraits of actual donors." in Hiyama, Satomi (January 2017). "Portrait of the Royal Patronage in Kizil Cave 60 (Größte Höhle)". Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrift: 39.
Hiyama, Satomi (2016). "Portrait of the Royal Patronage in Kizil Cave 60 (Größte Höhle)". Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrift. 20/21: 39–50.
"Sogdiana under its nomadic elites became the principal center of agricultural wealth and population in Central Asia." and paragraph on "The Shift of the Trade Routes" in Vaissière, Etienne de la (212). "Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity: 5 Central Asia and the Silk Road". In S. Johnson (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, P. 142-169. Oxford University Press: 144–160.
Kubik, Adam (2018). "The Kizil Caves as an terminus post quem of the Central and Western Asiatic pear-shape spangenhelm type helmets The David Collection helmet and its place in the evolution of multisegmented dome helmets, Historia i Świat nr 7/2018, 141–156". Historia i Swiat. 7: 145–148.
G, Reza Karamian; Farrokh, Kaveh; Syvänne, Ilkka; Kubik, Adam; Czerwieniec-Ivasyk, Marta; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna. Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets The headgear in Iranian history volume I: Pre-Islamic Period Edited by Katarzyna Maksymiuk & Gholamreza Karamian Siedlce-Tehran 2017. pp. 1157–1163, 1247.
Yatsenko, Sergey (2013). "Some Observations on Depictions of Early Turkic Costume (The Silk Road, 11, 2013)". The Silk Road. 11: 72, image 7.3.

archive.org

Rowland, Benjamin (1975). The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. p. 154.
Hertel, Herbert (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums. pp. 48–49.
Le Coq, Albert von; Waldschmidt, Ernst (1922). Die buddhistische spätantike in Mittelasien, VII. Berlin, D. Reimer [etc.] pp. 24–29.
Grousset 1970, p. 48. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
Grousset 1970, p. 49. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
"It was to the Bamian frescoes that the early style of the frescoes of Kizil -somewhat west of Kucha- was related" in Grousset 1970, p. 51 Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
Rao, Heimo and Upadhyaya (1976). Reflections On Indian Art. pp. 142–143.
Rowland, Benjamin (1975). The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. p. 156.
Rao, Heimo and Upadhyaya (1976). Reflections On Indian Art. p. 44.
Rao, Heimo and Upadhyaya (1976). Reflections On Indian Art. pp. 144 ff.
Hertel, Herbert (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums. pp. 70–72.
Hertel, Herbert (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums. pp. 72–74.
Grousset 1970, p. 51. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
Azarpay, Guitty (1981). Sogdian Painting. p. 50.
Hertel, Herbert (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums. pp. 55–56.
Le Coq, Albert von; Waldschmidt, Ernst (1922). Die buddhistische spätantike in Mittelasien, VI. Berlin, D. Reimer [etc.] pp. 68–70.
Original descriptions only say the mural came from "the 5th cave east of the Cave of the Sixteen Swordbearers" in Le Coq, Albert von; Waldschmidt, Ernst (1922). Die buddhistische spätantike in Mittelasien, VI. Berlin, D. Reimer [etc.] p. 68., which could technically be Cave 13, but now generally thought to be Cave 17
Rowland, Benjamin (1975). The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. p. 155.
Rowland, Benjamin (1975). The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. p. 151.
"The coat generally had two lapels, but in Kucha region it is also depicted with only one lapel; this type was related to the influence of the Hephthalites, who settled north of the Tian Shan range in the 5th and 6th centuries" in Maillard, Monique (1996). The dictionary of art. New York : Grove's Dictionaries. p. 310. ISBN 978-1-884446-00-9.
Le Coq, Albert von; Waldschmidt, Ernst. Die buddhistische spätantike in Mittelasien, VI. Berlin, D. Reimer [etc.] pp. 80–81.
Grünwedel, Albert (1912). Altbuddhistische Kultstätten Chinesisch Turkistan. p. 180.
Le Coq, Albert von; Waldschmidt, Ernst. Die buddhistische spätantike in Mittelasien, VII. Berlin, D. Reimer [etc.] pp. 28–33.
Le Coq, Albert von; Waldschmidt, Ernst. Die buddhistische spätantike in Mittelasien, VII. Berlin, D. Reimer [etc.] p. 27.
Grousset 1970, p. 99. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
Rowland, Benjamin (1975). The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. p. 167.
Reference: Fig 7 ("Cave 24") and text in the note of the previous page Le Coq, Albert von; Waldschmidt, Ernst (1922). Die buddhistische spätantike in Mittelasien, VII. Berlin, D. Reimer [etc.] pp. 17–18.
Rowland, Benjamin (1975). The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. p. 169.
Grousset 1970, p. 100. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
Rowland, Benjamin (1975). The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. p. 221.
Grousset 1970, p. 52. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
"The population was called by the Greeks Tokharoi, Thaguroi; by the Romans Tochar; or Thogarii (in Sanskrit, Tukhara; in Tibetan, Thod-kar or Tho-gar; in Khotanese, Ttaugara; in Uigurian, Twghry; in Armenian, T'ukri-k'" in Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet A Key To The History Of Mankind. p. 348.
Turner, Jane, ed. (1996). The dictionary of art. New York : Grove's Dictionaries. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-884446-00-9.

