Large intestine (English Wikipedia)

Hounnou G, Destrieux C, Desmé J, Bertrand P, Velut S (2002). "Anatomical study of the length of the human intestine". Surg Radiol Anat. 24 (5): 290–294. doi:10.1007/s00276-002-0057-y. PMID 12497219. S2CID 33366428.
Horton, K. M.; Corl, F. M.; Fishman, E. K. (March 2000). "CT evaluation of the colon: inflammatory disease". Radiographics. 20 (2): 399–418. doi:10.1148/radiographics.20.2.g00mc15399. ISSN 0271-5333. PMID 10715339.
Rossini, Francesco Paolo (1975), "The normal colon", in Rossini, Francesco Paolo (ed.), Atlas of coloscopy, Springer New York, pp. 46–55, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9650-9_12, ISBN 9781461596509
Smithivas, T.; Hyams, P. J.; Rahal, J. J. (1971-12-01). "Gentamicin and ampicillin in human bile". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 124 Suppl: S106–108. doi:10.1093/infdis/124.supplement_1.s106. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 5126238.
Lange, Johan F.; Komen, Niels; Akkerman, Germaine; Nout, Erik; Horstmanshoff, Herman; Schlesinger, Frans; Bonjer, Jaap; Kleinrensink, Gerrit-Jan (June 2007). "Riolan's arch: confusing, misnomer, and obsolete. A literature survey of the connection(s) between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries". Am J Surg. 193 (6): 742–748. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.10.022. PMID 17512289.
van Hoogdalem, Edward; de Boer, Albertus G.; Breimer, Douwe D. (July 1991). "Pharmacokinetics of rectal drug administration, Part I. General considerations and clinical applications of centrally acting drugs". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 21 (1): 14. doi:10.2165/00003088-199121010-00002. ISSN 0312-5963. PMID 1717195. The superior rectal vein, perfusing the upper part of the rectum, drains into the portal vein and subsequently into the liver On the other hand, the middle and inferior rectal veins drain the lower part of the rectum and venous blood is returned to the inferior vena cava.
Lichtenstein, Gary R.; Peter D. Park; William B. Long; Gregory G. Ginsberg; Michael L. Kochman (18 August 1998). "Use of a Push Enteroscope Improves Ability to Perform Total Colonoscopy in Previously Unsuccessful Attempts at Colonoscopy in Adult Patients". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 94 (1): 187–190. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00794.x. PMID 9934753. S2CID 24536782. Note: single use PDF copy provided free by Blackwell Publishing for purposes of Wikipedia content enrichment.
Bernstein C, Facista A, Nguyen H, Zaitlin B, Hassounah N, Loustaunau C, Payne CM, Banerjee B, Goldschmid S, Tsikitis VL, Krouse R, Bernstein H (2010). "Cancer and age related colonic crypt deficiencies in cytochrome c oxidase I". World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2 (12): 429–442. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v2.i12.429. PMC 3011097. PMID 21191537.
Baker AM, Cereser B, Melton S, Fletcher AG, Rodriguez-Justo M, Tadrous PJ, Humphries A, Elia G, McDonald SA, Wright NA, Simons BD, Jansen M, Graham TA (2014). "Quantification of crypt and stem cell evolution in the normal and neoplastic human colon". Cell Rep. 8 (4): 940–947. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.019. PMC 4471679. PMID 25127143.
Nooteboom M, Johnson R, Taylor RW, Wright NA, Lightowlers RN, Kirkwood TB, Mathers JC, Turnbull DM, Greaves LC (2010). "Age-associated mitochondrial DNA mutations lead to small but significant changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis in human colonic crypts". Aging Cell. 9 (1): 96–99. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00531.x. PMC 2816353. PMID 19878146.
Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C (2010). "Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer". J Vis Exp (41). doi:10.3791/1931. PMC 3149991. PMID 20689513.
Gremel, Gabriela; Wanders, Alkwin; Cedernaes, Jonathan; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn; Edlund, Karolina; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Uhlén, Mathias; Pontén, Fredrik (2015-01-01). "The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based profiling". Journal of Gastroenterology. 50 (1): 46–57. doi:10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7. ISSN 0944-1174. PMID 24789573. S2CID 21302849.
Sellers, Rani S.; Morton, Daniel (2014). "The Colon: From Banal to Brilliant". Toxicologic Pathology. 42 (1): 67–81. doi:10.1177/0192623313505930. PMID 24129758. S2CID 20465985.
