Latrodectus (English Wikipedia)

Eberhard, W G (2006). "The mystery of how spiders extract food without masticating prey" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 13 (9): 372–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

"Genus Latrodectus". World Spider Catalog. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
Levi, Herbert W. (1959). "The Spider Genus Latrodectus (Araneae, Theridiidae)". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 78 (1): 7–43. doi:10.2307/3223799. JSTOR 3223799.
Ushkaryov, Y. A. (2004). "The multiple actions of black widow spider toxins and their selective use in neurosecretion studies". Toxicon. 213 (5): 527–542. Bibcode:2004Txcn...43..527U. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.008. PMID 15066411.
Sari, I. (2008). "Myocarditis after black widow spider envenomation". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 630 (5): e1–3. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.09.012. PMID 18534303.
Nentwig, N. (2017). "Impact of Non-native Animals and Plants on Human Health". Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services. Springer. pp. 277–293. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45121-3_18. ISBN 978-3-319-45119-0.
Ushkaryov, YA; Rohou, A; Sugita, S (2008). alpha-Latrotoxin and its receptors. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 184. pp. 171–206. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74805-2_7. ISBN 978-3-540-74804-5. PMC 2519134. PMID 18064415.
Peterson, ME (November 2006). "Black widow spider envenomation". Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 21 (4): 187–90. doi:10.1053/j.ctsap.2006.10.003. PMID 17265903.
Halmo, Laurie Seidel; Hurst, Irene A.; Ng, Patrick C.; Wang, George Sam (2019). "Latrodectus Facies After Latrodectus Hesperus Envenomation in a Pediatric Patient". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 57 (4). ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC: 523–526. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.06.018. PMID 31492593. S2CID 201868835.
Mowry, James B.; Spyker, Daniel A.; Cantilena, Louis R.; Bailey, J. Elise; Ford, Marsha (December 2013). "2012 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th Annual Report" (PDF). Clinical Toxicology. 51 (10): 949–1229. doi:10.3109/15563650.2013.863906. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 24359283. S2CID 43129572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
Bettini, S (1964). "Epidemiology of latrodectism". Toxicon. 2 (2): 93–102. Bibcode:1964Txcn....2...93B. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(64)90009-1. PMID 14301291.
Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Page, Colin B.; Buckley, Nicholas A.; Fatovich, Daniel M.; Pascu, Ovidiu; MacDonald, Stephen P.J.; Calver, Leonie A.; Brown, Simon G.A. (2014). "Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Antivenom Versus Placebo for Latrodectism: The Second Redback Antivenom Evaluation (RAVE-II) Study". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 64 (6): 620–8.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.06.006. hdl:2123/14928. PMID 24999282.
Welke, Klaas W.; Schneider, Jutta M. (January 2012). "Sexual cannibalism benefits offspring survival". Animal Behaviour. 83 (1): 201–207. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.10.027. S2CID 53149581. *Jennifer Welsh (23 December 2011). "Male Spiders Let Mates Eat Them for Kids' Sake". LiveScience.
Johnson, J. Chadwick; Trubl, Patricia; Blackmore, Valerie; Miles, Lindsay (August 2011). "Male black widows court well-fed females more than starved females: silken cues indicate sexual cannibalism risk". Animal Behaviour. 82 (2): 383–390. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.018. S2CID 53167419.
Baruffaldi, Luciana; Andrade, Maydianne C.B. (April 2015). "Contact pheromones mediate male preference in black-widow spiders: avoidance of hungry sexual cannibals?". Animal Behaviour. 102: 25–32. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.007. S2CID 53186634.
Salomon, Maxence (April 2011). "The natural diet of a polyphagous predator, Latrodectus hesperus (Araneae: Theridiidae), over one year". Journal of Arachnology. 39 (1): 154–160. doi:10.1636/p10-25.1. ISSN 0161-8202. S2CID 55786642.
Johnson, J. Chadwick; Kitchen, Kathryn; Andrade, Maydianne C. B. (August 2010). "Family Affects Sibling Cannibalism in the Black Widow Spider, Latrodectus hesperus". Ethology. 116 (8): 770–777. Bibcode:2010Ethol.116..770J. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01792.x. ISSN 0179-1613.
Nelsen, David; Kelln, Wayne; Hayes, William (2014). "Poke but don't pinch: risk assessment and venom metering in the western black-widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus". Animal Behaviour. 89: 107–114. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.12.019. S2CID 53166675.
Blackledge, T. A.; Swindeman, John E.; Hayashi, Cheryl Y. (15 May 2005). "Quasistatic and continuous dynamic characterization of the mechanical properties of silk from the cobweb of the black-widow spider Latrodectus hesperus" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (10): 1937–1949. Bibcode:2005JExpB.208.1937B. doi:10.1242/jeb.01597. PMID 15879074.
Elices, Manuel; Guinea, Gustavo V.; Pérez-Rigueiro, José; Plaza, Gustavo R.; et al. (2005). "Finding Inspiration in Argiope Trifasciata Spider Silk Fibers". JOM. 57 (2): 60–66. Bibcode:2005JOM....57b..60E. doi:10.1007/s11837-005-0218-7. S2CID 136722925. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Page, Colin B.; Buckley, Nicholas A.; Fatovich, Daniel M.; Pascu, Ovidiu; MacDonald, Stephen P.J.; Calver, Leonie A.; Brown, Simon G.A. (2014). "Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Antivenom Versus Placebo for Latrodectism: The Second Redback Antivenom Evaluation (RAVE-II) Study". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 64 (6): 620–8.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.06.006. hdl:2123/14928. PMID 24999282.