bijutsushi.jp

Hirayama, Satomi (2010). "The wall painting of Kizil Cave 118: the story of king Mandhatr as a new identification". Journal of the Japan Art History Society. 59.

bl.uk

idp.bl.uk

"IDP JAPANESE COLLECTIONS". idp.bl.uk. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-01-28.

books.google.com

阮, 荣春 (May 2015). 佛教艺术经典第三卷佛教建筑的演进 (in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. p. 184. ISBN 978-7-5314-6376-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 645. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
(Other than Kizil)... "The nearby site of Kumtura contains over a hundred caves, forty of which contain painted murals or inscriptions. Other cave sites near Kucha include Subashi, Kizilgaha, and Simsim." in Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (24 November 2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 658 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 707. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
Footprints of Foreign Explorers on the Silk Road. 五洲传播出版社. 2005. p. 86. ISBN 978-7-5085-0706-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 655–658. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 645 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Ghose, Rajeshwari (2008). Kizil on the Silk Road: Crossroads of Commerce & Meeting of Minds. Marg Publications. p. 39. ISBN 978-81-85026-85-5.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 649. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne; Kunst (Germany), Museum für Indische; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 158 ff. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2.
Beckwith 2009, p. xix ff. Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.
Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2.
Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 670–675. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne; Kunst (Germany), Museum für Indische; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 651 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 658. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Puri, Baij Nath (1987). Buddhism in Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-208-0372-5.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 654. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Bell, Alexander Peter (2000). Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 147. ISBN 978-3-8258-5134-7.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 683. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 646–647. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 678 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 679 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 681 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
"scribbled on the right side: "after this painting was done, the one who came from Rumakama (Syria), the painter Manibhadra, did these circles below" in South Asian Archaeology 1985: Papers from the Eighth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Held at Moesgaard Museum, Denmark, 1–5 July 1985. Curzon Press. 1989. p. 382. ISBN 9780913215500.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 645–680. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 668. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 671, note 166. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 671. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 678. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 673. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 677. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
"A scene with the Buddha is crowned with a frieze of perspective dentils, scrolls, and a classical leaf-fascia which might easily have graced a Roman wall" in Boardman, John (1994). The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity. Princeton University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-0-691-03680-9.
Howard, Angela; Vignato, Giuseppe (14 November 2014). Archaeological and Visual Sources of Meditation in the Ancient Monasteries of Kuča. BRILL. p. 119, note 35. ISBN 978-90-04-27939-1.
Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne; Kunst (Germany), Museum für Indische; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
Turner, R. L. (1999). A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 261, entry for "Citrakara", Sanskrit and Hindu word चित्रकला. ISBN 978-81-208-1665-7.
Schopen, Gregory (31 July 2014). Buddhist Nuns, Monks, and Other Worldly Matters: Recent Papers on Monastic Buddhism in India. University of Hawaii Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-8248-7392-9.
Kramrisch, Stella (30 April 1994). Exploring India's Sacred Art. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 140. ISBN 978-81-208-1208-6.
Gasparini, Mariachiara (30 November 2019). Transcending Patterns: Silk Road Cultural and Artistic Interactions through Central Asian Textile Images. University of Hawaii Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8248-7798-9.
Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2.
Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 484. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 658–665. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 666. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 691. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Image 16 in Yaldiz, Marianne (1987). Archèaologie und Kunstgeschichte Chinesisch-Zentralasiens (Xinjiang) (in German). BRILL. p. xv. ISBN 978-90-04-07877-2.
"The images of donors in Cave 17 are seen in two fragments with numbers MIK 8875 and MIK 8876. One of them with halo may be identified as king of Kucha." in Ghose, Rajeshwari (2008). Kizil on the Silk Road: Crossroads of Commerce & Meeting of Minds. Marg Publications. p. 127, note 22. ISBN 978-81-85026-85-5. "The panel of Tocharian donors and Buddhist monks , which was at the MIK ( MIK 8875 ) disappeared during World War II and was discovered by Yaldiz in 2002 in the Hermitage Museum" page 65,note 30
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 692. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Puri, Baij Nath (1987). Buddhism in Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-208-0372-5.
