LED lamp (English Wikipedia)

Ciugudeanu, Calin; Buzdugan, Mircea; Beu, Dorin; Campianu, Angel; Galatanu, Catalin Daniel (12 December 2019). "Sustainable Lighting-Retrofit Versus Dedicated Luminaires-Light Versus Power Quality". Sustainability. 11 (24): 7125. Bibcode:2019Sust...11.7125C. doi:10.3390/su11247125. ISSN 2071-1050.
Nakamura, S.; Mukai, T.; Senoh, M. (1994). "Candela-Class High-Brightness InGaN/AlGaN Double-Heterostructure Blue-Light-Emitting-Diodes". Applied Physics Letters. 64 (13): 1687. Bibcode:1994ApPhL..64.1687N. doi:10.1063/1.111832.
Craford, M. George (2 September 2005). "LEDs for solid state lighting and other emerging applications: status, trends, and challenges". In Ferguson, Ian T.; Carrano, John C.; Taguchi, Tsunemasa; Ashdown, Ian E. (eds.). Fifth International Conference on Solid State Lighting. SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 5941. SPIE. p. 594101. doi:10.1117/12.625918. S2CID 119804533 – via www.spiedigitallibrary.org.
Narendran, Nadarajah; Deng, Lei (2002). "Color rendering properties of LED light sources". In Ferguson, Ian T; Narendran, Nadarajah; Denbaars, Steven P; Park, Yoon-Soo (eds.). Solid State Lighting II. International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology. SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 4776. p. 61. Bibcode:2002SPIE.4776...61N. doi:10.1117/12.452574. S2CID 8122222.
Lock, D A.; Hall, S.R.G.; Prins, A.D.; Crutchley, B.G.; Kynaston, S.; Sweeney, S.J. (1 May 2013). "LED Junction Temperature Measurement using Generated Photocurrent". Journal of Display Technology. 9 (5): 391–401. Bibcode:2013JDisT...9..396L. doi:10.1109/JDT.2013.2251607. Figure 1. (direct link to chart)
Efremov, A. A.; Bochkareva, N. I.; Gorbunov, R. I.; Lavrinovich, D. A.; Rebane, Y. T.; Tarkhin, D. V.; Shreter, Y. G. (2006). "Effect of the joule heating on the quantum efficiency and choice of thermal conditions for high-power blue InGaN/GaN LEDs". Semiconductors. 40 (5): 605. Bibcode:2006Semic..40..605E. doi:10.1134/S1063782606050162. S2CID 96989485.
Moreno, Ivan; Avendaño-Alejo, Maximino; Tzonchev, Rumen I. (2006). "Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance" (PDF). Applied Optics. 45 (10): 2265–2272. Bibcode:2006ApOpt..45.2265M. doi:10.1364/AO.45.002265. PMID 16607994.
Moreno, Ivan; Contreras, Ulises (2007). "Color distribution from multicolor LED arrays". Optics Express. 15 (6): 3607–18. Bibcode:2007OExpr..15.3607M. doi:10.1364/OE.15.003607. PMID 19532605. S2CID 35468615.
Kalajian, T. A.; Aldoukhi, A.; Veronikis, A. J.; Persons, K.; Holick, M. F. (13 September 2017). "Ultraviolet B Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Are More Efficient and Effective in Producing Vitamin D3 in Human Skin Compared to Natural Sunlight". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 11489. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11362-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5597604. PMID 28904394.
West, Kathleen E.; Jablonski, Michael R.; Warfield, Benjamin; Cecil, Kate S.; James, Mary; Ayers, Melissa A.; Maida, James; Bowen, Charles; Sliney, David H.; Rollag, Mark D.; Hanifin, John P.; Brainard, George C. (1 March 2011). "Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent suppression of melatonin in humans". Journal of Applied Physiology. 110 (3): 619–626. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01413.2009. PMID 21164152. S2CID 23119076.
Cajochen, Christian; Frey, Sylvia; Anders, Doreen; Späti, Jakub; Bues, Matthias; Pross, Achim; Mager, Ralph; Wirz-Justice, Anna; Stefani, Oliver (1 May 2011). "Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance". Journal of Applied Physiology. 110 (5): 1432–1438. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011. PMID 21415172. S2CID 4140748.
Fahey, Christopher D.; Zee, Phyllis C. (1 December 2006). "Circadian rhythm sleep disorders and phototherapy". Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 29 (4): 989–1007, abstract ix. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2006.09.009. PMID 17118278.
Appleman, Kenneth; Figueiro, Mariana G.; Rea, Mark S. (1 May 2013). "Controlling light–dark exposure patterns, rather than sleep schedules, determines circadian phase". Sleep Medicine. 14 (5): 456–461. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.12.011. PMC 4304650. PMID 23481485.
Pawson, S.; Bader, M. (October 2014). "LED lighting increases the ecological impact of light pollution irrespective of color temperature". Ecological Applications. 24 (7): 1561–1568. Bibcode:2014EcoAp..24.1561P. doi:10.1890/14-0468.1. PMID 29210222. Retrieved 6 January 2017.

