Language isolate (English Wikipedia)

Viegas Barros, J. Pedro. "Un nuevo análisis fonológico del Gününa Yajüch" (PDF). ADILQ. Asociación de Investigadores en Lengua Quechua. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

aiatsis.gov.au

collection.aiatsis.gov.au

N45 Language isolate at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

anu.edu.au

openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au

Ross, Malcolm (2001), Is there an East Papuan phylum? Evidence from pronouns, Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-0-85883-445-3, retrieved 2020-08-12
Ross, Malcolm (2005), Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages, Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-0-85883-562-7, retrieved 2020-08-12
Lee, Jennifer (1987). "Tiwi Today: A Study of Language Change in a Contact Situation" (PDF). Pacific Linguistics: 50.

archive.org

Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

archives-ouvertes.fr

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

Hantgan, Abbie; List, Johann-Mattis (September 2018). Bangime: Secret Language, Language Isolate, or Language Island?.

basquetribune.com

"The Basque Language Gains Speakers, but No Surge in Usage – Basque Tribune".

benjamins.com

Salaberri, Iker; Krajewska, Dorota; Santazilia, Ekaitz; Zuloaga, Eneko (2025-01-16), Salaberri, Iker; Krajewska, Dorota; Santazilia, Ekaitz; Zuloaga, Eneko (eds.), "State of the art of research on language isolates: Introduction", Investigating Language Isolates: Typological and diachronic perspectives, Typological Studies in Language, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 2–19, doi:10.1075/tsl.135.intro, ISBN 978-90-272-1899-5, retrieved 2025-01-17

books.google.com

Palmer, Bill (2017). "Language families of the New Guinea Area". In Bill Palmer (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 1–20. doi:10.1515/9783110295252-001. ISBN 978-3-11-029525-2. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
Kulick, Don; Terrill, Angela (2019). A Grammar and Dictionary of Tayap: The Life and Death of a Papuan Language. Pacific Linguistics 661. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc. ISBN 978-1-5015-1220-9.
Jany, Carmen (2009). Chimariko Grammar: Areal and Typographical Perspective. Santa Barbara: University of California Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-520-09875-6. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
Langdon, Margaret (2011). Comparative Hokan-Coahuiltecan Studies: A Survey and Appraisal. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-088783-9. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
Kimball, Geoffry (2005). "Natchez". In Janine Scancarelli; Heather Kay Hardy (eds.). Native Languages of the Southeastern United States. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 385–453. ISBN 978-0-8032-4235-7.
Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 564. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 571. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
Campbell, L; Mithun, M (2014). The Languages of Native America:Historical and Comparative Assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-292-76850-5. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
Stark, Louisa (1985). "Chapter 3: Indigenous Languages of Lowland Ecuador: History and Current Status". In Manells Klein, Harriet; Stark, Louisa (eds.). South American Indian Languages: Retrospect and Prospect. University of Texas Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-292-73732-7. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
Crevils, Mily (2012). "Chapter III: Language Endangerment in South America:The Clock is Ticking". In Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Veronica (eds.). Classification of the Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter. p. 185. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Chapter II: Classification of the Indigenous Languages of South America". In Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Veronica (eds.). Classification of the Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter. p. 136. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
Olawsky, Knut (2006). A Grammar of Urarina (First ed.). De Gruyter. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-11-019020-5. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
Adelaar, William F. H.; Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–161. ISBN 978-1-139-45112-3.

brill.com

Rizza, A. (2023-06-23), "Hattian Texts and Hattian in the Hittite Archives", Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World, Brill, pp. 242–258, ISBN 978-90-04-54863-3, retrieved 2025-01-20

clld.org

asjp.clld.org

Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).

cnrs.fr

ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr

Blench, Roger (2007) Recovering data on Mpra (=Mpre) a possible language isolate in North-Central Ghana

cogniarchae.com

Cogniarchae (2023-08-14). "Reimagining Ancient Inscriptions: A Fresh Perspective on North and South Picene". COGNIARCHAE. Retrieved 2025-01-20.

conicet.gov.ar

ri.conicet.gov.ar

Viegas Barros, Jose Pedro (2013). "La hipótesis de parentesco Guaicurú-Mataguayo: estado actual de la cuestión". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. 5 (2): 293–333. doi:10.26512/rbla.v5i2.16269. hdl:11336/28247. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

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repositorio.cultura.gob.pe

Gibson, Michael Luke (2008). El Munichi: Un idioma que se extingue (PDF). Yarinacocha: Instituto Linguistico de Verano. p. 19. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net

