L. L. Zamenhof (English Wikipedia)

Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. "What Is Esperanto, And Who Speaks It?". Babbel Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.

bialystok.ap.gov.pl

Birth Certificate N 47: "Leyzer Zamengov, son of Mordkha Fayvelovich Zamengov and Liba Sholemovna Sofer" Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine

books.google.com

Korzhenkov, Aleksander (2010). Zamenhof: The Life, Works and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto. Mondial. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-59569-167-5. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2022. ..born on December 15, 1859, into a Jewish family in what was then the Russian city of Bialystock...
Hoffmann, Frank W.; Bailey, William G. (1992). Mind & Society Fads. Haworth Press. ISBN 1-56024-178-0., p. 116 Archived 17 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine: "Between world wars, Esperanto fared worse and, sadly, became embroiled in political power moves. Adolf Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf that the spread of Esperanto throughout Europe was a Jewish plot to break down national differences so that Jews could assume positions of authority.... After the Nazis' successful Blitzkrieg of Poland, the Warsaw Gestapo received orders to 'take care' of the Zamenhof family.... Zamenhof's son was shot... his two daughters were put in Treblinka death camp."

culturepolonaise.eu

"100th anniversary of the death of L. ZAMENHOF, the creator of the Esperanto". Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.

doi.org

Wincewicz, Andrzej; Sulkowska, Mariola; Musiatowicz, Marcin; Sulkowski, Stanislaw (June 2009). "Laryngologist Leon Zamenhof—brother of Dr. Esperanto". American Journal of Audiology. 18 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2008/08-0002). ISSN 1059-0889. PMID 18978199.

doodles.google

Google Doodles Archive: 150th Birthday of LL Zamenhof Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 1 April 2010.

esperantic.org

Korzhenkov, Aleksandr (2009). Zamenhof: The Life, Works, and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto (PDF). Translated by Ian M. Richmond. Washington, D.C.: Esperantic Studies Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.

ethnologue.com

"Esperanto". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2022.

failuremag.com

Zasky, Jason (20 July 2009), "Discouraging Words", Failure Magazine, archived from the original on 23 January 2017, retrieved 31 December 2013, But in terms of invented languages, it's the most outlandishly successful invented language ever. It has thousands of speakers—even native speakers—and that's a major accomplishment as compared to the 900 or so other languages that have no speakers. – Arika Okrent

forward.com

Kellman, Steven G. (30 August 2016). "The Secret Jewish History of Esperanto". The Forward. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.

franceinter.fr

"Espéranto, la langue qui se voulait "universala"". France Inter. 14 April 2017. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.

gp.se

Ramirez Franzén, Francisco (1 April 2018). "Nytt restaurangkomplex på Esperantoplatsen". Göteborgs-Posten. Retrieved 16 December 2024.

gutenberg.org

Privat, Edmond (1920). "Idealista profeto". Vivo de Zamenhof (in Esperanto). Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Privat, Edmond (1920). "Verkisto". Vivo de Zamenhof (in Esperanto). Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Privat, Edmond (1920). "Studentaj jaroj". Vivo de Zamenhof (in Esperanto). Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2018.

historytoday.com

"Birth of Ludwig Zamenhof, creator of Esperanto | History Today". www.historytoday.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
"Birth of Ludwig Zamenhof, creator of Esperanto". History Today. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.

jpost.com

Russell, James R. (8 February 2022). "Did Esperanto answer the 'Jewish Question'?". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Leyzer (Eliezer) Levi Zamenhof was born in 1859 into a Jewish family in Belostok, a provincial city in the Russian Empire, now Bialystok, Poland.

jta.org

Jewish Telegraphic Agency: UNESCO to Honor Memory of Zamenhof, Jewish Creator of Esperanto Archived 4 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, 16 December 1959

liberafolio.org

Folio, Libera (13 February 2017). "Nova takso: 60.000 parolas Esperanton". Libera Folio (in Esperanto). Retrieved 16 February 2025.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Wincewicz, Andrzej; Sulkowska, Mariola; Musiatowicz, Marcin; Sulkowski, Stanislaw (June 2009). "Laryngologist Leon Zamenhof—brother of Dr. Esperanto". American Journal of Audiology. 18 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2008/08-0002). ISSN 1059-0889. PMID 18978199.

nobelprize.org

"Nomination archive". NobelPrize.org. 1 April 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2022.

nytimes.com

Kilgannon, Corey (21 December 2017). "Feliĉa Ferioj! Toasting the Holidays in Esperanto". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.

odessitclub.org

"Ludwik Zamenhof. They left a mark in the history of Odessa". 15 December 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2019.

onb.ac.at

"Ludwig Lazar Zamenhof – Founder of Esperanto" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Department of Planned Languages.