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Ciugudeanu, Calin; Buzdugan, Mircea; Beu, Dorin; Campianu, Angel; Galatanu, Catalin Daniel (12 December 2019). "Sustainable Lighting-Retrofit Versus Dedicated Luminaires-Light Versus Power Quality". Sustainability. 11 (24): 7125. Bibcode:2019Sust...11.7125C. doi:10.3390/su11247125. ISSN 2071-1050.
Nakamura, S.; Mukai, T.; Senoh, M. (1994). "Candela-Class High-Brightness InGaN/AlGaN Double-Heterostructure Blue-Light-Emitting-Diodes". Applied Physics Letters. 64 (13): 1687. Bibcode:1994ApPhL..64.1687N. doi:10.1063/1.111832.
Narendran, Nadarajah; Deng, Lei (2002). "Color rendering properties of LED light sources". In Ferguson, Ian T; Narendran, Nadarajah; Denbaars, Steven P; Park, Yoon-Soo (eds.). Solid State Lighting II. International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology. SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 4776. p. 61. Bibcode:2002SPIE.4776...61N. doi:10.1117/12.452574. S2CID 8122222.
Lock, D A.; Hall, S.R.G.; Prins, A.D.; Crutchley, B.G.; Kynaston, S.; Sweeney, S.J. (1 May 2013). "LED Junction Temperature Measurement using Generated Photocurrent". Journal of Display Technology. 9 (5): 391–401. Bibcode:2013JDisT...9..396L. doi:10.1109/JDT.2013.2251607. Figure 1. (direct link to chart)
Efremov, A. A.; Bochkareva, N. I.; Gorbunov, R. I.; Lavrinovich, D. A.; Rebane, Y. T.; Tarkhin, D. V.; Shreter, Y. G. (2006). "Effect of the joule heating on the quantum efficiency and choice of thermal conditions for high-power blue InGaN/GaN LEDs". Semiconductors. 40 (5): 605. Bibcode:2006Semic..40..605E. doi:10.1134/S1063782606050162. S2CID 96989485.
Moreno, Ivan; Avendaño-Alejo, Maximino; Tzonchev, Rumen I. (2006). "Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance" (PDF). Applied Optics. 45 (10): 2265–2272. Bibcode:2006ApOpt..45.2265M. doi:10.1364/AO.45.002265. PMID 16607994.
Moreno, Ivan; Contreras, Ulises (2007). "Color distribution from multicolor LED arrays". Optics Express. 15 (6): 3607–18. Bibcode:2007OExpr..15.3607M. doi:10.1364/OE.15.003607. PMID 19532605. S2CID 35468615.
Pawson, S.; Bader, M. (October 2014). "LED lighting increases the ecological impact of light pollution irrespective of color temperature". Ecological Applications. 24 (7): 1561–1568. Bibcode:2014EcoAp..24.1561P. doi:10.1890/14-0468.1. PMID 29210222. Retrieved 6 January 2017.

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Moreno, Ivan; Avendaño-Alejo, Maximino; Tzonchev, Rumen I. (2006). "Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance" (PDF). Applied Optics. 45 (10): 2265–2272. Bibcode:2006ApOpt..45.2265M. doi:10.1364/AO.45.002265. PMID 16607994.