independent.ie (Global: 324^th place; English: 162^nd place)

"Poisonous false widow spiders spread across Ireland". independent. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2020.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Levi, Herbert W. (1959). "The Spider Genus Latrodectus (Araneae, Theridiidae)". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 78 (1): 7–43. doi:10.2307/3223799. JSTOR 3223799.

livescience.com (Global: 1,726^th place; English: 1,417^th place)

Why Black Widow Spider Venom Is So Potent. By Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News 6 January 2015.
Welke, Klaas W.; Schneider, Jutta M. (January 2012). "Sexual cannibalism benefits offspring survival". Animal Behaviour. 83 (1): 201–207. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.10.027. S2CID 53149581. *Jennifer Welsh (23 December 2011). "Male Spiders Let Mates Eat Them for Kids' Sake". LiveScience.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

nationalgeographic.com

"Black Widow Spiders". National Geographic. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2017.

kids.nationalgeographic.com

"Black Widow". Animals. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2024.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ushkaryov, Y. A. (2004). "The multiple actions of black widow spider toxins and their selective use in neurosecretion studies". Toxicon. 213 (5): 527–542. Bibcode:2004Txcn...43..527U. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.008. PMID 15066411.
Sari, I. (2008). "Myocarditis after black widow spider envenomation". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 630 (5): e1–3. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.09.012. PMID 18534303.
Ushkaryov, YA; Rohou, A; Sugita, S (2008). alpha-Latrotoxin and its receptors. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 184. pp. 171–206. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74805-2_7. ISBN 978-3-540-74804-5. PMC 2519134. PMID 18064415.
Peterson, ME (November 2006). "Black widow spider envenomation". Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 21 (4): 187–90. doi:10.1053/j.ctsap.2006.10.003. PMID 17265903.
Halmo, Laurie Seidel; Hurst, Irene A.; Ng, Patrick C.; Wang, George Sam (2019). "Latrodectus Facies After Latrodectus Hesperus Envenomation in a Pediatric Patient". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 57 (4). ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC: 523–526. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.06.018. PMID 31492593. S2CID 201868835.
Mowry, James B.; Spyker, Daniel A.; Cantilena, Louis R.; Bailey, J. Elise; Ford, Marsha (December 2013). "2012 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th Annual Report" (PDF). Clinical Toxicology. 51 (10): 949–1229. doi:10.3109/15563650.2013.863906. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 24359283. S2CID 43129572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
Bettini, S (1964). "Epidemiology of latrodectism". Toxicon. 2 (2): 93–102. Bibcode:1964Txcn....2...93B. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(64)90009-1. PMID 14301291.
Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Page, Colin B.; Buckley, Nicholas A.; Fatovich, Daniel M.; Pascu, Ovidiu; MacDonald, Stephen P.J.; Calver, Leonie A.; Brown, Simon G.A. (2014). "Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Antivenom Versus Placebo for Latrodectism: The Second Redback Antivenom Evaluation (RAVE-II) Study". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 64 (6): 620–8.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.06.006. hdl:2123/14928. PMID 24999282.
Blackledge, T. A.; Swindeman, John E.; Hayashi, Cheryl Y. (15 May 2005). "Quasistatic and continuous dynamic characterization of the mechanical properties of silk from the cobweb of the black-widow spider Latrodectus hesperus" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (10): 1937–1949. Bibcode:2005JExpB.208.1937B. doi:10.1242/jeb.01597. PMID 15879074.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ushkaryov, YA; Rohou, A; Sugita, S (2008). alpha-Latrotoxin and its receptors. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 184. pp. 171–206. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74805-2_7. ISBN 978-3-540-74804-5. PMC 2519134. PMID 18064415.