sobesednik.ru

"3 россиянина, награждённые орденом Почётного легиона за необычные заслуги (3 Russians Awarded Légion d'honneur for Unusual Merits)". Russian Daily "Sobesednik". 16 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2014.

spui25.nl

Gobbo, Federico (8 October 2015). "An alternative globalisation: why learn Esperanto today?". University of Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

szukamypolski.pl

"Mapa Polski, mapa Wrocławia, turystyka, wypoczynek - SzukamyPolski.pl". www.szukamypolski.pl. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2022.

theguardian.com

Salisbury, Josh (6 December 2017). "'Saluton!': the surprise return of Esperanto". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2018.

timesofisrael.com

Osser, Bernard (13 April 2017). "Esperanto alive and well, 100 years after Jewish inventor's death". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 16 December 2024.

uea.org

Unesco Archived 14 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine; UEA: Zamenhof omaĝota Archived 15 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine

unesco.org

en.unesco.org

"Anniversaries 2017". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.

unesdoc.unesco.org

Unesco Archived 14 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine; UEA: Zamenhof omaĝota Archived 15 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine

user.in-berlin.de

Claude Piron (1984). "Kontribuaĵo al la studo pri la influoj de la jida sur Esperanton". Jewish Language Review. 4. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2008.

usyd.edu.au

ses.library.usyd.edu.au

Meaning in the Age of Modernism: C. K. Ogden and his contemporaries Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Thesis of James McElvenny, 2013

uu.se

www2.math.uu.se

Christer Kiselman (2008). Esperanto: Its Origins and Early History (PDF). Polish Academy of Learning. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2014. What was his first language? He wrote in a letter in 1901 that his "parental language" (mother tongue) was Russian, but that at the time he was speaking more in Polish (Zamenhof 1929:523). However, all other evidence points to Yiddish as his mother tongue and first language. He was born in Białystok on December 3, 1859 {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Christer Kiselman, "Esperanto: Its origins and early history" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, in Andrzej Pelczar, ed., 2008, Prace Komisji Spraw Europejskich PAU, vol. II, pp. 39–56, Krakaw.

uva.nl

aihr.uva.nl

Guilherme Moreira Fians, Hoping for the language of Hope Archived 14 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, University of Amsterdam, ACLC Seminar, Amsterdam Institute for Humanities Research (AIHR),

uwb.edu.pl

szlak.uwb.edu.pl

Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok Archived 29 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine accessed 25 July 2009.

vwh.net

donh.best.vwh.net

N. Z. Maimon (May–June 1958). "La cionista periodo en la vivo de Zamenhof". Nica Literatura Revuo (3/5): 165–177. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008.