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Moreno, Ivan; Avendaño-Alejo, Maximino; Tzonchev, Rumen I. (2006). "Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance" (PDF). Applied Optics. 45 (10): 2265–2272. Bibcode:2006ApOpt..45.2265M. doi:10.1364/AO.45.002265. PMID 16607994.
Moreno, Ivan; Contreras, Ulises (2007). "Color distribution from multicolor LED arrays". Optics Express. 15 (6): 3607–18. Bibcode:2007OExpr..15.3607M. doi:10.1364/OE.15.003607. PMID 19532605. S2CID 35468615.
Kalajian, T. A.; Aldoukhi, A.; Veronikis, A. J.; Persons, K.; Holick, M. F. (13 September 2017). "Ultraviolet B Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Are More Efficient and Effective in Producing Vitamin D3 in Human Skin Compared to Natural Sunlight". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 11489. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11362-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5597604. PMID 28904394.
West, Kathleen E.; Jablonski, Michael R.; Warfield, Benjamin; Cecil, Kate S.; James, Mary; Ayers, Melissa A.; Maida, James; Bowen, Charles; Sliney, David H.; Rollag, Mark D.; Hanifin, John P.; Brainard, George C. (1 March 2011). "Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent suppression of melatonin in humans". Journal of Applied Physiology. 110 (3): 619–626. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01413.2009. PMID 21164152. S2CID 23119076.
Cajochen, Christian; Frey, Sylvia; Anders, Doreen; Späti, Jakub; Bues, Matthias; Pross, Achim; Mager, Ralph; Wirz-Justice, Anna; Stefani, Oliver (1 May 2011). "Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance". Journal of Applied Physiology. 110 (5): 1432–1438. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011. PMID 21415172. S2CID 4140748.
Fahey, Christopher D.; Zee, Phyllis C. (1 December 2006). "Circadian rhythm sleep disorders and phototherapy". Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 29 (4): 989–1007, abstract ix. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2006.09.009. PMID 17118278.
Appleman, Kenneth; Figueiro, Mariana G.; Rea, Mark S. (1 May 2013). "Controlling light–dark exposure patterns, rather than sleep schedules, determines circadian phase". Sleep Medicine. 14 (5): 456–461. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.12.011. PMC 4304650. PMID 23481485.
Pawson, S.; Bader, M. (October 2014). "LED lighting increases the ecological impact of light pollution irrespective of color temperature". Ecological Applications. 24 (7): 1561–1568. Bibcode:2014EcoAp..24.1561P. doi:10.1890/14-0468.1. PMID 29210222. Retrieved 6 January 2017.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kalajian, T. A.; Aldoukhi, A.; Veronikis, A. J.; Persons, K.; Holick, M. F. (13 September 2017). "Ultraviolet B Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Are More Efficient and Effective in Producing Vitamin D3 in Human Skin Compared to Natural Sunlight". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 11489. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11362-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5597604. PMID 28904394.
Appleman, Kenneth; Figueiro, Mariana G.; Rea, Mark S. (1 May 2013). "Controlling light–dark exposure patterns, rather than sleep schedules, determines circadian phase". Sleep Medicine. 14 (5): 456–461. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.12.011. PMC 4304650. PMID 23481485.

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Lock, D A.; Hall, S.R.G.; Prins, A.D.; Crutchley, B.G.; Kynaston, S.; Sweeney, S.J. (1 May 2013). "LED Junction Temperature Measurement using Generated Photocurrent". Journal of Display Technology. 9 (5): 391–401. Bibcode:2013JDisT...9..396L. doi:10.1109/JDT.2013.2251607. Figure 1. (direct link to chart)

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Lock, D A.; Hall, S.R.G.; Prins, A.D.; Crutchley, B.G.; Kynaston, S.; Sweeney, S.J. (1 May 2013). "LED Junction Temperature Measurement using Generated Photocurrent". Journal of Display Technology. 9 (5): 391–401. Bibcode:2013JDisT...9..396L. doi:10.1109/JDT.2013.2251607. Figure 1. (direct link to chart)
Pawson, S.; Bader, M. (October 2014). "LED lighting increases the ecological impact of light pollution irrespective of color temperature". Ecological Applications. 24 (7): 1561–1568. Bibcode:2014EcoAp..24.1561P. doi:10.1890/14-0468.1. PMID 29210222. Retrieved 6 January 2017.

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Craford, M. George (2 September 2005). "LEDs for solid state lighting and other emerging applications: status, trends, and challenges". In Ferguson, Ian T.; Carrano, John C.; Taguchi, Tsunemasa; Ashdown, Ian E. (eds.). Fifth International Conference on Solid State Lighting. SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 5941. SPIE. p. 594101. doi:10.1117/12.625918. S2CID 119804533 – via www.spiedigitallibrary.org.
Narendran, Nadarajah; Deng, Lei (2002). "Color rendering properties of LED light sources". In Ferguson, Ian T; Narendran, Nadarajah; Denbaars, Steven P; Park, Yoon-Soo (eds.). Solid State Lighting II. International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology. SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 4776. p. 61. Bibcode:2002SPIE.4776...61N. doi:10.1117/12.452574. S2CID 8122222.
Efremov, A. A.; Bochkareva, N. I.; Gorbunov, R. I.; Lavrinovich, D. A.; Rebane, Y. T.; Tarkhin, D. V.; Shreter, Y. G. (2006). "Effect of the joule heating on the quantum efficiency and choice of thermal conditions for high-power blue InGaN/GaN LEDs". Semiconductors. 40 (5): 605. Bibcode:2006Semic..40..605E. doi:10.1134/S1063782606050162. S2CID 96989485.
Moreno, Ivan; Contreras, Ulises (2007). "Color distribution from multicolor LED arrays". Optics Express. 15 (6): 3607–18. Bibcode:2007OExpr..15.3607M. doi:10.1364/OE.15.003607. PMID 19532605. S2CID 35468615.
West, Kathleen E.; Jablonski, Michael R.; Warfield, Benjamin; Cecil, Kate S.; James, Mary; Ayers, Melissa A.; Maida, James; Bowen, Charles; Sliney, David H.; Rollag, Mark D.; Hanifin, John P.; Brainard, George C. (1 March 2011). "Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent suppression of melatonin in humans". Journal of Applied Physiology. 110 (3): 619–626. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01413.2009. PMID 21164152. S2CID 23119076.
Cajochen, Christian; Frey, Sylvia; Anders, Doreen; Späti, Jakub; Bues, Matthias; Pross, Achim; Mager, Ralph; Wirz-Justice, Anna; Stefani, Oliver (1 May 2011). "Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance". Journal of Applied Physiology. 110 (5): 1432–1438. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011. PMID 21415172. S2CID 4140748.