Angelis, Wimar. ""Línguas Indígenas no Brasil: urgência de ações para que sobrevivam." Paper presented at the round table: "A situação atual das línguas indígenas brasileiras", no IX ELESI – Encontro sobre Leitura e Escrita em Sociedades Indígenas (Porto Seguro, BA, 22 a 26 de outubro de 2012). Publicada em: Anari Braz Bomfim & Francisco Vanderlei F. da Costa (orgs), Revitalização de língua indígena e educação escolar indígena inclusiva (Salvador: Egba, 2014, p. 93-117)" (PDF). Retrieved 27 February 2021.^{[dead link]}

doi.org

Campbell, Lyle (2010-08-24). "Language Isolates and Their History, or, What's Weird, Anyway?". Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 36 (1): 16–31. doi:10.3765/bls.v36i1.3900. ISSN 2377-1666.
Salaberri, Iker; Krajewska, Dorota; Santazilia, Ekaitz; Zuloaga, Eneko (2025-01-16), Salaberri, Iker; Krajewska, Dorota; Santazilia, Ekaitz; Zuloaga, Eneko (eds.), "State of the art of research on language isolates: Introduction", Investigating Language Isolates: Typological and diachronic perspectives, Typological Studies in Language, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 2–19, doi:10.1075/tsl.135.intro, ISBN 978-90-272-1899-5, retrieved 2025-01-17
Urban, Matthias (April 2021). "The geography and development of language isolates". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (4) rsos.202232: rsos.202232, 202232. Bibcode:2021RSOS....802232U. doi:10.1098/rsos.202232. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 8059667. PMID 33996125.
Senghas, Ann; Coppola, Marie (July 2001). "Children Creating Language: How Nicaraguan Sign Language Acquired a Spatial Grammar". Psychological Science. 12 (4): 323–328. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00359. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 11476100. S2CID 9978841.
de Vos, Connie (March 2011). "Kata Kolok Color Terms and the Emergence of Lexical Signs in Rural Signing Communities". The Senses and Society. 6 (1): 68–76. doi:10.2752/174589311X12893982233795. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-BB5A-6. ISSN 1745-8927. S2CID 218839277.
Nonaka, Angela M. (July 2009). "Estimating size, scope, and membership of the speech/sign communities of undocumented indigenous/village sign languages: The Ban Khor case study". Language & Communication. 29 (3): 210–229. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2009.02.004.
Harald Hammarström; Robert Forkel; Martin Haspelmath; Sebastian Bank (2020-04-16), "Linguistics", glottolog/glottolog: Glottolog database 4.2.1, doi:10.5281/zenodo.3754591, retrieved 2020-08-12
Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
Seidel, Frank (2015-10-09), "Describing endangered languages", Language Documentation and Endangerment in Africa, Culture and Language Use, vol. 17, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 277–312, doi:10.1075/clu.17.12sei, ISBN 978-90-272-4452-9, retrieved 2020-12-14
Fortescue, Michael (2011). "The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited". Lingua. 121 (8): 1359–1376. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.001.
Palmer, Bill (2017). "Language families of the New Guinea Area". In Bill Palmer (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 1–20. doi:10.1515/9783110295252-001. ISBN 978-3-11-029525-2. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
Dunn, Michael; Reesnik, Ger; Terrill, Angela (2002). "The East Papuan Languages: A Preliminary Typological Appraisal" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 41 (1): 28–62. doi:10.1353/ol.2002.0019. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1ADC-1. S2CID 143012930. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Bengtson, John (2004). "Some features of Dene-Caucasian Phonology (with special reference to Basque)" (PDF). Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain. 30 (4): 33–54. doi:10.2143/CILL.30.4.2003307. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
Grant, A.P. (1997). "Coast Oregon Penutian: Problems and Possibilities". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63 (1): 144–156. doi:10.1086/466316. S2CID 143822361. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
Campbell, Lyle (2024-06-25), "North American Indian Languages North of Mexico", The Indigenous Languages of the Americas (1 ed.), Oxford University PressNew York, pp. 28–145, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-767346-1, retrieved 2025-06-25
Brown, Cecil; Wichmann, Soren; Beck, Dacid (2014). "Chitimacha: a Mesoamerican Language Spoken in the Lower Mississippi Valley". International Journal of American Linguistics. 80 (4): 426–484. doi:10.1086/677911. S2CID 145538166.
Leedom Shaul, David (1995). "The Huelel (Esselen) language". International Journal of American Linguistics. 61 (5): 191–239. doi:10.1086/466251. S2CID 144781879. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
Levine, Robert D. (1979). "Haida and Na-Dene: A new look at the evidence". International Journal of American Linguistics. 45 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1086/465587. S2CID 143503584.
Miller, Wick (1963). "Proto-Keresan Phonology". International Journal of American Linguistics. 29 (4): 310–330. doi:10.1086/464748. S2CID 143519987. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
Haas, M.R. (1956). "Natchez and the Muskogean languages". Language. 32 (1): 61–72. doi:10.2307/410653. JSTOR 410653.
Kendall, Daythall (1997). "The Takelma Verb: Towards Proto-Takelma-Kalapuyan". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1086/466312. JSTOR 1265863. S2CID 144593968.
Granberry, Julian (1990). "A grammatical sketch of Timucua". International Journal of American Linguistics. 56 (1): 60–101. doi:10.1086/466138. S2CID 143759206.
Viegas Barros, Jose Pedro (2013). "La hipótesis de parentesco Guaicurú-Mataguayo: estado actual de la cuestión". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. 5 (2): 293–333. doi:10.26512/rbla.v5i2.16269. hdl:11336/28247. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

