Lake Chad (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Lake Chad" in English language version.

Last modified: 19:28:10, 22 August 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

4818web.archive.org

1^st place

3222doi.org

2^nd place

2316adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

159nih.gov

5^th place

152britannica.com

37^th place

64^th place

108books.google.com

3^rd place

51iucn.org

3,361^st place

2,917^th place

51worldscience.cn

low place

44ramsar.org

2,094^th place

2,358^th place

43worldcat.org

4^th place

41zgbk.com

6,925^th place

low place

41oneearth.org

low place

33researchgate.net

96^th place

89^th place

31unep.org

4,173^rd place

3,588^th place

22cblt.org

low place

21chinawater.com.cn

low place

21jstor.org

23^rd place

15^th place

21fao.org

428^th place

480^th place

21usaid.gov

4,970^th place

3,324^th place

11un.org

117^th place

160^th place

11semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

11academia.edu

105^th place

99^th place

11birdlife.org

932^nd place

1,256^th place

11earth-policy.org

low place

11nationalgeographic.com

489^th place

425^th place

11worldbank.org

280^th place

430^th place

11bbc.com

26^th place

23^rd place

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

Flynn, Sébastien (1 January 2016). "The relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Kanem-Bornu during the reign of Sultan Murad III. A Master's Thesis". Bilkent Master's Thesis.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Willibroad Gabila Buma; Sang-Il Lee; Jae Young Seo (2018). "Recent surface water extent of Lake Chad from multispectral sensors and GRACE". Sensors. 18 (7): 2082. Bibcode:2018Senso..18.2082B. doi:10.3390/s18072082. PMC 6069056. PMID 29958481.
Magrin, Géraud (1 December 2016). "The disappearance of Lake Chad: history of a myth". Journal of Political Ecology. 23 (1) 20191. Bibcode:2016JPolE..2320191M. doi:10.2458/v23i1.20191.
Pham-Duc, Binh; Sylvestre, Florence; Papa, Fabrice; Frappart, Frédéric; Bouchez, Camille; Crétaux, Jean-Francois (26 March 2020). "The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 5498. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5498P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7099084. PMID 32218517.
Sylvestre, Florence; Mahamat-Nour, Abdallah; Naradoum, Toussaint; Alcoba, Matias; Gal, Laetitia; Paris, Adrien; Cretaux, Jean-François; Pham-Duc, Binh; Lescoulier, Christophe; Recouvreur, Romain; Ahmat, Mahmoud Mahamat; Gaya, Djergo (20 October 2024). "Strengthening of the hydrological cycle in the Lake Chad Basin under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 24639. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1424639S. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75707-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11491489. PMID 39428448.
Leblanc, M.; Favreau, G.; Maley, J.; Nazoumou, Y.; Leduc, C.; Stagnitti, F.; van Oevelen, P. J.; Delclaux, F.; Lemoalle, J. (2006). "Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 239 (1–2): 16–27. Bibcode:2006PPP...239...16L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
Mathieu Schuster; Claude Roquin; Philippe Duringer; Michel Brunet; Matthieu Caugy; Michel Fontugne; Hassan Taïsso Mackaye; Patrick Vignaud; Jean-François Ghienne (2005). "Holocene Lake Mega-Chad palaeoshorelines from space". Quaternary Science Reviews. 24 (16–17): 1821–1827. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24.1821S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.001.
Johnston, H. H. (1910). "Lake Chad". Nature. 84 (2130): 244–245. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..244J. doi:10.1038/084244a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 8682184.
Marie-Thérèse Sarch; Charon Birkett (June 2000). "Fishing and farming at Lake Chad: Responses to lake-level fluctuations". The Geographical Journal. 166 (2): 156–172. Bibcode:2000GeogJ.166..156S. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00015.x. JSTOR 823109.
Jacques Lemoalle; Jean-Claude Bader; Marc Leblanc; Ahmed Sedick (January 2012). "Recent changes in Lake Chad: Observations, simulations and management options (1973–2011)". Global and Planetary Change. 80–81 (247–254): 247–254. Bibcode:2012GPC....80..247L. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.004.
Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo; Vianny Natugonza; Laban Musinguzi; Mark Olokotum; Shamim Naigaga (2016). "Implications of climate variability and change for African lake ecosystems, fisheries productivity, and livelihoods". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 42 (3): 498–510. Bibcode:2016JGLR...42..498O. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2016.03.004.
Leblanc, M.; Favreau, G.; Tweed, S. (2007). "Remote sensing for groundwater modelling in large semiarid areas:Lake Chad Basin, Africa". Hydrogeology Journal. 15 (1): 97–100. Bibcode:2007HydJ...15...97L. doi:10.1007/s10040-006-0126-0.
Wengbin Zhu; Jiabao Yan; Shaofeng Jia (2017). "Monitoring Recent Fluctuations of the Southern Pool of Lake Chad Using Multiple Remote Sensing Data: Implications for Water Balance Analysis". Remote Sensing. 9 (10): 1032. Bibcode:2017RemS....9.1032Z. doi:10.3390/rs9101032.
Mahamat Nour, A.; Huneau, F.; Mahamat Ali, A.; Vystavna; Y. (2022). "Shallow Quaternary groundwater in the Lake Chad basin is resilient to climate change but requires sustainable management strategy: Results of isotopic investigation". Science of the Total Environment. 848 (Pt 2) 158152. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.85158152M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158152. PMID 35988604.
Goni, I. B.; Sherif, A. M.; Taylor, R. G. (2021). "Groundwater recharge from heavy rainfall in the southwestern Lake Chad Basin: evidence from isotopic observations". Hydrological Sciences Journal. 66 (10): 1521–1534. Bibcode:2021HydSJ..66.1359G. doi:10.1080/02626667.2021.1937630.
Binh Pham-Duc; Florence Sylvestre; Fabrice Papa; Frédéric Frappart; Camille Bouchez; Jean-Francois Crétaux (2020). "The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 10 (5498): 5498. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5498P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w. PMC 7099084. PMID 32218517.
Olowoyeye, Oluwatuyi S.; Kanwar, Rameshwar S. (2023). "Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa". Sustainability. 15 (13): 10009:2. Bibcode:2023Sust...1510009O. doi:10.3390/su151310009.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