Bell, Alexander Peter (2000). Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 107. ISBN 978-3-8258-5134-7.
Whitfield, Roderick; Whitfield, Susan; Agnew, Neville (15 September 2015). Cave Temples of Mogao at Dunhuang: Art History on the Silk Road: Second Edition. Getty Publications. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-60606-445-0.
Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne; Kunst (Germany), Museum für Indische; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
"The suggestion that the Hephthalites were originally of Turkic origin and only later adopted Bactrian as their administrative, and possibly native, language (de la Vaissière 2007: 122) seems to be most prominent at present." in Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. p. 135. ISBN 9781474400305.
Rhie, Marylin M. (1999). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia. BRILL. p. xl. ISBN 978-90-04-12848-4.
Yaldiz, Marianne (1987). Archèaologie und Kunstgeschichte Chinesisch-Zentralasiens (Xinjiang) (in German). BRILL. p. 26. ISBN 978-90-04-07877-2.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 704. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
"將出自第178窟主室側壁的"説法圔"被定在第181窟。這幅壁畫出自德國所擬窟名"小峽谷高位窟"。"小峽谷"即指第 175 — 180 和 181 — 190 兩排洞窟之間的峽谷, 峽谷内位置最高的洞窟是第 181 窟。於是將 178 窟的壁畫定在了第 181 窟。在 1994 克孜爾谷東區岩體加固工程實施之前,第 181 窟是無法攀登的,在工程進行時我們借助工程的脚手架才進人該窟看個究竟,原來第 181 窟是個從未作過壁晝的洞窟。" in "TBD". 華林 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 中華書局: 230. 2002. ISBN 9787101032017.
Karetzky, Patricia Eichenbaum (2000). Early Buddhist Narrative Art: Illustrations of the Life of the Buddha from Central Asia to China, Korea, and Japan. University Press of America. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7618-1671-3.
Beal, Samuel (2000). Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World : Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629). Psychology Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-415-24469-5., also available in: "Kingdom of K'iu-chi (Kucha or Kuche) [Chapter 2]". www.wisdomlib.org. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
Howard, Angela; Vignato, Giuseppe (14 November 2014). Archaeological and Visual Sources of Meditation in the Ancient Monasteries of Kuča. BRILL. pp. 128–130. ISBN 978-90-04-27939-1.
Howard, Angela; Vignato, Giuseppe (14 November 2014). Archaeological and Visual Sources of Meditation in the Ancient Monasteries of Kuča. BRILL. pp. 126 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-27939-1.
Karetzky, Patricia E. (26 April 2000). Early Buddhist Narrative Art: Illustrations of the Life of the Buddha from Central Asia to China, Korea and Japan. University Press of America. pp. 38 ff. ISBN 978-1-4617-4027-8.
Howard, Angela; Vignato, Giuseppe (14 November 2014). Archaeological and Visual Sources of Meditation in the Ancient Monasteries of Kuča. BRILL. p. 129. ISBN 978-90-04-27939-1.
Adams, Douglas Q.; Peyrot, Michaël; Pinault, Georges-Jean; Olander, Thomas; Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård (2013). "More Thoughts on Tocharian B Prosody" in "Tocharian and Indo-European Studies vol.14". Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 26–28. ISBN 978-87-635-4066-7.
For 覩货罗 as "Tokharistan" see 冯承钧学术著作集中 (in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. June 2015. p. 175. ISBN 978-7-999099-49-9.
Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West. BRILL. 2 December 2013. p. 81. ISBN 978-90-04-25530-2.
"The Kizil caves, says a modern critic, have “withstood vandalism by religious zealots, the sampling of large sections of murals by early 20th century European explorers, most notably Von le Coq, and desultory defacement by Red Guards..." Ghose, Rajeshwari (2008). Kizil on the Silk Road: Crossroads of Commerce & Meeting of Minds. Marg Publications. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-81-85026-85-5.
Lopez, Donald S. (15 August 1995). Curators of the Buddha: The Study of Buddhism Under Colonialism. University of Chicago Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-226-49308-4.
Lee, Sonya S. (March 2010). Surviving Nirvana: Death of the Buddha in Chinese Visual Culture. Hong Kong University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-962-209-125-2.
Yaldiz, Marianne (1987). Archèaologie und Kunstgeschichte Chinesisch-Zentralasiens (Xinjiang) (in German). BRILL. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-90-04-07877-2.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 666–669. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 669. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 669–670. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 670. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 651. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 694. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 655. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4.
Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2. BRILL. p. 670, note 59. ISBN 9789004391864.
Cave 181 is described extensively by Grünwedel (1920). He initially describes it as a "Cave in the Ravine", which has been interpreted sometimes as the cave of the same name (Schluchthöhle, "Cave of the Ravine") on the left of the small ravine and numbered 178. However, Grunwedel's description makes it clear that the cave is high up on the right side of the ravine (together with a map), which excludes cave 178. Further, in his plates (XXIV-XXVII), Grünwedel labels the murals of the cave as belonging to Hochliegende Höhle der 2. Schlucht ([1], "Cave of the High Place in the small valley"), which is the official German name he gave to cave 181 (for the German nomenclature, see [2]), which indeed is the highest cave of the area, and explains why most of the murals were intact when Grünwedel discovered them [3]. This association is properly summarized by East and West (Volume 56, page 350): "Cave 181 ( Hochliegende Höhle der 2. Schlucht ), left side – wall , Berlin , Museum für Indische Kunst , publ .: Grünwedel 1920 : pls . 26–27"

chinabuddhism.com.cn

"中国佛教协会官方网-克孜尔石窟第85窟主室券顶及东壁壁画局部". www.chinabuddhism.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2021-02-13.