Booth, Sarah (April 2012). "Vitamin K: Food Consumption and Dietary Intakes". Food Nutrition Research. 56. doi:10.3402/fnr.v56i0.5505. PMC 3321250. PMID 22489217.
Terry L. Miller; Meyer J. Wolin (1996). "Pathways of Acetate, Propionate, and Butyrate Formation by the Human Fecal Microbial Flora". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 62 (5): 1589–1592. Bibcode:1996ApEnM..62.1589M. doi:10.1128/AEM.62.5.1589-1592.1996. PMC 167932. PMID 8633856.
McNeil, NI (1984). "The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 39 (2): 338–342. doi:10.1093/ajcn/39.2.338. PMID 6320630.
Yatsunenko, Tanya; et al. (2012). "Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography". Nature. 486 (7402): 222–227. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..222Y. doi:10.1038/nature11053. PMC 3376388. PMID 22699611.
O'Hara, Ann M.; Shanahan, Fergus (2006). "The gut flora as a forgotten organ". EMBO Reports. 7 (7): 688–693. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400731. PMC 1500832. PMID 16819463.
den Besten, Gijs; van Eunen, Karen; Groen, Albert K.; Venema, Koen; Reijngoud, Dirk-Jan; Bakker, Barbara M. (2013-09-01). "The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism". Journal of Lipid Research. 54 (9): 2325–2340. doi:10.1194/jlr.R036012. ISSN 0022-2275. PMC 3735932. PMID 23821742.
Murdoch, Travis B.; Detsky, Allan S. (2012-12-01). "Time to Recognize Our Fellow Travellers". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 27 (12): 1704–1706. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2105-6. ISSN 0884-8734. PMC 3509308. PMID 22588826.
Human Microbiome Project Consortium (Jun 14, 2012). "Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome". Nature. 486 (7402): 207–214. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..207T. doi:10.1038/nature11234. PMC 3564958. PMID 22699609.
Bloom, Seth M.; Bijanki, Vinieth N.; Nava, Gerardo M.; Sun, Lulu; Malvin, Nicole P.; Donermeyer, David L.; Dunne, W. Michael; Allen, Paul M.; Stappenbeck, Thaddeus S. (2011-05-19). "Commensal Bacteroides species induce colitis in host-genotype-specific fashion in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease". Cell Host & Microbe. 9 (5): 390–403. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.009. ISSN 1931-3128. PMC 3241010. PMID 21575910.
Bottacini, Francesca; Ventura, Marco; van Sinderen, Douwe; O'Connell Motherway, Mary (2014-08-29). "Diversity, ecology and intestinal function of bifidobacteria". Microbial Cell Factories. 13 (Suppl 1): S4. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-13-S1-S4. ISSN 1475-2859. PMC 4155821. PMID 25186128.
Johansson, Malin E.V.; Sjövall, Henrik; Hansson, Gunnar C. (2013-06-01). "The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 10 (6): 352–361. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.35. ISSN 1759-5045. PMC 3758667. PMID 23478383.
Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF, Saskin R, Urbach DR, Rabeneck L (January 2009). "Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer". Ann. Intern. Med. 150 (1): 1–8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-1-200901060-00306. PMID 19075198. S2CID 24130424. as PDF Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
Singh H, Nugent Z, Mahmud SM, Demers AA, Bernstein CN (March 2010). "Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a systematic review of published studies". Am J Gastroenterol. 105 (3): 663–673. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.650. PMID 19904239. S2CID 11145247.
Brenner H, Hoffmeister M, Arndt V, Stegmaier C, Alterhofen L, Haug U (January 2010). "Protection from right- and left-sided colorectal neoplasms after colonoscopy: population-based study". J Natl Cancer Inst. 102 (2): 89–95. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp436. PMID 20042716. S2CID 1887714.
Tepus, M; Yau, TO (20 May 2020). "Non-Invasive Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Overview". Gastrointestinal Tumors. 7 (3): 62–73. doi:10.1159/000507701. PMC 7445682. PMID 32903904.
Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, et al. (May 2010). "Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 375 (9726): 1624–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60551-X. hdl:10044/1/53643. PMID 20430429. S2CID 15194212. as PDF Archived 2012-03-24 at the Wayback Machine

