Kültepe (English Wikipedia)

Kulakoğlu, Fikri, & Güzel Öztürk, (February 2015). New evidence for international trade in Bronze Age central Anatolia: recently discovered bullae at Kültepe-Kanesh, in: Antiquity, Issue 343, Volume 89: "Two monumental structures, a building and a temple, were unearthed in Levels 12 and 11b of EBA III (c. 2400–2100 BC)."
Kulakoğlu, Fikri, & Güzel Öztürk, (February 2015). New evidence for international trade in Bronze Age central Anatolia: recently discovered bullae at Kültepe-Kanesh, in: Antiquity, Issue 343, Volume 89: "[T]he Kültepe Level 12 temple, which is called a megaron with its rectangular plan and which contains a long hall andÖztür a porch in front, approaches that of the largest and best-known megaron of Troy II in western Anatolia [...] The so-called 'building with pilasters' (Özgüç 1986: 34) is dated to Level 11b."

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East, Volume I. London and New York: Routledge. p. 226. ISBN 0-415-16763-9.

asor.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Öztürk, Güzel, and Fikri Kulakoglu, (2023). "New Discoveries on Alabaster Idols and Statuettes of the 3rd Millennium BC at Kültepe: A Comparative Analysis to Understand the Typology, Context And Meanings of Ritual Objects", in: 2023 ASOR Abstract Booklet, pp. 76-77.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Bryce 2005, p. 37. Bryce, Trevor R. (2005) [1998]. The Kingdom of the Hittites (2nd revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927908-1.
Bryce 2005, p. 10. Bryce, Trevor R. (2005) [1998]. The Kingdom of the Hittites (2nd revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927908-1.

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"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-07-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

dergipark.org.tr (Global: 1,543^rd place; English: 4,480^th place)

[3]Özgüç, Tahsin, "Kültepe (Karahöyük) Hafriyatı 1950", Belleten 17.66, pp. 251-268, 1953

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Fikri Kulakoğlu; Elif Genç; Güzel Öztürk; Yılmaz Rıdvanoğulları (2023). "Yeni Dönem Kazı Sonuçları Işığında MÖ 3. Binyıl Sonu-2. Binyıl Başında Kültepe-Kaniş". Höyük (in Turkish) (12): 39–55. doi:10.37879/HOYUK.2023.2.039. ISSN 1309-8780. Wikidata Q130241031. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
Powell et al. 2023, Introduction: "The late part of the Early Bronze Age at Kültepe is represented by three phases, the last of which consists of two secondary sub-phases (EBA III = Kültepe Levels 13-11a-b) [...] The name Kaneš for the site is first attested during this period (wr. Ga-ni-šu ki, cf. Archi, 2017)". Powell, W.; et al. (December 20, 2023). "Tin isotopes reveal changing patterns of tin trade, connectivity and consumption from Anatolia and Central Asia at Kültepe". Journal of Archaeological Science. 162 105917. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2023.105917. Archived from the original on December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
Manning, Sturt W.; Griggs, Carol B.; Lorentzen, Brita; Barjamovic, Gojko; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Kromer, Bernd; Wild, Eva Maria (2016). "Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157144. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157144M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157144. PMC 4943651. PMID 27409585.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

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[4] Archived 2024-06-21 at the Wayback MachineCécile Michel, "Miscellaneous tablets and fragments found at Kültepe in 2012 and 2013", W. Tyborowski. Awilum sa la mase - man who cannot be forgotten. Studies in Honor of Prof. Stefan Zawadzki presented on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, pp.153-164, 2018

hal.science

Strupler, Néhémie (2021). "An Overview of Sealing Practices at Kültepe" (PDF). Cultural Exchange and Current Research in Kültepe and its Surroundings Kültepe. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 181–196. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-09-11. Retrieved 2024-09-05.