core.ac.uk

Approximate translation (expertise welcome) from Teramoto, Enga (1921). "The Buddhism of the Country of Shambhala according to the inscriptions in the caves of Old Kucha "古龟兹国洞窟壁文とシャンバラ国佛教"" (PDF). Buddhist Studies "佛教研究". Buddhist research center of Otani University 大谷大學佛教研究會.

cultural-china.com

scenery.cultural-china.com

Kizil Thousand-Buddha Caves: Valuable Record of Buddhism Culture in Xinjiang Archived 2012-07-28 at the Wayback Machine

d2aohiyo3d3idm.cloudfront.net

Li, Zuixiong (2010). "Deterioration and Treatment of Wall Paintings in Grottoes along the Silk Road in China and Related Conservation Efforts" in Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road (PDF). Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. p. 49.

docplayer.org

Zin, Monika. "INDO-ASIATISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT – PDF Kostenfreier Download". docplayer.org: 23.

docsplayer.net

For a broadly similar rendering of the volume of the cave, see Miyaji, Akira (2011). "New Research on the Expeditions of Count Otani". Research Center for Buddhist Cultures in Asia: 49, image 1.

doi.org

Hiyama, Satomi (2020). "Transmission of the "World": Sumeru Cosmology as Seen in Central Asian Buddhist Paintings Around 500 AD (Wanderung der "Welt": Sumeru-Kosmologie in zentralasiatischen buddhistischen Wandmalereien um 500 n. Chr.)". NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin. 28 (3): 411–429. doi:10.1007/s00048-020-00245-9. PMID 32504177. S2CID 219398072.
Schaik, Sam van (2020). "Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing? Albert Grünwedel's Maps of Shambhala". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 140 (2): 278–280. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. S2CID 226673648.
Schaik, Sam van (2020). "Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing? Albert Grünwedel's Maps of Shambhala". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 140 (2): 279. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. S2CID 226673648.
Morita, Miki (January 2015). "The Kizil Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 50: 114–135. doi:10.1086/685676. ISSN 0077-8958. S2CID 192452454.
Lesbre, Emmanuelle (2001). "An Attempt to Identify and Classify Scenes with a Central Buddha Depicted on Ceilings of the Kyzil Caves (Former Kingdom of Kutcha, Central Asia)" (PDF). Artibus Asiae. 61 (2): 305–352. doi:10.2307/3249912. JSTOR 3249912.
"The Hephthalites had already established their sway over the people in the valley of the Oxus in the middle of the 5th century A.D. They had attained the apogic of their power in the period 502–556 A.D. when they carried their victorious armies not only to Persia but also to Kapisa, Karasahr, Kucha, Kashgar, Bai, Khoten, etc. Their territory comprised also Tash-Kourgane, Wakhan, Zebak, the valley of Chitral and Gandhara and their capital was situated at Bamian" in Wang, Bangwei; Sen, Tansen (2012). "India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi": 105. doi:10.7135/UPO9780857288219.013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Lesbre, Emmanuelle (2001). "An Attempt to Identify and Classify Scenes with a Central Buddha Depicted on Ceilings of the Kyzil Caves (Former Kingdom of Kutcha, Central Asia)" (PDF). Artibus Asiae. 61 (2): 308, note 9. doi:10.2307/3249912. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3249912.
Morita, Miki (January 2015). "The Kizil Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 50: 117. doi:10.1086/685676. ISSN 0077-8958. S2CID 192452454.
Lesbre, Emmanuelle (2001). "An Attempt to Identify and Classify Scenes with a Central Buddha Depicted on Ceilings of the Kyzil Caves (Former Kingdom of Kutcha, Central Asia)" (PDF). Artibus Asiae. 61 (2): 310, note 19. doi:10.2307/3249912. JSTOR 3249912.
Schaik, Sam Van (1 April 2020). "Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing? Albert Grunwedel's Maps of Shambhala". The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 140 (2): Online article excerpt. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. ISSN 0003-0279. S2CID 226673648.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

fgs.org.tw

arts.fgs.org.tw

Encyclopedia of Buddhist Art. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
世界佛教美術圖說大辭典. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
"世界佛教美術圖說大辭典". arts.fgs.org.tw. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
Encyclopedia of Buddhist Art. Kaohsiung: Fo Guang Shan Board. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
世界佛教美術圖說大辭典, Cave 181. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
世界佛教美術圖說大辭典. Archived from the original on 2021-02-03. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
世界佛教美術圖說大辭典. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
Cave 135. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2021-02-13.

flickr.com

"Dalhem Museum Notice". 12 April 2011.
"Dalhem Museum Notice". 12 April 2011.

foz.cn

sutra.foz.cn

In Chinese, 优陀羡王姻缘故事 "Story of the wedding of king Youtuoxian". The story appears in the Miscellaneous Treasures Sutra 杂宝藏经 (一一六) in "杂宝藏经卷第10优陀羡王缘(116)". sutra.foz.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2021-01-27.