Ross, Will (31 March 2018). "Can the vanishing lake be saved?". BBC. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.

birdlife.org (Global: 932^nd place; English: 1,256^th place)

datazone.birdlife.org

"Lake Chad". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Obaje, Nuhu George (12 August 2009). Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria. Springer. p. 69. ISBN 978-3-540-92684-9. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Wright, J.B. (30 November 1985). Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa. Springer. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-04-556001-1. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Kevin Shillington (28 August 2018). History of Africa. Macmillan Education UK. pp. 19–31. ISBN 978-1-137-52481-2.
Decorse, Christopher R. (2001). West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2010). Encyclopaedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.
Kevin Shillington (28 August 2018). History of Africa. Macmillan Education UK. pp. 101–103+188–190+249–256. ISBN 978-1-137-52481-2.
Harlow, Barbara (2003). "Conference of Berlin (1884–1885)". Colonialism. ABC-CLIO. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. Retrieved 6 May 2013.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Lake Chad | Physical Features & Economy | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 June 2026.
Gritzner, J. A. "Lake Chad". Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2023.

cblt.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"about-map". Lake Chad Basin Commission. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
"About us". Lake Chad Basin Commission. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.

chinawater.com.cn (Global: low place; English: low place)

熊正坤; 张瑾 (8 April 2021). "乍得湖：从"文明摇篮"到"死亡之心"" [Lake Chad: From "Cradle of Civilization" to "Heart of Death"]. China Water Resources News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Willibroad Gabila Buma; Sang-Il Lee; Jae Young Seo (2018). "Recent surface water extent of Lake Chad from multispectral sensors and GRACE". Sensors. 18 (7): 2082. Bibcode:2018Senso..18.2082B. doi:10.3390/s18072082. PMC 6069056. PMID 29958481.
Magrin, Géraud (1 December 2016). "The disappearance of Lake Chad: history of a myth". Journal of Political Ecology. 23 (1) 20191. Bibcode:2016JPolE..2320191M. doi:10.2458/v23i1.20191.
Pham-Duc, Binh; Sylvestre, Florence; Papa, Fabrice; Frappart, Frédéric; Bouchez, Camille; Crétaux, Jean-Francois (26 March 2020). "The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 5498. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5498P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7099084. PMID 32218517.
Sylvestre, Florence; Mahamat-Nour, Abdallah; Naradoum, Toussaint; Alcoba, Matias; Gal, Laetitia; Paris, Adrien; Cretaux, Jean-François; Pham-Duc, Binh; Lescoulier, Christophe; Recouvreur, Romain; Ahmat, Mahmoud Mahamat; Gaya, Djergo (20 October 2024). "Strengthening of the hydrological cycle in the Lake Chad Basin under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 24639. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1424639S. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75707-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11491489. PMID 39428448.
Leblanc, M.; Favreau, G.; Maley, J.; Nazoumou, Y.; Leduc, C.; Stagnitti, F.; van Oevelen, P. J.; Delclaux, F.; Lemoalle, J. (2006). "Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 239 (1–2): 16–27. Bibcode:2006PPP...239...16L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
Mathieu Schuster; Claude Roquin; Philippe Duringer; Michel Brunet; Matthieu Caugy; Michel Fontugne; Hassan Taïsso Mackaye; Patrick Vignaud; Jean-François Ghienne (2005). "Holocene Lake Mega-Chad palaeoshorelines from space". Quaternary Science Reviews. 24 (16–17): 1821–1827. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24.1821S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.001.
Ogundiran, Akinwumi (2005). "Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives". Journal of World Prehistory. 19 (2): 138. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y.