dssimon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

media.dssimon.com

Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF, Saskin R, Urbach DR, Rabeneck L (January 2009). "Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer". Ann. Intern. Med. 150 (1): 1–8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-1-200901060-00306. PMID 19075198. S2CID 24130424. as PDF Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine

foodandnutritionresearch.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Booth, Sarah (April 2012). "Vitamin K: Food Consumption and Dietary Intakes". Food Nutrition Research. 56. doi:10.3402/fnr.v56i0.5505. PMC 3321250. PMID 22489217.

foroaps.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, et al. (May 2010). "Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 375 (9726): 1624–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60551-X. hdl:10044/1/53643. PMID 20430429. S2CID 15194212. as PDF Archived 2012-03-24 at the Wayback Machine

gesa.org.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Large intestine". Retrieved 2016-07-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, et al. (May 2010). "Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 375 (9726): 1624–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60551-X. hdl:10044/1/53643. PMID 20430429. S2CID 15194212. as PDF Archived 2012-03-24 at the Wayback Machine

mananatomy.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Peritoneum". Mananatomy.com. 2013-01-18. Archived from the original on 2018-10-08. Retrieved 2013-02-07.

mayoclinic.com (Global: 6,290^th place; English: 5,965^th place)

Mayo Clinic Staff (2006-10-13). "Redundant colon: A health concern?". Ask a Digestive System Specialist. MayoClinic.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-06-11.

medscape.com (Global: 1,078^th place; English: 916^th place)