fx361.com

m.fx361.com

赵 (Zhao), 莉 (2009). "克孜尔石窟部分流失壁画原位考证与复原_参考网". 中国文化遗产.

harvard.edu

scholar.harvard.edu

"It is the merit of Kenyu Hori and Tesshin Watanabe to have discovered and first examined the cave complex of Kizil. Unfortunately, the efforts and findings of this examination have been destroyed by an earthquake that scared away the Japanese scholars, which enabled the Germans to uncover, carry away and come out with the treasures of this site a short while afterwards (Klimkeit, 1988, 38)" in Fellner, Hannes A., University of Vienna. The Expeditions to Tocharistan (PDF). p. 25, note 39.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Fellner, Hannes A., University of Vienna. The Expeditions to Tocharistan (PDF). p. 28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

humboldtforum.org

"Cave of the Ring-Bearing Doves". Humboldt Forum. Retrieved 2024-10-29.

iranicaonline.org

Turfan Expedition. Encyclopedia Iranica.
"CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiv. E. Iranian Art – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.

jstor.org

Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 359–416. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 411. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 68–83. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 68–69. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 406–407. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 406, note 76. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 407, note 76. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 395–396. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 72. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
Schaik, Sam van (2020). "Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing? Albert Grünwedel's Maps of Shambhala". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 140 (2): 278–280. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. S2CID 226673648.
Schaik, Sam van (2020). "Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing? Albert Grünwedel's Maps of Shambhala". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 140 (2): 279. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. S2CID 226673648.
Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 75. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
Lesbre, Emmanuelle (2001). "An Attempt to Identify and Classify Scenes with a Central Buddha Depicted on Ceilings of the Kyzil Caves (Former Kingdom of Kutcha, Central Asia)" (PDF). Artibus Asiae. 61 (2): 305–352. doi:10.2307/3249912. JSTOR 3249912.
MUZIO, CIRO LO (2008). "Remarks on the Paintings from the Buddhist Monastery of Fayaz Tepe (Southern Uzbekistan)". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 22: 202, note 45. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049243.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools" (PDF). East and West. 56 (4): 408, note 80. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Lesbre, Emmanuelle (2001). "An Attempt to Identify and Classify Scenes with a Central Buddha Depicted on Ceilings of the Kyzil Caves (Former Kingdom of Kutcha, Central Asia)" (PDF). Artibus Asiae. 61 (2): 308, note 9. doi:10.2307/3249912. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3249912.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 405, note 72. JSTOR 29757697.
"On the lunette of the front wall is painted a scene of the preaching of the Buddha in the Deer Park. On the left of the Buddha are painted the king and his wife; on the halo of the king is inscribed the dedication, which was interpreted by Pinault in his paper of 1994, 'Temple Constructed for the Benefit of Suvarnapousa by His Son' (this material is referred to in Kezier shiku neirong zonglu p. 2). From Chinese historical records it is known that this king reigned between the years 600 and 625, and his three sons died before 647: to date, this is the most accurate dating for the cave" in Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 405, note 71. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 406. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Lesbre, Emmanuelle (2001). "An Attempt to Identify and Classify Scenes with a Central Buddha Depicted on Ceilings of the Kyzil Caves (Former Kingdom of Kutcha, Central Asia)" (PDF). Artibus Asiae. 61 (2): 310, note 19. doi:10.2307/3249912. JSTOR 3249912.
"For the period of the fourth to eighth centuries A.D. only one region (...) was recognized to have the name toγara. (...) It was therefore the old Bactria." in Bailey, H. W. (1937). "Ttaugara". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 8 (4): 887. ISSN 1356-1898. JSTOR 3488482.
Abe, Stanleyk (1990). "Art and Practice in a Fifth-Century Chinese Buddhist Cave Temple". Ars Orientalis. 20: 1–31. ISSN 0571-1371. JSTOR 4629399.
Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 69. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 386. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools" (PDF). East and West. 56 (4): 385. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 405, note 71. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Santoro, Arcangela (2003). "Gandhāra and Kizil: The Buddha's Life in the Stairs Cave". Rivista degli studi orientali. 77 (1/4): 115–133. ISSN 0392-4866. JSTOR 41913238.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 388. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools" (PDF). East and West. 56 (4): 382. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.

kyoto-u.ac.jp

repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Kageyama, Etsuko (2016). "Change of suspension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia" (PDF). ZINBUN. 46: 200–202.
Kageyama quoting the research of S. Hiyama, “Study on the first-style murals of Kucha: analysis of some motifs related to the Hephthalite's period”, in Kageyama, Etsuko (2016). "Change of suspension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia" (PDF). ZINBUN. 46: 200.