nmbe.ch (Global: 1,029^th place; English: 681^st place)

wsc.nmbe.ch

"Genus Latrodectus". World Spider Catalog. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Species list for Latrodectus". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 28 January 2016.

onlinemetals.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Astm a36". OnlineMetals.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013.

orkin.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Black Widow Spiders". Orkin Pest Control. Retrieved 19 June 2017.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

extension.psu.edu

"Southern Black Widow Spider". extension.psu.edu. Retrieved 1 April 2024.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Halmo, Laurie Seidel; Hurst, Irene A.; Ng, Patrick C.; Wang, George Sam (2019). "Latrodectus Facies After Latrodectus Hesperus Envenomation in a Pediatric Patient". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 57 (4). ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC: 523–526. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.06.018. PMID 31492593. S2CID 201868835.
Mowry, James B.; Spyker, Daniel A.; Cantilena, Louis R.; Bailey, J. Elise; Ford, Marsha (December 2013). "2012 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th Annual Report" (PDF). Clinical Toxicology. 51 (10): 949–1229. doi:10.3109/15563650.2013.863906. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 24359283. S2CID 43129572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
Welke, Klaas W.; Schneider, Jutta M. (January 2012). "Sexual cannibalism benefits offspring survival". Animal Behaviour. 83 (1): 201–207. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.10.027. S2CID 53149581. *Jennifer Welsh (23 December 2011). "Male Spiders Let Mates Eat Them for Kids' Sake". LiveScience.
Johnson, J. Chadwick; Trubl, Patricia; Blackmore, Valerie; Miles, Lindsay (August 2011). "Male black widows court well-fed females more than starved females: silken cues indicate sexual cannibalism risk". Animal Behaviour. 82 (2): 383–390. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.018. S2CID 53167419.
Baruffaldi, Luciana; Andrade, Maydianne C.B. (April 2015). "Contact pheromones mediate male preference in black-widow spiders: avoidance of hungry sexual cannibals?". Animal Behaviour. 102: 25–32. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.007. S2CID 53186634.
Salomon, Maxence (April 2011). "The natural diet of a polyphagous predator, Latrodectus hesperus (Araneae: Theridiidae), over one year". Journal of Arachnology. 39 (1): 154–160. doi:10.1636/p10-25.1. ISSN 0161-8202. S2CID 55786642.
Nelsen, David; Kelln, Wayne; Hayes, William (2014). "Poke but don't pinch: risk assessment and venom metering in the western black-widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus". Animal Behaviour. 89: 107–114. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.12.019. S2CID 53166675.
Elices, Manuel; Guinea, Gustavo V.; Pérez-Rigueiro, José; Plaza, Gustavo R.; et al. (2005). "Finding Inspiration in Argiope Trifasciata Spider Silk Fibers". JOM. 57 (2): 60–66. Bibcode:2005JOM....57b..60E. doi:10.1007/s11837-005-0218-7. S2CID 136722925. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.

spiderid.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Latrodectus (Widow Spiders)". SpiderID. Retrieved 8 August 2025.

tamu.edu (Global: 289^th place; English: 1,073^rd place)

insects.tamu.edu

Drees, Bastiaan M.; Jackman, John A. (1999). "Mud Daubers". Field Guide to Texas Insects. Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87719-263-3. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.