emedicine.medscape.com

Kapoor, Vinay Kumar (13 Jul 2011). Gest, Thomas R. (ed.). "Large Intestine Anatomy". Medscape. WebMD LLC. Retrieved 2013-08-20.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Azzouz, Laura; Sharma, Sandeep (2020). "Physiology, Large Intestine". NCBI Bookshelf. PMID 29939634.
Hounnou G, Destrieux C, Desmé J, Bertrand P, Velut S (2002). "Anatomical study of the length of the human intestine". Surg Radiol Anat. 24 (5): 290–294. doi:10.1007/s00276-002-0057-y. PMID 12497219. S2CID 33366428.
Horton, K. M.; Corl, F. M.; Fishman, E. K. (March 2000). "CT evaluation of the colon: inflammatory disease". Radiographics. 20 (2): 399–418. doi:10.1148/radiographics.20.2.g00mc15399. ISSN 0271-5333. PMID 10715339.
Smithivas, T.; Hyams, P. J.; Rahal, J. J. (1971-12-01). "Gentamicin and ampicillin in human bile". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 124 Suppl: S106–108. doi:10.1093/infdis/124.supplement_1.s106. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 5126238.
Lange, Johan F.; Komen, Niels; Akkerman, Germaine; Nout, Erik; Horstmanshoff, Herman; Schlesinger, Frans; Bonjer, Jaap; Kleinrensink, Gerrit-Jan (June 2007). "Riolan's arch: confusing, misnomer, and obsolete. A literature survey of the connection(s) between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries". Am J Surg. 193 (6): 742–748. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.10.022. PMID 17512289.
van Hoogdalem, Edward; de Boer, Albertus G.; Breimer, Douwe D. (July 1991). "Pharmacokinetics of rectal drug administration, Part I. General considerations and clinical applications of centrally acting drugs". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 21 (1): 14. doi:10.2165/00003088-199121010-00002. ISSN 0312-5963. PMID 1717195. The superior rectal vein, perfusing the upper part of the rectum, drains into the portal vein and subsequently into the liver On the other hand, the middle and inferior rectal veins drain the lower part of the rectum and venous blood is returned to the inferior vena cava.
Wilson, Danielle J.; Bordoni, Bruno (2022), "Embryology, Bowel", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31424831, retrieved 2022-05-27
Lichtenstein, Gary R.; Peter D. Park; William B. Long; Gregory G. Ginsberg; Michael L. Kochman (18 August 1998). "Use of a Push Enteroscope Improves Ability to Perform Total Colonoscopy in Previously Unsuccessful Attempts at Colonoscopy in Adult Patients". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 94 (1): 187–190. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00794.x. PMID 9934753. S2CID 24536782. Note: single use PDF copy provided free by Blackwell Publishing for purposes of Wikipedia content enrichment.
Bernstein C, Facista A, Nguyen H, Zaitlin B, Hassounah N, Loustaunau C, Payne CM, Banerjee B, Goldschmid S, Tsikitis VL, Krouse R, Bernstein H (2010). "Cancer and age related colonic crypt deficiencies in cytochrome c oxidase I". World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2 (12): 429–442. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v2.i12.429. PMC 3011097. PMID 21191537.
Baker AM, Cereser B, Melton S, Fletcher AG, Rodriguez-Justo M, Tadrous PJ, Humphries A, Elia G, McDonald SA, Wright NA, Simons BD, Jansen M, Graham TA (2014). "Quantification of crypt and stem cell evolution in the normal and neoplastic human colon". Cell Rep. 8 (4): 940–947. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.019. PMC 4471679. PMID 25127143.
Nooteboom M, Johnson R, Taylor RW, Wright NA, Lightowlers RN, Kirkwood TB, Mathers JC, Turnbull DM, Greaves LC (2010). "Age-associated mitochondrial DNA mutations lead to small but significant changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis in human colonic crypts". Aging Cell. 9 (1): 96–99. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00531.x. PMC 2816353. PMID 19878146.
Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C (2010). "Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer". J Vis Exp (41). doi:10.3791/1931. PMC 3149991. PMID 20689513.
Gremel, Gabriela; Wanders, Alkwin; Cedernaes, Jonathan; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn; Edlund, Karolina; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Uhlén, Mathias; Pontén, Fredrik (2015-01-01). "The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based profiling". Journal of Gastroenterology. 50 (1): 46–57. doi:10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7. ISSN 0944-1174. PMID 24789573. S2CID 21302849.
Sellers, Rani S.; Morton, Daniel (2014). "The Colon: From Banal to Brilliant". Toxicologic Pathology. 42 (1): 67–81. doi:10.1177/0192623313505930. PMID 24129758. S2CID 20465985.