littlebleenhat.github.io

World Atlas of Poetic Traditions: Tocharian

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hiyama, Satomi (2020). "Transmission of the "World": Sumeru Cosmology as Seen in Central Asian Buddhist Paintings Around 500 AD (Wanderung der "Welt": Sumeru-Kosmologie in zentralasiatischen buddhistischen Wandmalereien um 500 n. Chr.)". NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin. 28 (3): 411–429. doi:10.1007/s00048-020-00245-9. PMID 32504177. S2CID 219398072.

nii.ac.jp

dsr.nii.ac.jp

Makiko Onishi, Asanobu Kitamoto. "The Transmission of Buddhist Culture: The Kizil Grottoes and the Great Translator Kumārajīva".
Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 8 (Color Image). p. 2.
Grünwedel, Albert (1912). Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 163 (Color Image). pp. 156–157.
Pelliot, Paul Emile (1909). Trois Ans dans la haute Asie : vol.1 / Page 13 (Color Image). pp. 7–8.
Pelliot, Paul. Trois Ans dans la haute Asie. p. 10.
Von Le Coq, Albert. Die Buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien : vol.4.
Le Coq, Albert von. Die Buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien : vol.5. p. 10.
Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 108 (Color Image). pp. 102 ff.
"The front figurine is a kneeling monk (Fig. 233) in a red, green-folded robe with short black shoes, of white, ocher-yellow-shaded body color and ocher-shorn hair. In front of him is a green vessel in the shape of a lotâ. With the left hand the monk has stuck a thick stick, a little more than arm's length, into the vessel from above and hits the stick with a small black-painted hammer to knock the vessel round. It seems that this shows that the monk pictured made and donated the sacrificial tools for our cave. Behind this monk was a kneeling painter in the same costume as the donor figures on the other side. Only remains of his head have survived." Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 108 (Color Image). pp. 102 ff.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 93 (Color Image). pp. 87 ff.
Reconstitution in Grünwedel, Albert (1920). Alt-Kutscha. pp. 251 ff., also black and white 1912 photograph.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 87.
Reconstitution in Grünwedel, Albert (1920). Alt-Kutscha. pp. 251 ff.
Grünwedel, Albert (1920). Alt-Kutscha. pp. II 10 – II 13.
"Door wall. At the bottom of W. 4 (R.) you can see three praying monks, who were inscribed with Brâhmî inscriptions, on the corresponding point of the wall section L. also three monks and one kneeling in front of them. Donor, who holds out a basket of flowers, also here were small labels with Brahmî inscriptions." in Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 97 (Color Image). p. 91.
Grunwedel, Albert. Alt-Kutscha : vol.1. p. II.31.
"In the corner of the outside between the first statue and doorway, you can see the picture of a painter without a head, who is holding a bowl of paint. He wears a costume that exactly matches that of the painter pictures in the "Cave of the Painters"." in Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 99 (Color Image). p. 93.
Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 97 (Color Image). pp. 91–92.
Grünwedel, Albert (1912). Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 98 (Color Image). pp. 92–93.
"These sermon images are of pure Gandhara style. In their design and in their details they are closely related to the pictures to be treated below in Hohle der Maler; indeed, they seem to have been executed by the same hand." Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 98 (Color Image). pp. 92–93.
Die Buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien : vol.1 / Page 29 (Color Image). p. 25.
Grünwedel, Albert (1912). Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 97 (Color Image). pp. 91–95.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 99 (Color Image). p. 93.
About the painting in the Cave of the Statues: "These sermon images are of pure Gandhara style. In their design and in their details they are closely related to the pictures to be treated below in Hohle der Maler; indeed, they seem to have been executed by the same hand." Grunwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 98 (Color Image). pp. 92–93.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 162 (Color Image). pp. 156 ff.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 162 (Color Image). p. 156.
Grunwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 65 (Color Image). p. 59.
Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 56 (Color Image). pp. 50–58.
Grünwedel, Albert (1920). Alt-Kutscha : vol.1 / Page 167 (Color Image). pp. 167 ff.
Grünwedel, Albert (1920). Alt-Kutscha : vol.1 / Page 263 (Color Image).
"Die Decke ist nämlich kein Tonnengewölbe, sondern zeltförmig ansteigend" ie "The ceiling is not a barrel vault, but rather rising like a tent" in Grünwedel, Albert. Alt-Kutscha : vol.1 / Page 167 (Color Image). p. 167.
Von Le Coq, Albert. Die Buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien : vol.4 / Page 51 (Color Image). pp. 17–18.
Grünwedel translates it "When Anantavarma, the great king of Kucha, saw the letter of Ilmonis, the dedication and the little container of musk, he had honor done to the Buddha." in German in Grünwedel, Albert. Alt-Kutscha archäologische und religionsgeschichtliche Forschungen an Tempera-Gemälden aus buddhistischen Höhlen der ersten acht Jahrhunderte nach Christi Geburt. p. 41.
Grünwedel, Albert. Alt-Kutscha. p. 41 (I29).
Grünwedel, Albert (1920). Alt-Kutscha. p. I10.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 43.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 50.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 59.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 66 (Color Image). pp. 60 ff.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 68 (Color Image). p. 62.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 63.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 85 (Color Image). pp. 79 ff.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 82.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 91.
Von Le Coq, Albert. Auf Hellas Spuren in Ostturkistan : vol.1 / Page 175 (Color Image). p. Plate 39.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 118 (Color Image). p. 112.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 125 (Color Image). pp. 119 ff.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 130 (Color Image). p. 124.
"Kizil Caves – 149 A Database for Buddhist Cave Temples in China". dsr.nii.ac.jp.
Cave 181 is described extensively by Grünwedel (1920). He initially describes it as a "Cave in the Ravine", which has been interpreted sometimes as the cave of the same name (Schluchthöhle, "Cave of the Ravine") on the left of the small ravine and numbered 178. However, Grunwedel's description makes it clear that the cave is high up on the right side of the ravine (together with a map), which excludes cave 178. Further, in his plates (XXIV-XXVII), Grünwedel labels the murals of the cave as belonging to Hochliegende Höhle der 2. Schlucht ([1], "Cave of the High Place in the small valley"), which is the official German name he gave to cave 181 (for the German nomenclature, see [2]), which indeed is the highest cave of the area, and explains why most of the murals were intact when Grünwedel discovered them [3]. This association is properly summarized by East and West (Volume 56, page 350): "Cave 181 ( Hochliegende Höhle der 2. Schlucht ), left side – wall , Berlin , Museum für Indische Kunst , publ .: Grünwedel 1920 : pls . 26–27"
"Die Decke ist nämlich kein Tonnengewölbe, sondern zeltförmig ansteigend." in Grünwedel, Albert. Alt-Kutscha : vol.1 / Page 167 (Color Image). p. II56.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 136.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 133.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 162.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 158.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 148.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 180.
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 171.