dx.doi.org

Seidel, Frank (2015-10-09), "Describing endangered languages", Language Documentation and Endangerment in Africa, Culture and Language Use, vol. 17, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 277–312, doi:10.1075/clu.17.12sei, ISBN 978-90-272-4452-9, retrieved 2020-12-14

dpz.es

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Orduña Aznar, Eduardo (2005). "Sobre algunos posibles numerales en textos ibéricos". Palaeohispanica. 5: 491–506.

elararchive.org

"Documenting Manoki (Mỹky), an isolate of Brazilian Amazonia | Endangered Languages Archive". www.elararchive.org. Retrieved 2025-01-25.

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Nonaka, Angela M. (July 2009). "Estimating size, scope, and membership of the speech/sign communities of undocumented indigenous/village sign languages: The Ban Khor case study". Language & Communication. 29 (3): 210–229. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2009.02.004.

endangeredlanguages.com

"Nihali". Endangered Languages Project. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
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"Did you know Lavukaleve is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
"Cofan". Endangered Languages Project. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
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ethnologue.com

Ainu Language isolate at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Language isolate at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
"Size and vitality of Abinomn". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
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Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Papua New Guinea languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.

glottolog.org

Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Gule". Glottolog 4.3.
Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Abun". Glottolog 4.3.
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"caste-ethnicity-report | national_population and housing_census_year results". censusnepal.cbs.gov.np. Retrieved 2025-04-23.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

de Vos, Connie (March 2011). "Kata Kolok Color Terms and the Emergence of Lexical Signs in Rural Signing Communities". The Senses and Society. 6 (1): 68–76. doi:10.2752/174589311X12893982233795. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-BB5A-6. ISSN 1745-8927. S2CID 218839277.
Dunn, Michael; Reesnik, Ger; Terrill, Angela (2002). "The East Papuan Languages: A Preliminary Typological Appraisal" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 41 (1): 28–62. doi:10.1353/ol.2002.0019. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1ADC-1. S2CID 143012930. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Viegas Barros, Jose Pedro (2013). "La hipótesis de parentesco Guaicurú-Mataguayo: estado actual de la cuestión". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. 5 (2): 293–333. doi:10.26512/rbla.v5i2.16269. hdl:11336/28247. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Urban, Matthias (April 2021). "The geography and development of language isolates". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (4) rsos.202232: rsos.202232, 202232. Bibcode:2021RSOS....802232U. doi:10.1098/rsos.202232. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 8059667. PMID 33996125.

hawaii.edu

www2.hawaii.edu

Campbell, Lyle. Language Isolates and Their History, or, What's Weird, Anyway? (PDF). University of Utah. p. 5.

scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu

Hammarström, Harald (2010). "The status of the least documented language families in the world" (PDF). Language Documentation & Conservation. 4: 183.

inegi.org.mx

cuentame.inegi.org.mx

Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.

jdbengt.net

"John D Bengtson". jdbengt.net. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
Bengtson, John (2004). "Some features of Dene-Caucasian Phonology (with special reference to Basque)" (PDF). Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain. 30 (4): 33–54. doi:10.2143/CILL.30.4.2003307. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 20 February 2021.