Booth, Sarah (April 2012). "Vitamin K: Food Consumption and Dietary Intakes". Food Nutrition Research. 56. doi:10.3402/fnr.v56i0.5505. PMC 3321250. PMID 22489217.
Fordtran, John S.; Dietschy, John M. (1966). "Water and Electrolyte Movement in the Human Small Intestine". Gastroenterology. 50 (2): 263–285. PMID 5903518.
Phillips, Sidney F. (1969). "Absorption and Secretion by the Colon". Gastroenterology. 56 (6): 1234–1244. PMID 4886927.
Terry L. Miller; Meyer J. Wolin (1996). "Pathways of Acetate, Propionate, and Butyrate Formation by the Human Fecal Microbial Flora". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 62 (5): 1589–1592. Bibcode:1996ApEnM..62.1589M. doi:10.1128/AEM.62.5.1589-1592.1996. PMC 167932. PMID 8633856.
McNeil, NI (1984). "The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 39 (2): 338–342. doi:10.1093/ajcn/39.2.338. PMID 6320630.
Yatsunenko, Tanya; et al. (2012). "Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography". Nature. 486 (7402): 222–227. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..222Y. doi:10.1038/nature11053. PMC 3376388. PMID 22699611.
O'Hara, Ann M.; Shanahan, Fergus (2006). "The gut flora as a forgotten organ". EMBO Reports. 7 (7): 688–693. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400731. PMC 1500832. PMID 16819463.
den Besten, Gijs; van Eunen, Karen; Groen, Albert K.; Venema, Koen; Reijngoud, Dirk-Jan; Bakker, Barbara M. (2013-09-01). "The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism". Journal of Lipid Research. 54 (9): 2325–2340. doi:10.1194/jlr.R036012. ISSN 0022-2275. PMC 3735932. PMID 23821742.
Murdoch, Travis B.; Detsky, Allan S. (2012-12-01). "Time to Recognize Our Fellow Travellers". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 27 (12): 1704–1706. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2105-6. ISSN 0884-8734. PMC 3509308. PMID 22588826.
Human Microbiome Project Consortium (Jun 14, 2012). "Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome". Nature. 486 (7402): 207–214. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..207T. doi:10.1038/nature11234. PMC 3564958. PMID 22699609.
Bloom, Seth M.; Bijanki, Vinieth N.; Nava, Gerardo M.; Sun, Lulu; Malvin, Nicole P.; Donermeyer, David L.; Dunne, W. Michael; Allen, Paul M.; Stappenbeck, Thaddeus S. (2011-05-19). "Commensal Bacteroides species induce colitis in host-genotype-specific fashion in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease". Cell Host & Microbe. 9 (5): 390–403. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.009. ISSN 1931-3128. PMC 3241010. PMID 21575910.
Bottacini, Francesca; Ventura, Marco; van Sinderen, Douwe; O'Connell Motherway, Mary (2014-08-29). "Diversity, ecology and intestinal function of bifidobacteria". Microbial Cell Factories. 13 (Suppl 1): S4. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-13-S1-S4. ISSN 1475-2859. PMC 4155821. PMID 25186128.
Johansson, Malin E.V.; Sjövall, Henrik; Hansson, Gunnar C. (2013-06-01). "The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 10 (6): 352–361. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.35. ISSN 1759-5045. PMC 3758667. PMID 23478383.
Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF, Saskin R, Urbach DR, Rabeneck L (January 2009). "Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer". Ann. Intern. Med. 150 (1): 1–8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-1-200901060-00306. PMID 19075198. S2CID 24130424. as PDF Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
Singh H, Nugent Z, Mahmud SM, Demers AA, Bernstein CN (March 2010). "Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a systematic review of published studies". Am J Gastroenterol. 105 (3): 663–673. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.650. PMID 19904239. S2CID 11145247.
Brenner H, Hoffmeister M, Arndt V, Stegmaier C, Alterhofen L, Haug U (January 2010). "Protection from right- and left-sided colorectal neoplasms after colonoscopy: population-based study". J Natl Cancer Inst. 102 (2): 89–95. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp436. PMID 20042716. S2CID 1887714.
Tepus, M; Yau, TO (20 May 2020). "Non-Invasive Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Overview". Gastrointestinal Tumors. 7 (3): 62–73. doi:10.1159/000507701. PMC 7445682. PMID 32903904.
Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, et al. (May 2010). "Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 375 (9726): 1624–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60551-X. hdl:10044/1/53643. PMID 20430429. S2CID 15194212. as PDF Archived 2012-03-24 at the Wayback Machine