oaji.net

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Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014). "THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS" (PDF). Tyragetia. 8: 324.

ohiolink.edu

etd.ohiolink.edu

Zhu, Tianshu (2007). BUDDHAS AND BODHISATTVAS: EMANATORS AND EMANATED BEINGS IN THE BUDDHIST ART OF GANDHĀRA, CENTRAL ASIA, AND CHINA. p. 399. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
Zhu, Tianshu (2007). BUDDHAS AND BODHISATTVAS: EMANATORS AND EMANATED BEINGS IN THE BUDDHIST ART OF GANDHĀRA, CENTRAL ASIA, AND CHINA. p. 439. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
Zhu, Tianshu (2007). "BUDDHAS AND BODHISATTVAS: EMANATORS AND EMANATED BEINGS IN THE BUDDHIST ART OF GANDHĀRA, CENTRAL ASIA, AND CHINA". Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2020-12-24. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

pku.edu.cn

bbs.pku.edu.cn

Vignato, Giuseppe (2016). "Monastic Fingerprints – Tracing Ritual Practice in the Rock Monastery of Qizil through Archaeological Evidence" (PDF). Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrif: 22–38.

questia.com

Schaik, Sam Van (1 April 2020). "Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing? Albert Grunwedel's Maps of Shambhala". The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 140 (2): Online article excerpt. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. ISSN 0003-0279. S2CID 226673648.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

researchgate.net

Hiyama, Satomi (2020). "Transmission of the "World": Sumeru Cosmology as Seen in Central Asian Buddhist Paintings Around 500 AD (Wanderung der "Welt": Sumeru-Kosmologie in zentralasiatischen buddhistischen Wandmalereien um 500 n. Chr.)". NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin. 28 (3): 411–429. doi:10.1007/s00048-020-00245-9. PMID 32504177. S2CID 219398072.

rmn.fr

photo.rmn.fr

"Mission Paul Pelliot 1906–1908. Entre le 1/9/1907 et le 3/9/1907" in "Réunion des Musées Nationaux-Grand Palais – Search Result". www.photo.rmn.fr.

ryukoku.ac.jp

rcwbc.ryukoku.ac.jp

Hiyama, Satomi (2018). "Untangling the textiles in the murals" (PDF). Journal of World Buddhist Cultures: 65, note 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
Hiyama, Satomi (2018). "Untangling the textiles in the murals" (PDF). Journal of World Buddhist Cultures: 64, note 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2021-02-15.

scribd.com

Rowland, Benjamin (1970). The Art of Central Asia. p. 104. Archived from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2020-11-15.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Hiyama, Satomi (2020). "Transmission of the "World": Sumeru Cosmology as Seen in Central Asian Buddhist Paintings Around 500 AD (Wanderung der "Welt": Sumeru-Kosmologie in zentralasiatischen buddhistischen Wandmalereien um 500 n. Chr.)". NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin. 28 (3): 411–429. doi:10.1007/s00048-020-00245-9. PMID 32504177. S2CID 219398072.
Schaik, Sam van (2020). "Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing? Albert Grünwedel's Maps of Shambhala". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 140 (2): 278–280. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. S2CID 226673648.
Schaik, Sam van (2020). "Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing? Albert Grünwedel's Maps of Shambhala". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 140 (2): 279. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. S2CID 226673648.
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Schaik, Sam Van (1 April 2020). "Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing? Albert Grunwedel's Maps of Shambhala". The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 140 (2): Online article excerpt. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. ISSN 0003-0279. S2CID 226673648.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