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Manning, Sturt W.; Griggs, Carol B.; Lorentzen, Brita; Barjamovic, Gojko; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Kromer, Bernd; Wild, Eva Maria (2016). "Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157144. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157144M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157144. PMC 4943651. PMID 27409585.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

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Fikri Kulakoğlu; Elif Genç; Güzel Öztürk; Yılmaz Rıdvanoğulları (2023). "Yeni Dönem Kazı Sonuçları Işığında MÖ 3. Binyıl Sonu-2. Binyıl Başında Kültepe-Kaniş". Höyük (in Turkish) (12): 39–55. doi:10.37879/HOYUK.2023.2.039. ISSN 1309-8780. Wikidata Q130241031. Retrieved 2024-09-05.

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How to translate the term kārum is debated. Cécile Michel has argued against the translation 'colony' or 'trade diaspora'. She notes: "The word kārum is often translated as 'colony' or 'trading colony' by scholars; however this term is not satisfactory since it often evokes some kind of domination of a state over a foreign territory (Michel 2014). In the Old Assyrian texts, the kārum refers both to the part of the town where merchants were established and the institution represented by the assembly of the merchants who administered that center, and which had an office and officials. There is no word or expression in English that fits this definition, unlike the French expression comptoir commercial. Thus, [...] the expression 'commercial settlement' [could be] used when referring to the area where merchants were established and carried out their activities.Cécile Michel (2020). Women of Assur and Kanesh: Texts from the Archives of Assyrian Merchants. p. xviii. ISBN 978-0-88414-455-7. LCCN 2020012833. Wikidata Q130241124.
Cécile Michel (2020). Women of Assur and Kanesh: Texts from the Archives of Assyrian Merchants. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-88414-455-7. LCCN 2020012833. Wikidata Q130241124. Retrieved 2024-09-05.

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lccn.loc.gov

How to translate the term kārum is debated. Cécile Michel has argued against the translation 'colony' or 'trade diaspora'. She notes: "The word kārum is often translated as 'colony' or 'trading colony' by scholars; however this term is not satisfactory since it often evokes some kind of domination of a state over a foreign territory (Michel 2014). In the Old Assyrian texts, the kārum refers both to the part of the town where merchants were established and the institution represented by the assembly of the merchants who administered that center, and which had an office and officials. There is no word or expression in English that fits this definition, unlike the French expression comptoir commercial. Thus, [...] the expression 'commercial settlement' [could be] used when referring to the area where merchants were established and carried out their activities.Cécile Michel (2020). Women of Assur and Kanesh: Texts from the Archives of Assyrian Merchants. p. xviii. ISBN 978-0-88414-455-7. LCCN 2020012833. Wikidata Q130241124.
Cécile Michel (2020). Women of Assur and Kanesh: Texts from the Archives of Assyrian Merchants. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-88414-455-7. LCCN 2020012833. Wikidata Q130241124. Retrieved 2024-09-05.

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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Manning, Sturt W.; Griggs, Carol B.; Lorentzen, Brita; Barjamovic, Gojko; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Kromer, Bernd; Wild, Eva Maria (2016). "Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157144. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157144M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157144. PMC 4943651. PMID 27409585.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Manning, Sturt W.; Griggs, Carol B.; Lorentzen, Brita; Barjamovic, Gojko; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Kromer, Bernd; Wild, Eva Maria (2016). "Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157144. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157144M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157144. PMC 4943651. PMID 27409585.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

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[1] A. H. Sayce, The Museum Collection Of Cappadocian Tablets, The Museum Journal, vol. IX, no. 2, pp. 148-150, Penn Museum, June 1918

sciencedirect.com (Global: 149^th place; English: 178^th place)

Powell et al. 2023, Introduction: "The late part of the Early Bronze Age at Kültepe is represented by three phases, the last of which consists of two secondary sub-phases (EBA III = Kültepe Levels 13-11a-b) [...] The name Kaneš for the site is first attested during this period (wr. Ga-ni-šu ki, cf. Archi, 2017)". Powell, W.; et al. (December 20, 2023). "Tin isotopes reveal changing patterns of tin trade, connectivity and consumption from Anatolia and Central Asia at Kültepe". Journal of Archaeological Science. 162 105917. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2023.105917. Archived from the original on December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.