Marlies Klee; Barbara Zach (1999). "The Exploitation of Wild and Domesticated Food Plants at Settlement Mounds in North-East Nigeria (1800 cal BC to Today)". The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa. pp. 81–88. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-6730-8_8. ISBN 978-1-4419-3316-4.
Johnston, H. H. (1910). "Lake Chad". Nature. 84 (2130): 244–245. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..244J. doi:10.1038/084244a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 8682184.
黄先雄; 夏斌; 万志峰; 吕宝凤; 蔡周荣 (2008). "乍得湖盆地构造特征与油气成藏规律初探" [A preliminary study on the tectonic characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation law of the Lake Chad Basin]. 大地构造与成矿学 (3): 326–331. doi:10.16539/j.ddgzyckx.2008.03.013.
刘甜甜; 刘荣高; 葛全胜 (2013). "基于多源遥感数据的非洲乍得湖水面变化监测" [Monitoring of water surface change in Lake Chad in Africa based on multi-source remote sensing data]. 地理科学进展 (in Chinese (China)). 32 (6): 906–912. doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007.
Marie-Thérèse Sarch; Charon Birkett (June 2000). "Fishing and farming at Lake Chad: Responses to lake-level fluctuations". The Geographical Journal. 166 (2): 156–172. Bibcode:2000GeogJ.166..156S. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00015.x. JSTOR 823109.
Jacques Lemoalle; Jean-Claude Bader; Marc Leblanc; Ahmed Sedick (January 2012). "Recent changes in Lake Chad: Observations, simulations and management options (1973–2011)". Global and Planetary Change. 80–81 (247–254): 247–254. Bibcode:2012GPC....80..247L. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.004.
Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo; Vianny Natugonza; Laban Musinguzi; Mark Olokotum; Shamim Naigaga (2016). "Implications of climate variability and change for African lake ecosystems, fisheries productivity, and livelihoods". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 42 (3): 498–510. Bibcode:2016JGLR...42..498O. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2016.03.004.
Leblanc, M.; Favreau, G.; Tweed, S. (2007). "Remote sensing for groundwater modelling in large semiarid areas:Lake Chad Basin, Africa". Hydrogeology Journal. 15 (1): 97–100. Bibcode:2007HydJ...15...97L. doi:10.1007/s10040-006-0126-0.
Churchill Okonkwo; Belay Demoz; Ricardo Sakai; Charles Ichoku; Chigozie Anarado; Jimmy Adegoke; Angelina Amadou; Sanusi Imran Abdullahi; Nir Krakauer (15 December 2015). "Combined effect of El Niño southern oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation on Lake Chad level variability". Cogent Geoscience. 1 (1). doi:10.1080/23312041.2015.1117829.
Wengbin Zhu; Jiabao Yan; Shaofeng Jia (2017). "Monitoring Recent Fluctuations of the Southern Pool of Lake Chad Using Multiple Remote Sensing Data: Implications for Water Balance Analysis". Remote Sensing. 9 (10): 1032. Bibcode:2017RemS....9.1032Z. doi:10.3390/rs9101032.
Mahamat Nour, A.; Huneau, F.; Mahamat Ali, A.; Vystavna; Y. (2022). "Shallow Quaternary groundwater in the Lake Chad basin is resilient to climate change but requires sustainable management strategy: Results of isotopic investigation". Science of the Total Environment. 848 (Pt 2) 158152. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.85158152M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158152. PMID 35988604.
Goni, I. B.; Sherif, A. M.; Taylor, R. G. (2021). "Groundwater recharge from heavy rainfall in the southwestern Lake Chad Basin: evidence from isotopic observations". Hydrological Sciences Journal. 66 (10): 1521–1534. Bibcode:2021HydSJ..66.1359G. doi:10.1080/02626667.2021.1937630.
Binh Pham-Duc; Florence Sylvestre; Fabrice Papa; Frédéric Frappart; Camille Bouchez; Jean-Francois Crétaux (2020). "The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 10 (5498): 5498. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5498P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w. PMC 7099084. PMID 32218517.
Luxereau, A.; Genthon, P.; Ambouta, J.-M. K. (2011). "Fluctuations in the Size of Lake Chad: Consequences on the Livelihoods of the Riverain Peoples in Eastern Niger". Regional Environmental Change. 12 (3): 507–521. doi:10.1007/s10113-011-0267-0. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
Olowoyeye, Oluwatuyi S.; Kanwar, Rameshwar S. (2023). "Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa". Sustainability. 15 (13): 10009:2. Bibcode:2023Sust...1510009O. doi:10.3390/su151310009.