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sinowh.org.cn

For a recent photograph of the cave :第8窟 in "公众教育". www.sinowh.org.cn. and "丝绸之路上的克孜尔石窟_洞窟". www.sohu.com.

smb-digital.de

"SMB-digital Höhlenansicht mit Wandmalerei". www.smb-digital.de.
"SMB-digital Höhlenansicht mit Wandmalereien". www.smb-digital.de.
Weight and thickness given for the other side, by the Dahlem Museum "SMB-digital Vorgeburtenszenen (Jatakas) Buddhas". www.smb-digital.de.

sohu.com

"俄立艾爾米塔什博物館藏克孜爾石窟壁畫俄国". www.sohu.com.
"俄立艾爾米塔什博物館藏克孜爾石窟壁畫". www.sohu.com.
References BDce-695, MIK III 9044 "俄立艾爾米塔什博物館藏克孜爾石窟壁畫". www.sohu.com.
References BDce-888、889, MIK III 8875, now in the Hermitage Museum."俄立艾爾米塔什博物館藏克孜爾石窟壁畫". www.sohu.com (in Chinese).
For a recent photograph of the cave :第8窟 in "公众教育". www.sinowh.org.cn. and "丝绸之路上的克孜尔石窟_洞窟". www.sohu.com.
"俄立艾爾米塔什博物館藏克孜爾石窟壁畫". www.sohu.com (in Chinese).

thepaper.cn

For photographs of the destructions see: "西方探险队揭取了哪些克孜尔壁画——海外克孜尔壁画现状调查_古代艺术_澎湃新闻-The Paper". www.thepaper.cn.
"鉴赏｜龟兹石窟壁画中的善与爱：看燃臂引路、杀生济众等故事_古代艺术_澎湃新闻-The Paper". www.thepaper.cn (新疆龟兹研究院). 2020.

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The Tocharian equivalent would be of the form te Puñakāme paiyka "Puñakāme painted this" in "A dictionary of Tocharian B, "pik-" entry". www.win.tue.nl.

uchicago.edu

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"Images of reconstructed Cave 123 in 1928".

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Daniel C. Waugh. "Kucha and the Kizil Caves". Silk Road Seattle. University of Washington.
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世界佛教美術圖說大辭典. Archived from the original on 2021-02-03. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
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"男女皆翦發垂項" "Men and women all cut their hair straight to the nuque" in the account of Kucha (龜茲國) in "晉書/卷097". zh.wikisource.org.

zh.m.wikisource.org

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Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 359–416. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 411. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 68–83. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 68–69. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 406–407. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 406, note 76. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 407, note 76. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 395–396. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 72. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
Schaik, Sam van (2020). "Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing? Albert Grünwedel's Maps of Shambhala". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 140 (2): 278–280. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. S2CID 226673648.
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Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 75. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
Morita, Miki (January 2015). "The Kizil Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 50: 114–135. doi:10.1086/685676. ISSN 0077-8958. S2CID 192452454.
MUZIO, CIRO LO (2008). "Remarks on the Paintings from the Buddhist Monastery of Fayaz Tepe (Southern Uzbekistan)". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 22: 202, note 45. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049243.
Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools" (PDF). East and West. 56 (4): 408, note 80. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
Lesbre, Emmanuelle (2001). "An Attempt to Identify and Classify Scenes with a Central Buddha Depicted on Ceilings of the Kyzil Caves (Former Kingdom of Kutcha, Central Asia)" (PDF). Artibus Asiae. 61 (2): 308, note 9. doi:10.2307/3249912. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3249912.
"On the lunette of the front wall is painted a scene of the preaching of the Buddha in the Deer Park. On the left of the Buddha are painted the king and his wife; on the halo of the king is inscribed the dedication, which was interpreted by Pinault in his paper of 1994, 'Temple Constructed for the Benefit of Suvarnapousa by His Son' (this material is referred to in Kezier shiku neirong zonglu p. 2). From Chinese historical records it is known that this king reigned between the years 600 and 625, and his three sons died before 647: to date, this is the most accurate dating for the cave" in Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 405, note 71. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
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xinjiang.gov.cn

"Kezil Thousand-Buddha Grottoes". xinjiang.gov. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-08-05.

xuefo.net

wuming.xuefo.net

国王名为托提卡，王后名斯瓦扬普拉芭 in 霍, 旭初 (2014). 克孜尔石窟艺术模式及其对外影响, in English in Turfan revisited: the first century of research into the arts and cultures of the Silk Road. Berlin: Reimer.
The inscription is translated in Chinese “儿子为苏伐那·勃驶功德造寺” in 霍, 旭初 (2014). 克孜尔石窟艺术模式及其对外影响, in English in Turfan revisited: the first century of research into the arts and cultures of the Silk Road. Berlin: Reimer.