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Azzouz, Laura; Sharma, Sandeep (2020). "Physiology, Large Intestine". NCBI Bookshelf. PMID 29939634.
Wilson, Danielle J.; Bordoni, Bruno (2022), "Embryology, Bowel", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31424831, retrieved 2022-05-27
Bernstein C, Facista A, Nguyen H, Zaitlin B, Hassounah N, Loustaunau C, Payne CM, Banerjee B, Goldschmid S, Tsikitis VL, Krouse R, Bernstein H (2010). "Cancer and age related colonic crypt deficiencies in cytochrome c oxidase I". World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2 (12): 429–442. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v2.i12.429. PMC 3011097. PMID 21191537.
Baker AM, Cereser B, Melton S, Fletcher AG, Rodriguez-Justo M, Tadrous PJ, Humphries A, Elia G, McDonald SA, Wright NA, Simons BD, Jansen M, Graham TA (2014). "Quantification of crypt and stem cell evolution in the normal and neoplastic human colon". Cell Rep. 8 (4): 940–947. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.019. PMC 4471679. PMID 25127143.
Nooteboom M, Johnson R, Taylor RW, Wright NA, Lightowlers RN, Kirkwood TB, Mathers JC, Turnbull DM, Greaves LC (2010). "Age-associated mitochondrial DNA mutations lead to small but significant changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis in human colonic crypts". Aging Cell. 9 (1): 96–99. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00531.x. PMC 2816353. PMID 19878146.
Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C (2010). "Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer". J Vis Exp (41). doi:10.3791/1931. PMC 3149991. PMID 20689513.
Omole AE, Pujyitha Mandiga P, Kahai P, Lobo S (6 April 2025). "Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis: Large Intestine". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 16 August 2025.
Booth, Sarah (April 2012). "Vitamin K: Food Consumption and Dietary Intakes". Food Nutrition Research. 56. doi:10.3402/fnr.v56i0.5505. PMC 3321250. PMID 22489217.
Terry L. Miller; Meyer J. Wolin (1996). "Pathways of Acetate, Propionate, and Butyrate Formation by the Human Fecal Microbial Flora". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 62 (5): 1589–1592. Bibcode:1996ApEnM..62.1589M. doi:10.1128/AEM.62.5.1589-1592.1996. PMC 167932. PMID 8633856.
Yatsunenko, Tanya; et al. (2012). "Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography". Nature. 486 (7402): 222–227. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..222Y. doi:10.1038/nature11053. PMC 3376388. PMID 22699611.
O'Hara, Ann M.; Shanahan, Fergus (2006). "The gut flora as a forgotten organ". EMBO Reports. 7 (7): 688–693. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400731. PMC 1500832. PMID 16819463.
den Besten, Gijs; van Eunen, Karen; Groen, Albert K.; Venema, Koen; Reijngoud, Dirk-Jan; Bakker, Barbara M. (2013-09-01). "The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism". Journal of Lipid Research. 54 (9): 2325–2340. doi:10.1194/jlr.R036012. ISSN 0022-2275. PMC 3735932. PMID 23821742.
Murdoch, Travis B.; Detsky, Allan S. (2012-12-01). "Time to Recognize Our Fellow Travellers". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 27 (12): 1704–1706. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2105-6. ISSN 0884-8734. PMC 3509308. PMID 22588826.
Human Microbiome Project Consortium (Jun 14, 2012). "Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome". Nature. 486 (7402): 207–214. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..207T. doi:10.1038/nature11234. PMC 3564958. PMID 22699609.
Bloom, Seth M.; Bijanki, Vinieth N.; Nava, Gerardo M.; Sun, Lulu; Malvin, Nicole P.; Donermeyer, David L.; Dunne, W. Michael; Allen, Paul M.; Stappenbeck, Thaddeus S. (2011-05-19). "Commensal Bacteroides species induce colitis in host-genotype-specific fashion in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease". Cell Host & Microbe. 9 (5): 390–403. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.009. ISSN 1931-3128. PMC 3241010. PMID 21575910.
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Large intestine (English Wikipedia)

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