LSD (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "LSD" in English language version.

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  • "LSD" (PDF). Handbook of Medical Hallucinogens. Guilford Publications. 2021. p. 160. ISBN 9781462545452. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 14, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.

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  • "Definition of "amide"". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.

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  • Nichols DE (2001). "LSD and Its Lysergamide Cousins" (PDF). The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research. 2. Heffter Research Institute: 80–87. ISSN 1534-9640. Indeed, the potency of LSD at the 5-HT2A receptor is not as great as that of some of the amphetamine hallucinogens such as DOB or DOI, yet its human potency is about ten times greater. [...] Furthermore, there is a cavity within these receptors that accommodates and is complementary to the activating drug, in this case LSD. What we are forced to conclude is that the area within the receptor that binds to the diethylamide function of LSD is a specific region that must be just large enough to contain the diethyl groups. [...]

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  • Penner J (June 17, 2019). "Blowing The Philosopher's Fuses: Michel Foucault's LSD Trip in The Valley of Death". Los Angeles Review of Books. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Wade: "We fell silent to listen to Stockhausen's Songs of Youth. Zabriskie Point was filled with the sound of a kindergarten playground overlaid with electric tonalities. Kontakte followed. Glissandos bounced off the stars, which glowed like incandescent pinballs. Foucault turned to Michael and said this is the first time he really understood what Stockhausen had achieved".

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  • "Poisons Standard". Therapeutic Goods Administration. Australian Government Department of Health. July 2016. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017.

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  • Nichols DE (2017). "Chemistry and Structure–Activity Relationships of Psychedelics". Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1–43. doi:10.1007/7854_2017_475. ISBN 978-3-662-55878-2. PMID 28401524. Archived from the original on March 23, 2025. Although LSD is the most well-known psychedelic, only a very few structural modifications can be made to its structure, and nearly all of those attenuate its activity by about an order of magnitude. In addition, there is a paucity of structure–activity data for ergolines, principally due to the synthetic difficulty inherent in their chemistry. [...] Although LSD is the most potent psychedelic agent in humans, its affinity and potency at the human 5-HT2A receptor is rather unremarkable compared with much simpler molecules such as DOI. [...] Because of its structural complexity and tedious approaches to its total synthesis, only a few structural modifications of LSD have been reported. [...] Unfortunately, only a few of them have been assessed in human psychopharmacology, most being much less active than LSD itself.
  • Fanchamps A (1978). "Some Compounds With Hallucinogenic Activity". In Berde B, Schild HO (eds.). Ergot Alkaloids and Related Compounds. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (HEP). Vol. 49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 567–614. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66775-6_8. ISBN 978-3-642-66777-0. Archived from the original on March 30, 2025.
  • Michael Horowitz (July 1976). "Interview: Albert Hofmann". High Times. No. 11. pp. 24–28, 31, 81. Archived from the original on May 5, 2025. High Times: Why was it four years from your discovery of the psychic effects of LSD [in 1943] until your report was published? [...] Hofmann: [...] After confirmation of the action of this extraordinary compound by volunteers of the Sandoz staff, Professor Arthur Stoll, who was then head of the Sandoz pharmaceutical department, asked me if I would permit his son, Werner A. Stoll—who was starting his career at the psychiatric hospital of the University of Zurich—to submit this new agent to a fundamental psychiatric study on normal volunteers and on psychiatric patients. This investigation took a rather long time, [...] This excellent and comprehensive study was not published until 1947.
  • Stoll WA (1947). "11. Lysergsäure-diäthylamid, ein Phantastikum aus der Mutterkorngruppe" [11. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, a Hallucinogen From the Ergot Group]. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 60: 279–323. ISSN 0258-7661. Archived from the original on April 1, 2025.
  • Stoll W (1949). "Ein neues, in sehr kleinen Mengen wirksames Phantastikum" [A New Phantasticum, Effective in Very Tiny Amounts]. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 64: 483–484. ISSN 0258-7661. Archived from the original on April 1, 2025.

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  • Rogge T (May 21, 2014), Substance use – LSD, MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, archived from the original on July 28, 2016, retrieved July 14, 2016

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  • "Lysergide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  • PubChem. "Lysergide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2025.

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  • Gach J (2008). "Biological Psychiatry in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology (PDF). Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 381–418. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-34708-0_12. ISBN 978-0-387-34707-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2025. In 1938 the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann produced lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)—the first, and most prominent, of these chemically synthesized agents—in the course of a systematic investigation of partially synthetic amides of lysergic acid in the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Laboratories in Basel (Hofmann 1970). [Taking] LSD by accident in 1943, Hofmann discovered its psychoactivity. He then experimented with it on himself and found that it produced a peculiar restlessness, extreme activity of the imagination, and an uninterrupted stream of images. Hofmann did not publish the results of his experiment, though he became quite famous later. Hofmann and Arthur Stoll, the head of the Sandoz pharmaceutical laboratory in Basle, published the first paper on the synthesis of LSD in 1943, while Stoll went on to publish the first paper on the effects of lysergic diethylamide acid in 1947. [...] Stoll, Arthur and Hofmann, Albert. 1943. Partialsynthese von Alkaloiden vom Typus des Ergobasins. Helv. Chim. Acta 26:944. Stoll, Arthur. 1947. Lysergsäure-diäthylamid, ein Phantastikum aus der Mutterkorngruppe. Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 60:279. [The first paper on the hallucinogenic effect of LSD.]

