LGBT rights in Ghana (English Wikipedia)

Stewart, Colin (6 April 2017). "Ghana: Police make rare arrests in anti-gay blackmail case". Erasing 76 Crimes. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2024.

advocate.com

Upchurch, Charles J. (16 May 2014). "No, Homosexuality Isn't Some Western Invention". Advocate. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

africafeeds.com

Adjetey, Elvis (13 February 2021). "Uproar over establishment of LGBT office in Ghana". Africa Feeds. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.

africanactivities.org.uk

africanactivities (11 February 2021). "Ghana's Hidden History Explored for LGBTQ+ History Month". African Activities for Schools workshops, Events and Team Building. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.

afrobarometer.org

Dionne, Kim Yi; Dulani, Boniface; Sambo, Gift (1 March 2016). "Good neighbours? Africans express high levels of tolerance for many, but not for all" (PDF). Afrobarometer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
Armah-Attoh, Daniel (January 2020). "Curbing intolerance of persons in same-sex relationships in Ghana: The important role of education" (PDF). Afrobarometer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.

afrol.com

"Ghana's gays organise to fight British criminal law". Afrol News. 19 August 2004. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2006.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Ghanaian gay conference banned". BBC News. 1 September 2006. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.

bbc.com

- Naadi, Thomas (29 February 2024). "Ghana passes bill making identifying as LGBTQ+ illegal". BBC News. Retrieved 7 March 2024. The bill ... will come into effect only if President Nana Akufo-Addo signs it into law.
- Zane, Damian. "Ghana Cardinal Peter Turkson: It's time to understand homosexuality". BBC News. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- "Ghana passes bill making identifying as LGBTQ+ illegal". 28 February 2024. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
berkeley.edu
projects.journalism.berkeley.edu
- Luckie, Mark. "Mixed Messages". UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism: Ghana, Somewhere Over the Rainbow. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
journalism.berkeley.edu
- Luckie, Mark S. "Somewhere over the rainbow". Ghana Golden Anniversary. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
cnn.com
cnn.com
- McKenzie, David; Princewill, Nimi (8 October 2021). "How a US group with links to the far-right may have influenced a crackdown on Ghana's LGBTQ community". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- Princewill, Nimi (28 July 2021). "Founder of LGBTQI center shut down in Ghana says he fears for his safety". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- Asmelash, Leah (13 September 2023). "LGBTQ people in Ghana are under attack. Here's how it happened". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
edition.cnn.com
- Princewill, Nimi (29 March 2023). "Ghana's president softens country's stance on draconian anti-LGBTQ bill as Kamala Harris visits". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
doi.org
- Acquah, Francis; Botchwey, Charles Owusu-Aduomi; Adoma, Prince Owusu; Kumah, Emmanuel (7 July 2023). "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and its legalisation in Africa: Insights from tertiary-level students in Ghana". PLOS ONE. 18 (7): e0287726. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1887726A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287726. PMC 10328334. PMID 37418361.
- Signorini, Italo (1973). "Agɔnwole agyalɛ : The marriage between two persons of the same sex among the Nzema of southwestern Ghana" (PDF). Journal des Africanistes. 43 (2): 221–234. doi:10.3406/jafr.1973.1713.^{[permanent dead link]}
- Essien, Kwame; Aderinto, Saheed (September 2009). "'CUTTING THE HEAD OF THE ROARING MONSTER': HOMOSEXUALITY AND REPRESSION IN AFRICA". African Study Monographs. 30 (3): 121–135. doi:10.14989/85284. ISSN 0285-1601. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
facebook.com
- "Fotha Ghana". Facebook. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
fpif.org
- Quartey, Kwei (13 December 2011). "Can The West "Export" Gay Rights?". Foreign Policy In Focus. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
frlan.org
- "Ghana LGBTI Resources", Rights in Exile Programme – www.frlan.org, archived from the original on 27 April 2020, retrieved 20 May 2020
gaystarnews.com
- Morgan, Joe (22 August 2018). "400 people to be tortured for being gay at a 'therapy conference' in Ghana". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