earth-policy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Plan B Updates - 47: Disappearing Lakes, Shrinking Seas - EPI". earth-policy.org.

fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

Evans, T. (1996). "The effects of changes in the world hydrological cycle on availability of water resources". In Bazzaz, F.; Sombroek, W. (eds.). Global climate change and agricultural production. FAO / John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 92-5-103987-9. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023.

iucn.org (Global: 3,361^st place; English: 2,917^th place)

portals.iucn.org

Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands (PDF). IUCN / UNEP / WCMC. pp. 329–330. ISBN 2-88032-949-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2023.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Marie-Thérèse Sarch; Charon Birkett (June 2000). "Fishing and farming at Lake Chad: Responses to lake-level fluctuations". The Geographical Journal. 166 (2): 156–172. Bibcode:2000GeogJ.166..156S. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00015.x. JSTOR 823109.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

news.nationalgeographic.com

"Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources". nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2001.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Willibroad Gabila Buma; Sang-Il Lee; Jae Young Seo (2018). "Recent surface water extent of Lake Chad from multispectral sensors and GRACE". Sensors. 18 (7): 2082. Bibcode:2018Senso..18.2082B. doi:10.3390/s18072082. PMC 6069056. PMID 29958481.
Pham-Duc, Binh; Sylvestre, Florence; Papa, Fabrice; Frappart, Frédéric; Bouchez, Camille; Crétaux, Jean-Francois (26 March 2020). "The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 5498. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5498P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7099084. PMID 32218517.
Sylvestre, Florence; Mahamat-Nour, Abdallah; Naradoum, Toussaint; Alcoba, Matias; Gal, Laetitia; Paris, Adrien; Cretaux, Jean-François; Pham-Duc, Binh; Lescoulier, Christophe; Recouvreur, Romain; Ahmat, Mahmoud Mahamat; Gaya, Djergo (20 October 2024). "Strengthening of the hydrological cycle in the Lake Chad Basin under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 24639. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1424639S. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75707-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11491489. PMID 39428448.
Mahamat Nour, A.; Huneau, F.; Mahamat Ali, A.; Vystavna; Y. (2022). "Shallow Quaternary groundwater in the Lake Chad basin is resilient to climate change but requires sustainable management strategy: Results of isotopic investigation". Science of the Total Environment. 848 (Pt 2) 158152. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.85158152M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158152. PMID 35988604.
Binh Pham-Duc; Florence Sylvestre; Fabrice Papa; Frédéric Frappart; Camille Bouchez; Jean-Francois Crétaux (2020). "The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 10 (5498): 5498. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5498P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w. PMC 7099084. PMID 32218517.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Willibroad Gabila Buma; Sang-Il Lee; Jae Young Seo (2018). "Recent surface water extent of Lake Chad from multispectral sensors and GRACE". Sensors. 18 (7): 2082. Bibcode:2018Senso..18.2082B. doi:10.3390/s18072082. PMC 6069056. PMID 29958481.
Pham-Duc, Binh; Sylvestre, Florence; Papa, Fabrice; Frappart, Frédéric; Bouchez, Camille; Crétaux, Jean-Francois (26 March 2020). "The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 5498. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5498P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7099084. PMID 32218517.
Sylvestre, Florence; Mahamat-Nour, Abdallah; Naradoum, Toussaint; Alcoba, Matias; Gal, Laetitia; Paris, Adrien; Cretaux, Jean-François; Pham-Duc, Binh; Lescoulier, Christophe; Recouvreur, Romain; Ahmat, Mahmoud Mahamat; Gaya, Djergo (20 October 2024). "Strengthening of the hydrological cycle in the Lake Chad Basin under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 24639. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1424639S. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75707-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11491489. PMID 39428448.
Binh Pham-Duc; Florence Sylvestre; Fabrice Papa; Frédéric Frappart; Camille Bouchez; Jean-Francois Crétaux (2020). "The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 10 (5498): 5498. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5498P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w. PMC 7099084. PMID 32218517.