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  • CESAR (October 29, 2013), LSD, Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland, archived from the original on July 15, 2016, retrieved July 14, 2016

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  • Roth BL, Gumpper RH (May 2023). "Psychedelics as Transformative Therapeutics". Am J Psychiatry. 180 (5): 340–347. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230172. PMID 37122272. We now have molecular-level details regarding how psychedelic drugs interact with and activate 5-HT2A receptors (39) (Figure 2B). Studies on a related serotonin receptor (5-HT2B) have clarified how LSD can stabilize distinct signaling complexes (40, 41). A key finding of these studies was the discovery that once LSD binds to the 5-HT2A receptor, a lid is formed over the binding pocket, which "traps" LSD for several hours (39, 40) (Figure 2B). These findings imply that at least part of the reason for the long duration of action of drugs like LSD is the trapping of the receptor via conformational changes that occur after drug binding. These studies also showed that this prolonged action of LSD is due in part to a specific residue within the binding pocket, which is found in humans but not in mice or rats (39). This residue (Ser242) also is essential for the high-affinity interactions of LSD, psilocybin, and perhaps other such drugs at the human and nonhuman primate 5-HT2A receptors.

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  • Matthias Liechti (2016), "Pharmacology of novel psychoactive substances, MDMA, and LSD" (PDF), Department of Biomedicine. Report 2014–2016, pp. 52–53, LSD produced subjective drug effects that lasted up to 12h (Fig. 3a) and correlated well with the concentrations of LSD in the blood plasma over time (Fig. 3b and c). The half-life of LSD in plasma was 3.5 h. In contrast to LSD, the half-life of MDMA is longer (8h) but the effects of MDMA last only up to 6h despite the continued presence of the substance in the body (Fig. 3d). Thus, there is marked acute tolerance to the effects of MDMA. [...] Fig. 3: Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics of LSD. LSD effects last up to 12h (a) corresponding to its plasma-concentration time curve (b) and exhibiting no hysteresis in the LSD concentration-effect plot (c). In contrast, the MDMA concentration-effect plot shows pronounced hysteresis consistent with acute tolerance (d).

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  • "LSD: The Drug". LSD in the United States (Report). U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. October 1995. Archived from the original on April 27, 1999. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
  • DEA (2008). "Photo Library (page 2)". US Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.

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  • Maurer HH, Meyer MR (April 18, 2012). "Drugs of Abuse (Including Designer Drugs)". Metabolism of Drugs and Other Xenobiotics. Wiley. pp. 429–463. doi:10.1002/9783527630905.ch16. ISBN 978-3-527-32903-8. Retrieved June 7, 2025. [LSD] is metabolized to the following five metabolites: N-demethyl-LSD (nor-LSD), 2-oxo-LSD, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, 13-hydroxy-LSD, and 14-hydroxy-LSD [72–74]. The 13- and 14-hydroxy metabolites are additionally excreted as glucuronides [74]. 2-Oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD was shown to be the main human urinary metabolite with concentrations 4–40 times higher than that of LSD [73–75]. In incubations of LSD with human liver microsomes and hepatocytes, 2,3-dihydroxy-LSD could be identified [71]. So far, the contribution and importance of specific enzymes in the formation of the LSD main metabolites such as 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD still remains unclear.
  • Maurer HH, Meyer MR (April 18, 2012). "Drugs of Abuse (Including Designer Drugs)". Metabolism of Drugs and Other Xenobiotics. Wiley. pp. 429–463. doi:10.1002/9783527630905.ch16. ISBN 978-3-527-32903-8. Retrieved June 7, 2025. [LSD] is metabolized to the following five metabolites: N-demethyl-LSD (nor-LSD), 2-oxo-LSD, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, 13-hydroxy-LSD, and 14-hydroxy-LSD [72–74]. The 13- and 14-hydroxy metabolites are additionally excreted as glucuronides [74]. 2-Oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD was shown to be the main human urinary metabolite with concentrations 4–40 times higher than that of LSD [73–75]. In incubations of LSD with human liver microsomes and hepatocytes, 2,3-dihydroxy-LSD could be identified [71]. So far, the contribution and importance of specific enzymes in the formation of the LSD main metabolites such as 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD still remains unclear.

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  • Harrison A (January 16, 2006). "LSD: The Geek's Wonder Drug?". Wired. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2008. Like Herbert, many scientists and engineers also report heightened states of creativity while using LSD. During a press conference on Friday, Hofmann revealed that he was told by Nobel-prize-winning chemist Kary Mullis that LSD had helped him develop the polymerase chain reaction that helps amplify specific DNA sequences.

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