web.archive.org

Korzhenkov, Aleksandr (2009). Zamenhof: The Life, Works, and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto (PDF). Translated by Ian M. Richmond. Washington, D.C.: Esperantic Studies Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
Zasky, Jason (20 July 2009), "Discouraging Words", Failure Magazine, archived from the original on 23 January 2017, retrieved 31 December 2013, But in terms of invented languages, it's the most outlandishly successful invented language ever. It has thousands of speakers—even native speakers—and that's a major accomplishment as compared to the 900 or so other languages that have no speakers. – Arika Okrent
Gabriela Zalewska (2010). "Zamenhof, Ludwik (1859–1917)". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Trans. by Anna Grojec. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
Guilherme Moreira Fians, Hoping for the language of Hope Archived 14 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, University of Amsterdam, ACLC Seminar, Amsterdam Institute for Humanities Research (AIHR),
Gobbo, Federico (8 October 2015). "An alternative globalisation: why learn Esperanto today?". University of Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
Humphrey Tonkin, Fourth Interlinguistic Symposium, p. 213, JKI-12-2017[1] (pdf).
"Anniversaries 2017". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
"Esperanto". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. "What Is Esperanto, And Who Speaks It?". Babbel Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
Birth Certificate N 47: "Leyzer Zamengov, son of Mordkha Fayvelovich Zamengov and Liba Sholemovna Sofer" Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, James R. (8 February 2022). "Did Esperanto answer the 'Jewish Question'?". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Leyzer (Eliezer) Levi Zamenhof was born in 1859 into a Jewish family in Belostok, a provincial city in the Russian Empire, now Bialystok, Poland.
"100th anniversary of the death of L. ZAMENHOF, the creator of the Esperanto". Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
Korzhenkov, Aleksander (2010). Zamenhof: The Life, Works and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto. Mondial. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-59569-167-5. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2022. ..born on December 15, 1859, into a Jewish family in what was then the Russian city of Bialystock...
Christer Kiselman (2008). Esperanto: Its Origins and Early History (PDF). Polish Academy of Learning. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2014. What was his first language? He wrote in a letter in 1901 that his "parental language" (mother tongue) was Russian, but that at the time he was speaking more in Polish (Zamenhof 1929:523). However, all other evidence points to Yiddish as his mother tongue and first language. He was born in Białystok on December 3, 1859 {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Christer Kiselman, "Esperanto: Its origins and early history" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, in Andrzej Pelczar, ed., 2008, Prace Komisji Spraw Europejskich PAU, vol. II, pp. 39–56, Krakaw.
Claude Piron (1984). "Kontribuaĵo al la studo pri la influoj de la jida sur Esperanton". Jewish Language Review. 4. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
"Birth of Ludwig Zamenhof, creator of Esperanto | History Today". www.historytoday.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
Kellman, Steven G. (30 August 2016). "The Secret Jewish History of Esperanto". The Forward. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
"Birth of Ludwig Zamenhof, creator of Esperanto". History Today. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
N. Z. Maimon (May–June 1958). "La cionista periodo en la vivo de Zamenhof". Nica Literatura Revuo (3/5): 165–177. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008.
"Ludwig Lazar Zamenhof – Founder of Esperanto" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Department of Planned Languages.
"Mapa Polski, mapa Wrocławia, turystyka, wypoczynek - SzukamyPolski.pl". www.szukamypolski.pl. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
Hoffmann, Frank W.; Bailey, William G. (1992). Mind & Society Fads. Haworth Press. ISBN 1-56024-178-0., p. 116 Archived 17 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine: "Between world wars, Esperanto fared worse and, sadly, became embroiled in political power moves. Adolf Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf that the spread of Esperanto throughout Europe was a Jewish plot to break down national differences so that Jews could assume positions of authority.... After the Nazis' successful Blitzkrieg of Poland, the Warsaw Gestapo received orders to 'take care' of the Zamenhof family.... Zamenhof's son was shot... his two daughters were put in Treblinka death camp."
Meaning in the Age of Modernism: C. K. Ogden and his contemporaries Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Thesis of James McElvenny, 2013
"3 россиянина, награждённые орденом Почётного легиона за необычные заслуги (3 Russians Awarded Légion d'honneur for Unusual Merits)". Russian Daily "Sobesednik". 16 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
"Nomination archive". NobelPrize.org. 1 April 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
"Espéranto, la langue qui se voulait "universala"". France Inter. 14 April 2017. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
"Olaizola, Borja. "Chatear en Esperanto, vigésimo idioma del mundo más usado en la red." El Correo. 30/03/2011". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
Hommages au Dr Zamenhof, à l'espéranto et à ses pionniers.
"Zamenhofia rosei: Francis' lichen. Range, habitat, biology". Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
"Ludwik Zamenhof. They left a mark in the history of Odessa". 15 December 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
"Francis' lichen - Zamenhofia rosei: More Information - ARKive". Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 28 January 2007..
Jewish Telegraphic Agency: UNESCO to Honor Memory of Zamenhof, Jewish Creator of Esperanto Archived 4 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, 16 December 1959
Unesco Archived 14 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine; UEA: Zamenhof omaĝota Archived 15 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Google Doodles Archive: 150th Birthday of LL Zamenhof Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 1 April 2010.
Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok Archived 29 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine accessed 25 July 2009.
Salisbury, Josh (6 December 2017). "'Saluton!': the surprise return of Esperanto". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
Kilgannon, Corey (21 December 2017). "Feliĉa Ferioj! Toasting the Holidays in Esperanto". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
Privat, Edmond (1920). "Idealista profeto". Vivo de Zamenhof (in Esperanto). Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Privat, Edmond (1920). "Verkisto". Vivo de Zamenhof (in Esperanto). Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Privat, Edmond (1920). "Studentaj jaroj". Vivo de Zamenhof (in Esperanto). Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2018.

webislam.com

"Olaizola, Borja. "Chatear en Esperanto, vigésimo idioma del mundo más usado en la red." El Correo. 30/03/2011". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2011.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Wincewicz, Andrzej; Sulkowska, Mariola; Musiatowicz, Marcin; Sulkowski, Stanislaw (June 2009). "Laryngologist Leon Zamenhof—brother of Dr. Esperanto". American Journal of Audiology. 18 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2008/08-0002). ISSN 1059-0889. PMID 18978199.
Salisbury, Josh (6 December 2017). "'Saluton!': the surprise return of Esperanto". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
Kilgannon, Corey (21 December 2017). "Feliĉa Ferioj! Toasting the Holidays in Esperanto". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.

yivoencyclopedia.org

Gabriela Zalewska (2010). "Zamenhof, Ludwik (1859–1917)". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Trans. by Anna Grojec. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2013.