oneearth.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Emma Martin; Neil Burgess (15 December 2021). "Lake Chad Flooded Savanna". www.oneearth.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.

ramsar.org (Global: 2,094^th place; English: 2,358^th place)

rsis.ramsar.org

"Lac Tchad". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
"Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
"Lake Chad Wetlands in Nigeria". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
"Partie Camerounaise du Lac Tchad". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2018.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Leblanc, M.; Favreau, G.; Maley, J.; Nazoumou, Y.; Leduc, C.; Stagnitti, F.; van Oevelen, P. J.; Delclaux, F.; Lemoalle, J. (2006). "Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 239 (1–2): 16–27. Bibcode:2006PPP...239...16L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
Leblanc, M.; Favreau, G.; Tweed, S. (2007). "Remote sensing for groundwater modelling in large semiarid areas:Lake Chad Basin, Africa". Hydrogeology Journal. 15 (1): 97–100. Bibcode:2007HydJ...15...97L. doi:10.1007/s10040-006-0126-0.
Luxereau, A.; Genthon, P.; Ambouta, J.-M. K. (2011). "Fluctuations in the Size of Lake Chad: Consequences on the Livelihoods of the Riverain Peoples in Eastern Niger". Regional Environmental Change. 12 (3): 507–521. doi:10.1007/s10113-011-0267-0. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Johnston, H. H. (1910). "Lake Chad". Nature. 84 (2130): 244–245. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..244J. doi:10.1038/084244a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 8682184.

un.org (Global: 117^th place; English: 160^th place)

africarenewal.un.org

"Africa's vanishing Lake Chad | Africa Renewal". africarenewal.un.org. Retrieved 16 June 2026.

unep.org (Global: 4,173^rd place; English: 3,588^th place)

"Lake Chad: almost gone". United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2015.

usaid.gov (Global: 4,970^th place; English: 3,324^th place)

pdf.usaid.gov

Keith, J. O.; Plowes, D. C. H. (March 1997). Considerations of Wildlife Resources and Land Use in Chad (PDF) (Report). Office of Sustainable Development, Africa Bureau, USAID. p. 3. SD Technical Paper No. 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2023.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Lac Tchad". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
"Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
"Lake Chad Wetlands in Nigeria". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
"Partie Camerounaise du Lac Tchad". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
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worldscience.cn (Global: low place; English: low place)

袁宣民 (2016). "乍得湖的环境、安全及其脆弱性" [The environment, security and vulnerability of Lake Chad]. 世界科学 (in Chinese (China)) (7): 21–23. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.

zgbk.com (Global: 6,925^th place; English: low place)

Wen Yunzhao. "Lake Chad". Encyclopedia of China (in Chinese (China)) (03 ed.). Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

Lake Chad (English Wikipedia)

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