- Andrew Potts (7 October 2013). "US offers Ghana assistance in moving forward on LGBT rights". GayStarNews. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013.
ghanaweb.com
- Boateng, Michael Ofori Amanfo (2 February 2013). "There is no law on homosexuality; Prez Mahama is not the law- Ndebugri". Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018. ... females don't have [sic] penis. They cannot penetrate.
- "Association of gays, lesbians in Ghana to embark on historic peace march in Accra". GhanaWeb. 27 November 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- "'I'll never legalize homosexuality' – Akufo-Addo". GhanaWeb. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
gna.org.gh
- Yire, Iddi (23 February 2023). "Attorney-General okay with Bill on Promotion of Proper Human Sexual Rights – Sam George". GNA. Ghana News Agency. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
graphic.com.gh
- "Homosexuality: Legalization in Ghana is bound to happen - Akufo-Addo". Graphic Online. 26 November 2017. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
harvard.edu
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu
- Acquah, Francis; Botchwey, Charles Owusu-Aduomi; Adoma, Prince Owusu; Kumah, Emmanuel (7 July 2023). "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and its legalisation in Africa: Insights from tertiary-level students in Ghana". PLOS ONE. 18 (7): e0287726. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1887726A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287726. PMC 10328334. PMID 37418361.
hhrjournal.org
- Williamson, R. Taylor; Wondergem, Peter; Amenyah, Richard N. (July 2014). "Using a Reporting System to Protect the Human Rights of People Living with HIV and Key Populations: A Conceptual Framework". Health and Human Rights. 16 (1): 148–156. PMID 25474603. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
hrc.org
- "Anti-LGBTQ U.S. Activists Organize Conference in Ghana". Human Rights Campaign. 31 October 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
hrw.org
- - "Ghana: Discrimination, Violence against LGBT People". Human Rights Watch. 8 January 2018. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  - Graeme Reid (22 June 2022). "Progress and Setbacks on LGBT rights in Africa". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  - Human Rights Watch (14 July 2022), Ghana: Submission to the Universal Periodic Review (PDF), pp. 2, 6–7, archived from the original on 17 July 2022, retrieved 17 July 2023
  - "Ghana Should Resist World Congress of Families' Anti-LGBT Message". Human Rights Watch. 31 October 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  - "Ghana: LGBT Activists Face Hardships After Detention". Human Rights Watch. 20 September 2021. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  - "LGBTI Activists in Ghana Sue Over Abusive Arrest and Detention". Human Rights Watch. 22 June 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  humandignitytrust.org
  - "Ghana". Human Dignity Trust. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  - Human Dignity Trust (25 October 2015), Ghana Report (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2018, retrieved 24 September 2016
  ilga.org
  - ILGA World; Lucas Ramon Mendos; Kellyn Botha; Rafael Carrano Lelis; Enrique López de la Peña; Ilia Savelev; Daron Tan (14 December 2020). State-Sponsored Homophobia report: 2020 global legislation overview update (PDF) (Report) (14th ed.). Geneva: ILGA. p. 117. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2020.
  - Mendos, Lucas Ramón (2019). State-Sponsored Homophobia (PDF) (Report). Geneva: ILGA. p. 328. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  - "ILGA-RIWI Global Attitudes Survey". ILGA. October 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  kyoto-u.ac.jp
  repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp
  - Essien, Kwame; Aderinto, Saheed (September 2009). "'CUTTING THE HEAD OF THE ROARING MONSTER': HOMOSEXUALITY AND REPRESSION IN AFRICA". African Study Monographs. 30 (3): 121–135. doi:10.14989/85284. ISSN 0285-1601. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  mambaonline.com
  - "Welcome to Ghana, but not if you're gay". Mamba Online. 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  modernghana.com
  cdn.modernghana.com
  - "Promotion of Proper Human Sexual Rights and Ghanaian Family Values Bill, 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  myjoyonline.com
  myjoyonline.com