tms.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Elices, Manuel; Guinea, Gustavo V.; Pérez-Rigueiro, José; Plaza, Gustavo R.; et al. (2005). "Finding Inspiration in Argiope Trifasciata Spider Silk Fibers". JOM. 57 (2): 60–66. Bibcode:2005JOM....57b..60E. doi:10.1007/s11837-005-0218-7. S2CID 136722925. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Mowry, James B.; Spyker, Daniel A.; Cantilena, Louis R.; Bailey, J. Elise; Ford, Marsha (December 2013). "2012 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th Annual Report" (PDF). Clinical Toxicology. 51 (10): 949–1229. doi:10.3109/15563650.2013.863906. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 24359283. S2CID 43129572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
"Black Widow Spiders". National Geographic. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Breene, R. G.; Sweet, M. H. (1985). "Evidence of insemination of multiple females by the male Black Widow Spider, Latrodectus mactans (Araneae, Theridiidae)" (PDF). The Journal of Arachnology. 13 (3): 331–335. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
Eberhard, W G (2006). "The mystery of how spiders extract food without masticating prey" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 13 (9): 372–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
Drees, Bastiaan M.; Jackman, John A. (1999). "Mud Daubers". Field Guide to Texas Insects. Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87719-263-3. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
"Astm a36". OnlineMetals.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013.
Elices, Manuel; Guinea, Gustavo V.; Pérez-Rigueiro, José; Plaza, Gustavo R.; et al. (2005). "Finding Inspiration in Argiope Trifasciata Spider Silk Fibers". JOM. 57 (2): 60–66. Bibcode:2005JOM....57b..60E. doi:10.1007/s11837-005-0218-7. S2CID 136722925. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Mowry, James B.; Spyker, Daniel A.; Cantilena, Louis R.; Bailey, J. Elise; Ford, Marsha (December 2013). "2012 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th Annual Report" (PDF). Clinical Toxicology. 51 (10): 949–1229. doi:10.3109/15563650.2013.863906. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 24359283. S2CID 43129572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
Salomon, Maxence (April 2011). "The natural diet of a polyphagous predator, Latrodectus hesperus (Araneae: Theridiidae), over one year". Journal of Arachnology. 39 (1): 154–160. doi:10.1636/p10-25.1. ISSN 0161-8202. S2CID 55786642.
Johnson, J. Chadwick; Kitchen, Kathryn; Andrade, Maydianne C. B. (August 2010). "Family Affects Sibling Cannibalism in the Black Widow Spider, Latrodectus hesperus". Ethology. 116 (8): 770–777. Bibcode:2010Ethol.116..770J. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01792.x. ISSN 0179-1613.

Latrodectus (English Wikipedia)

aapcc.s3.amazonaws.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

ajol.info (Global: 8,978th place; English: 5,937th place)

al.com (Global: 1,049th place; English: 497th place)

americanarachnology.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

animalcorner.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

biodiversitylibrary.org (Global: 168th place; English: 136th place)

biologists.org (Global: 5,151st place; English: 4,741st place)

jeb.biologists.org

britishspiders.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

independent.ie (Global: 324th place; English: 162nd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

livescience.com (Global: 1,726th place; English: 1,417th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489th place; English: 425th place)

nationalgeographic.com

kids.nationalgeographic.com

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nmbe.ch (Global: 1,029th place; English: 681st place)

wsc.nmbe.ch

onlinemetals.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

orkin.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

psu.edu (Global: 299th place; English: 159th place)

extension.psu.edu

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

spiderid.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

tamu.edu (Global: 289th place; English: 1,073rd place)

insects.tamu.edu

tms.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ajol.info (Global: 8,978^th place; English: 5,937^th place)

al.com (Global: 1,049^th place; English: 497^th place)

biodiversitylibrary.org (Global: 168^th place; English: 136^th place)

biologists.org (Global: 5,151^st place; English: 4,741^st place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

independent.ie (Global: 324^th place; English: 162^nd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

livescience.com (Global: 1,726^th place; English: 1,417^th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nmbe.ch (Global: 1,029^th place; English: 681^st place)

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

tamu.edu (Global: 289^th place; English: 1,073^rd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)