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oi.uchicago.edu

[2] James Henry Breasted, EXPLORATIONS IN HITTITE ASIA MINOR—1929, ORIENTAL INSTITUTE COMMUNICATIONS, no. 8, Oriental Institute of Chicago, 1929

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"Archaeological Site of Kültepe-Kanesh". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2018.

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"The Proclamation of Anittas (Old Hittite)". Archived from the original on 2014-03-03. Retrieved 2006-07-03.

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"Archaeological Site of Kültepe-Kanesh". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2021). "A new interpretation of the Old Hittite Zalpa-text (CTH 3.1): Nēša as the capital under Ḫuzzii̯a I, Labarna I, and Ḫattušili I" Archived 2021-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol.141, No. 3, p. 564.
"The Proclamation of Anittas (Old Hittite)". Archived from the original on 2014-03-03. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
[4] Archived 2024-06-21 at the Wayback MachineCécile Michel, "Miscellaneous tablets and fragments found at Kültepe in 2012 and 2013", W. Tyborowski. Awilum sa la mase - man who cannot be forgotten. Studies in Honor of Prof. Stefan Zawadzki presented on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, pp.153-164, 2018
Powell et al. 2023, Introduction: "The late part of the Early Bronze Age at Kültepe is represented by three phases, the last of which consists of two secondary sub-phases (EBA III = Kültepe Levels 13-11a-b) [...] The name Kaneš for the site is first attested during this period (wr. Ga-ni-šu ki, cf. Archi, 2017)". Powell, W.; et al. (December 20, 2023). "Tin isotopes reveal changing patterns of tin trade, connectivity and consumption from Anatolia and Central Asia at Kültepe". Journal of Archaeological Science. 162 105917. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2023.105917. Archived from the original on December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
Strupler, Néhémie (2021). "An Overview of Sealing Practices at Kültepe" (PDF). Cultural Exchange and Current Research in Kültepe and its Surroundings Kültepe. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 181–196. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-09-11. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-07-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

wikidata.org (Global: 43^rd place; English: 161^st place)

Fikri Kulakoğlu; Elif Genç; Güzel Öztürk; Yılmaz Rıdvanoğulları (2023). "Yeni Dönem Kazı Sonuçları Işığında MÖ 3. Binyıl Sonu-2. Binyıl Başında Kültepe-Kaniş". Höyük (in Turkish) (12): 39–55. doi:10.37879/HOYUK.2023.2.039. ISSN 1309-8780. Wikidata Q130241031. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
How to translate the term kārum is debated. Cécile Michel has argued against the translation 'colony' or 'trade diaspora'. She notes: "The word kārum is often translated as 'colony' or 'trading colony' by scholars; however this term is not satisfactory since it often evokes some kind of domination of a state over a foreign territory (Michel 2014). In the Old Assyrian texts, the kārum refers both to the part of the town where merchants were established and the institution represented by the assembly of the merchants who administered that center, and which had an office and officials. There is no word or expression in English that fits this definition, unlike the French expression comptoir commercial. Thus, [...] the expression 'commercial settlement' [could be] used when referring to the area where merchants were established and carried out their activities.Cécile Michel (2020). Women of Assur and Kanesh: Texts from the Archives of Assyrian Merchants. p. xviii. ISBN 978-0-88414-455-7. LCCN 2020012833. Wikidata Q130241124.
Cécile Michel (2020). Women of Assur and Kanesh: Texts from the Archives of Assyrian Merchants. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-88414-455-7. LCCN 2020012833. Wikidata Q130241124. Retrieved 2024-09-05.

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Fikri Kulakoğlu; Elif Genç; Güzel Öztürk; Yılmaz Rıdvanoğulları (2023). "Yeni Dönem Kazı Sonuçları Işığında MÖ 3. Binyıl Sonu-2. Binyıl Başında Kültepe-Kaniş". Höyük (in Turkish) (12): 39–55. doi:10.37879/HOYUK.2023.2.039. ISSN 1309-8780. Wikidata Q130241031. Retrieved 2024-09-05.

Kültepe (English Wikipedia)

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