  - "Anti-LGBTQI bill is trying to codify into law spirit of mob action, violence and vigilantism – Davis Mac-Iyalla". MyJoyOnline. 17 February 2022. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  - "LGBTQIA+ activities are inimical to the existence of human race – Presbyterian Church". MyJoyOnline. 10 March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  edition.myjoyonline.com
  - "Mills replies David Cameron: you can't threaten us with gay aid!". MyJoyOnline. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  nbcnews.com
  - Avery, Dan (29 July 2021). "Ghana poised to vote on 'worst anti-LGBTQ bill ever' advocates warn". NBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  nih.gov
  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  - Acquah, Francis; Botchwey, Charles Owusu-Aduomi; Adoma, Prince Owusu; Kumah, Emmanuel (7 July 2023). "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and its legalisation in Africa: Insights from tertiary-level students in Ghana". PLOS ONE. 18 (7): e0287726. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1887726A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287726. PMC 10328334. PMID 37418361.
  - Williamson, R. Taylor; Wondergem, Peter; Amenyah, Richard N. (July 2014). "Using a Reporting System to Protect the Human Rights of People Living with HIV and Key Populations: A Conceptual Framework". Health and Human Rights. 16 (1): 148–156. PMID 25474603. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  - Acquah, Francis; Botchwey, Charles Owusu-Aduomi; Adoma, Prince Owusu; Kumah, Emmanuel (7 July 2023). "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and its legalisation in Africa: Insights from tertiary-level students in Ghana". PLOS ONE. 18 (7): e0287726. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1887726A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287726. PMC 10328334. PMID 37418361.
  ohchr.org
  ohchr.org
  - "Statement on Visit to Ghana, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights". www.ohchr.org. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  tbinternet.ohchr.org
  - Human Rights Violations Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People in Ghana: A Shadow Report (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2017, retrieved 28 November 2017
  opendemocracy.net
  - Darkwa, Jacqueline. "Ghana's anti-LGBTIQ bill: Activists are preparing to fight". openDemocracy. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  persee.fr
  - Signorini, Italo (1973). "Agɔnwole agyalɛ : The marriage between two persons of the same sex among the Nzema of southwestern Ghana" (PDF). Journal des Africanistes. 43 (2): 221–234. doi:10.3406/jafr.1973.1713.^{[permanent dead link]}
  pinknews.co.uk
  - "Ghanaian man narrowly escapes being burned alive by violent 'vigilante' gang who suspected him of being gay". PinkNews. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  - "President of Ghana 'reassures' church leaders that he won't decriminalise homosexuality". PinkNews. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  - Wakeifled, Lily (13 March 2020). "A history-making LGBT+ rights conference in Ghana has been banned and, no, it's not because of coronavirus". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  politicsresources.net
  - "The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  refworld.org
  - "Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Ghana". U.N. Human Rights Council. 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  reuters.com
  - Bhalla, Nita (12 August 2021). "Ghana's anti-gay bill condemned as 'state-sponsored' violence". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  solaceinitiative.org
  - "Home page: Our areas of focus|Who we are|What we do". Solace Initiative. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  starobserver.com.au
  - Potts, Andrew M. (21 July 2011). "Ghana cracks down on gays". Star Observer. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  starrfmonline.com
  - Welsing, Kobina (20 February 2017). "Amend Ghana's laws to ban homosexuality – Oquaye". StarrFM Online. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  state.gov
  2009-2017.state.gov
  - "2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ghana, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  - "2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ghana, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  state.gov
  - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2021). "Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses". 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ghana (Report). United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023. The law criminalizes the act of "unnatural carnal knowledge", which is defined as "sexual intercourse with a person in an unnatural manner or with an animal". The offense covers only persons engaged in same-sex male relationships and those in heterosexual relationships. There were no reports of adults prosecuted or convicted for consensual same-sex sexual conduct [in 2021]. PDF version Archived 17 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  adoption.state.gov
  - "Intercountry Adoption: Ghana, Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State, October 2010". Archived from the original on 26 February 2012.
  theguardian.com
  - Evaristo, Bernardine (8 March 2014). "The idea that African homosexuality was a colonial import is a myth". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  - Matthews, Chris (11 February 2016). "'These are our rights': Ghana's LGBT community finally finds Solace". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  theseus.fi
  - Yeboa-Mensa, Seree (2017). Rights of LGBT in Ghana: Perceptions of Ghanaians living in Finland (PDF) (Thesis). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^{[better source needed]}
  ug.edu.gh
  journals.ug.edu.gh
  - Amenga-Etego, Rosemary (4 December 2012). "Marriage without Sex? Same-Sex Marriages and Female Identity among the Nakani of Northern Ghana". Ghana Bulletin of Theology. 4: 12. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  washingtonpost.com
  - Paquette, Danielle (28 July 2021). "Lawmakers in Ghana seek to outlaw advocacy for gay rights". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  web.archive.org
  - "Ghana". Human Dignity Trust. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  - Dionne, Kim Yi; Dulani, Boniface; Sambo, Gift (1 March 2016). "Good neighbours? Africans express high levels of tolerance for many, but not for all" (PDF). Afrobarometer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  - "Statement on Visit to Ghana, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights". www.ohchr.org. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  - "Ghana: Discrimination, Violence against LGBT People". Human Rights Watch. 8 January 2018. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
    Morgan, Joe (22 August 2018). "400 people to be tortured for being gay at a 'therapy conference' in Ghana". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
    Human Rights Violations Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People in Ghana: A Shadow Report (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2017, retrieved 28 November 2017
    "Ghanaian gay conference banned". BBC News. 1 September 2006. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
    "Ghana passes bill making identifying as LGBTQ+ illegal". 28 February 2024. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
    africanactivities (11 February 2021). "Ghana's Hidden History Explored for LGBTQ+ History Month". African Activities for Schools workshops, Events and Team Building. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
    Evaristo, Bernardine (8 March 2014). "The idea that African homosexuality was a colonial import is a myth". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
    "Boy-Wives and Female Husbands". www.willsworld.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
    Amenga-Etego, Rosemary (4 December 2012). "Marriage without Sex? Same-Sex Marriages and Female Identity among the Nakani of Northern Ghana". Ghana Bulletin of Theology. 4: 12. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
    Upchurch, Charles J. (16 May 2014). "No, Homosexuality Isn't Some Western Invention". Advocate. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
    "Ghana LGBTI Resources", Rights in Exile Programme – www.frlan.org, archived from the original on 27 April 2020, retrieved 20 May 2020
    ILGA World; Lucas Ramon Mendos; Kellyn Botha; Rafael Carrano Lelis; Enrique López de la Peña; Ilia Savelev; Daron Tan (14 December 2020). State-Sponsored Homophobia report: 2020 global legislation overview update (PDF) (Report) (14th ed.). Geneva: ILGA. p. 117. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2020.
    Mendos, Lucas Ramón (2019). State-Sponsored Homophobia (PDF) (Report). Geneva: ILGA. p. 328. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
    Unnatural Carnal Knowledge (PDF) (Section 104(1)(b); 104(2)). Parliament of Ghana. 2003. p. 63. Criminal Code, 1960 [ACT 29 Consolidated up to 1999. As amended by The Criminal Code (Amendment) Act, 2003 (ACT 646)]. Archived 18 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine
    