jstor.org

Munro, Pamela (1994). "Gulf and Yuki-Gulf". Anthropological Linguistics. 36 (2): 125–222. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028292.
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Haas, M.R. (1956). "Natchez and the Muskogean languages". Language. 32 (1): 61–72. doi:10.2307/410653. JSTOR 410653.
Kendall, Daythall (1997). "The Takelma Verb: Towards Proto-Takelma-Kalapuyan". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1086/466312. JSTOR 1265863. S2CID 144593968.

juliomelatti.pro.br

Melatti, Julio Cezar. "Aspectos culturais (não linguísticos) dos povos falantes de línguas do tronco Macro-Jê-Roteiro para discussão no IX Encontro Macro-Jê" (PDF). Retrieved 20 February 2021.

kathmandupost.com

"Resuscitating dying Kusunda language". Kathmandupost.com. 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2022-09-03.

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Wichmann, Søren. 2013. A classification of Papuan languages Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313-386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.

lengamer.org

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mintzaira.fr

(in French) VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord) Archived 21 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine (2016).)

mpg.de

eva.mpg.de

Dunn, Michael; Reesnik, Ger; Terrill, Angela (2002). "The East Papuan Languages: A Preliminary Typological Appraisal" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 41 (1): 28–62. doi:10.1353/ol.2002.0019. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1ADC-1. S2CID 143012930. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Urban, Matthias (April 2021). "The geography and development of language isolates". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (4) rsos.202232: rsos.202232, 202232. Bibcode:2021RSOS....802232U. doi:10.1098/rsos.202232. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 8059667. PMID 33996125.
Senghas, Ann; Coppola, Marie (July 2001). "Children Creating Language: How Nicaraguan Sign Language Acquired a Spatial Grammar". Psychological Science. 12 (4): 323–328. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00359. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 11476100. S2CID 9978841.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Urban, Matthias (April 2021). "The geography and development of language isolates". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (4) rsos.202232: rsos.202232, 202232. Bibcode:2021RSOS....802232U. doi:10.1098/rsos.202232. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 8059667. PMID 33996125.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Campbell, Lyle (2024-06-25), "North American Indian Languages North of Mexico", The Indigenous Languages of the Americas (1 ed.), Oxford University PressNew York, pp. 28–145, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-767346-1, retrieved 2025-06-25

palaeolexicon.com

"Palaeolexicon - The Hattic language". www.palaeolexicon.com. Retrieved 2025-01-20.

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Vega, Jorge (31 May 2019). "In Chile's remote south, the last speaker of an ancient language fights to keep it alive". Reuters. Retrieved 3 June 2019.

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ru.nl

Crevils, Mily. "Tomo II: Amazonia – Canichana". Lenguas de Bolivia. Centre for Language Studies-Radboud University. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
Crevils, Mily. "Tomo II: Amazonia – Cayubaba". Lenguas de Bolivia. Centre for Language Studies-Radboud University. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
Sakel, Jeanette. "Tomo I: Ámbito andino – Mosetén y Chimane (Tsimane')". Lenguas de Bolivia. Centre for Language Studies-Radboud University. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
Galeote, Jesús. "Tomo III: Oriente – Chiquitano". Lenguas de Bolivia. Centre for Language Studies-Radboud University. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
Crevils, Mily. "Tomo II: Amazonia – Itonama". Lenguas de Bolivia. Centre for Language Studies-Radboud University. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
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journals.sagepub.com

Senghas, Ann; Coppola, Marie (July 2001). "Children Creating Language: How Nicaraguan Sign Language Acquired a Spatial Grammar". Psychological Science. 12 (4): 323–328. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00359. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 11476100. S2CID 9978841.

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Smith, Diane (2011-06-15). "University helps Native Americans save languages: Project aims to increase field linguists". Seattle Times Newspaper. Retrieved 2013-06-02.

semanticscholar.org

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Senghas, Ann; Coppola, Marie (July 2001). "Children Creating Language: How Nicaraguan Sign Language Acquired a Spatial Grammar". Psychological Science. 12 (4): 323–328. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00359. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 11476100. S2CID 9978841.
de Vos, Connie (March 2011). "Kata Kolok Color Terms and the Emergence of Lexical Signs in Rural Signing Communities". The Senses and Society. 6 (1): 68–76. doi:10.2752/174589311X12893982233795. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-BB5A-6. ISSN 1745-8927. S2CID 218839277.
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