slate.com (Global: 259^th place; English: 188^th place)

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spiedigitallibrary.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Craford, M. George (2 September 2005). "LEDs for solid state lighting and other emerging applications: status, trends, and challenges". In Ferguson, Ian T.; Carrano, John C.; Taguchi, Tsunemasa; Ashdown, Ian E. (eds.). Fifth International Conference on Solid State Lighting. SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 5941. SPIE. p. 594101. doi:10.1117/12.625918. S2CID 119804533 – via www.spiedigitallibrary.org.

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30^th place; English: 24^th place)

Lonsdale, Sarah (7 July 2010). "Green property: energy-efficient bulbs". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 April 2025.

time.com (Global: 61^st place; English: 54^th place)

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topspeed.com (Global: 3,874^th place; English: 2,501^st place)

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v-tac.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

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warsawtour.pl (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Warsaw Top 10" (PDF). Warsaw tour Edition nr 5, 2012. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013. The National Museum in Warsaw is also one of the most modern in Europe. (...) The LED system allows to adjust the light to every painting so that its unique qualities are enhanced.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"How Energy-Efficient Light Bulbs Compare with Traditional Incandescents". Energy.gov. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
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"60-Watt Equivalent A15 Dimmable Filament Classic Glass LED Light Bulb, Soft White (3-Pack)". Home Depot. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
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"60W Equivalent Soft White A19 LED Light Bulb (2-Pack)". Home Depot. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
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worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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Ciugudeanu, Calin; Buzdugan, Mircea; Beu, Dorin; Campianu, Angel; Galatanu, Catalin Daniel (12 December 2019). "Sustainable Lighting-Retrofit Versus Dedicated Luminaires-Light Versus Power Quality". Sustainability. 11 (24): 7125. Bibcode:2019Sust...11.7125C. doi:10.3390/su11247125. ISSN 2071-1050.
Taub, Eric A. (28 July 2008). "Fans of L.E.D.'s Say This Bulb's Time Has Come". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
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Rosenthal, Elisabeth; Barringer, Felicity (30 May 2009). "Green Promise Seen in Switch to LED Lighting". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
Taub, Eric A. (16 May 2010). "LED Bulbs for the Home Near the Marketplace". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
Gross, Daniel (5 February 2016). "Flicker Off, Flicker On". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
Tabuchi, Hiroko (1 August 2023). "It's Official: Stores Can No Longer Sell Most Incandescent Lights". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
Kalajian, T. A.; Aldoukhi, A.; Veronikis, A. J.; Persons, K.; Holick, M. F. (13 September 2017). "Ultraviolet B Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Are More Efficient and Effective in Producing Vitamin D3 in Human Skin Compared to Natural Sunlight". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 11489. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11362-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5597604. PMID 28904394.
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wsj.com (Global: 79^th place; English: 65^th place)

Craven McGinty, Jo (11 October 2019). "Americans Are No Longer Gluttons for Electricity – Thank the LED Bulb: After increasing 10-fold between 1950 and 2010, average residential consumption dipped". The Wall Street Journal. For more than five years, Americans have been doing something decidedly un-American: We've been using less electricity. . . . [T]oday's electronics and appliances are more efficient. New homes are tighter and better insulated. And most important, light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, have replaced traditional incandescent light bulbs.

zdnet.com (Global: 786^th place; English: 558^th place)

"Philips rolls out 12-watt EnduraLED: world's first 60-watt equivalent LED light bulb". ZDNET. Retrieved 11 April 2025.

zenodo.org (Global: 621^st place; English: 380^th place)

Cajochen, Christian; Frey, Sylvia; Anders, Doreen; Späti, Jakub; Bues, Matthias; Pross, Achim; Mager, Ralph; Wirz-Justice, Anna; Stefani, Oliver (1 May 2011). "Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance". Journal of Applied Physiology. 110 (5): 1432–1438. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011. PMID 21415172. S2CID 4140748.

LED lamp (English Wikipedia)

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