    "Unnatural Carnal Knowledge
    (1) Whoever has unnatural carnal knowledge—
    (a) [not relevant: concerns children under 16 years of age]
    (b) of any person of sixteen years or over with his consent is guilty of a misdemeanour; or
    (c) ... [not relevant: concerns bestiality]
    (2) Unnatural carnal knowledge is sexual intercourse with a person in an unnatural manner or with an animal."
    
    McKenzie, David; Princewill, Nimi (8 October 2021). "How a US group with links to the far-right may have influenced a crackdown on Ghana's LGBTQ community". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
    Human Dignity Trust (25 October 2015), Ghana Report (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2018, retrieved 24 September 2016
    Evidence of Carnal Knowledge (PDF) (Section 99). Parliament of Ghana. 2003. p. 62. Criminal Code, 1960 [ACT 29 Consolidated up to 1999. As amended by The Criminal Code (Amendment) Act, 2003 (ACT 646)]. Archived 18 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine
    Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2021). "Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses". 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ghana (Report). United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023. The law criminalizes the act of "unnatural carnal knowledge", which is defined as "sexual intercourse with a person in an unnatural manner or with an animal". The offense covers only persons engaged in same-sex male relationships and those in heterosexual relationships. There were no reports of adults prosecuted or convicted for consensual same-sex sexual conduct [in 2021]. PDF version Archived 17 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
    Boateng, Michael Ofori Amanfo (2 February 2013). "There is no law on homosexuality; Prez Mahama is not the law- Ndebugri". Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018. ... females don't have [sic] penis. They cannot penetrate.
    Yeboa-Mensa, Seree (2017). Rights of LGBT in Ghana: Perceptions of Ghanaians living in Finland (PDF) (Thesis). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^{[better source needed]}
    "Intercountry Adoption: Ghana, Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State, October 2010". Archived from the original on 26 February 2012.
    "The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
    Williamson, R. Taylor; Wondergem, Peter; Amenyah, Richard N. (July 2014). "Using a Reporting System to Protect the Human Rights of People Living with HIV and Key Populations: A Conceptual Framework". Health and Human Rights. 16 (1): 148–156. PMID 25474603. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
    Andrew Potts (7 October 2013). "US offers Ghana assistance in moving forward on LGBT rights". GayStarNews. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013.
    "Welcome to Ghana, but not if you're gay". Mamba Online. 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
    Graeme Reid (22 June 2022). "Progress and Setbacks on LGBT rights in Africa". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
    Human Rights Watch (14 July 2022), Ghana: Submission to the Universal Periodic Review (PDF), pp. 2, 6–7, archived from the original on 17 July 2022, retrieved 17 July 2023
    "Ghana's gays organise to fight British criminal law". Afrol News. 19 August 2004. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2006.
    Potts, Andrew M. (21 July 2011). "Ghana cracks down on gays". Star Observer. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
    "Ghana Should Resist World Congress of Families' Anti-LGBT Message". Human Rights Watch. 31 October 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
    "Ghanaian man narrowly escapes being burned alive by violent 'vigilante' gang who suspected him of being gay". PinkNews. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
    Stewart, Colin (6 April 2017). "Ghana: Police make rare arrests in anti-gay blackmail case". Erasing 76 Crimes. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
    Matthews, Chris (11 February 2016). "'These are our rights': Ghana's LGBT community finally finds Solace". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
    "Home page: Our areas of focus|Who we are|What we do". Solace Initiative. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
    "Ghana: LGBT Activists Face Hardships After Detention". Human Rights Watch. 20 September 2021. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
    "2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ghana, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
    "2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ghana, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
    "Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Ghana". U.N. Human Rights Council. 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
    "ILGA-RIWI Global Attitudes Survey". ILGA. October 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
    Armah-Attoh, Daniel (January 2020). "Curbing intolerance of persons in same-sex relationships in Ghana: The important role of education" (PDF). Afrobarometer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
    "Anti-LGBTQI bill is trying to codify into law spirit of mob action, violence and vigilantism – Davis Mac-Iyalla". MyJoyOnline. 17 February 2022. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
    Essien, Kwame; Aderinto, Saheed (September 2009). "'CUTTING THE HEAD OF THE ROARING MONSTER': HOMOSEXUALITY AND REPRESSION IN AFRICA". African Study Monographs. 30 (3): 121–135. doi:10.14989/85284. ISSN 0285-1601. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
    "Mills replies David Cameron: you can't threaten us with gay aid!". MyJoyOnline. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
    Welsing, Kobina (20 February 2017). "Amend Ghana's laws to ban homosexuality – Oquaye". StarrFM Online. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
    "Homosexuality: Legalization in Ghana is bound to happen - Akufo-Addo". Graphic Online. 26 November 2017. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
    "Association of gays, lesbians in Ghana to embark on historic peace march in Accra". GhanaWeb. 27 November 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
    "'I'll never legalize homosexuality' – Akufo-Addo". GhanaWeb. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
    "President of Ghana 'reassures' church leaders that he won't decriminalise homosexuality". PinkNews. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
    Luckie, Mark. "Mixed Messages". UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism: Ghana, Somewhere Over the Rainbow. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
    Adjetey, Elvis (13 February 2021). "Uproar over establishment of LGBT office in Ghana". Africa Feeds. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
    Princewill, Nimi (28 July 2021). "Founder of LGBTQI center shut down in Ghana says he fears for his safety". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
    Luckie, Mark S. "Somewhere over the rainbow". Ghana Golden Anniversary. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
    Wakeifled, Lily (13 March 2020). "A history-making LGBT+ rights conference in Ghana has been banned and, no, it's not because of coronavirus". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
    "LGBTI Activists in Ghana Sue Over Abusive Arrest and Detention". Human Rights Watch. 22 June 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
    "Anti-LGBTQ U.S. Activists Organize Conference in Ghana". Human Rights Campaign. 31 October 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
    Quartey, Kwei (13 December 2011). "Can The West "Export" Gay Rights?". Foreign Policy In Focus. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
    Paquette, Danielle (28 July 2021). "Lawmakers in Ghana seek to outlaw advocacy for gay rights". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
    Asmelash, Leah (13 September 2023). "LGBTQ people in Ghana are under attack. Here's how it happened". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
    "Promotion of Proper Human Sexual Rights and Ghanaian Family Values Bill, 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
    Avery, Dan (29 July 2021). "Ghana poised to vote on 'worst anti-LGBTQ bill ever' advocates warn". NBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
    Bhalla, Nita (12 August 2021). "Ghana's anti-gay bill condemned as 'state-sponsored' violence". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
    "LGBTQIA+ activities are inimical to the existence of human race – Presbyterian Church". MyJoyOnline. 10 March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
    Yire, Iddi (23 February 2023). "Attorney-General okay with Bill on Promotion of Proper Human Sexual Rights – Sam George". GNA. Ghana News Agency. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
    Princewill, Nimi (29 March 2023). "Ghana's president softens country's stance on draconian anti-LGBTQ bill as Kamala Harris visits". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
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    wipo.int
    Unnatural Carnal Knowledge (PDF) (Section 104(1)(b); 104(2)). Parliament of Ghana. 2003. p. 63. Criminal Code, 1960 [ACT 29 Consolidated up to 1999. As amended by The Criminal Code (Amendment) Act, 2003 (ACT 646)]. Archived 18 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine
    
    "Unnatural Carnal Knowledge
    (1) Whoever has unnatural carnal knowledge—
    (a) [not relevant: concerns children under 16 years of age]
    (b) of any person of sixteen years or over with his consent is guilty of a misdemeanour; or
    (c) ... [not relevant: concerns bestiality]
    (2) Unnatural carnal knowledge is sexual intercourse with a person in an unnatural manner or with an animal."
    
    Evidence of Carnal Knowledge (PDF) (Section 99). Parliament of Ghana. 2003. p. 62. Criminal Code, 1960 [ACT 29 Consolidated up to 1999. As amended by The Criminal Code (Amendment) Act, 2003 (ACT 646)]. Archived 18 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine
    worldcat.org
    search.worldcat.org
    Essien, Kwame; Aderinto, Saheed (September 2009). "'CUTTING THE HEAD OF THE ROARING MONSTER': HOMOSEXUALITY AND REPRESSION IN AFRICA". African Study Monographs. 30 (3): 121–135. doi:10.14989/85284. ISSN 0285-1601. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
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