Leech (English Wikipedia)

Siddall, Mark E. (1998). "Glossiphoniidae". American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
Siddall, Mark; Borda, Liz; Burreson, Gene; et al. "Blood Lust II". Laboratory of Phylohirudinology, American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2013.

archive.org

Buchsbaum, Ralph; Buchsbaum, Mildred; Pearse, John; et al. (1987). Animals Without Backbones (3rd ed.). The University of Chicago Press. pp. 312–317. ISBN 978-0-226-07874-8.

austin.org.au

Victorian Poisons Information Centre: Leeches Victorian Poisons Information Centre. Retrieved 28 July 2007

australianmuseum.net.au

"Leeches". Australian Museum. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2020.

bdellanea.blogspot.com

Siddall, Mark (7 July 2008). "Myth Busters: Leech Anaesthetic". BdellaNea.

biblehub.com

"Proverbs 30:15 | Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers". BibleHub. Retrieved 27 April 2018.

biodiversitylibrary.org

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1818). Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres ... précédée d'une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du végétal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Volume 5. Vol. 5. Paris: Verdière.

biopharm-leeches.com

Sawyer, Roy T. "Leech biology and behaviour" (PDF). biopharm-leeches.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2011.

books.google.com

Scarborough, John (1992). Medical and Biological Terminologies: Classical Origins. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8061-3029-3.
Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael J. (2009). Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. Academic Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-08-092014-6.
Thorp, James H.; Covich, Alan P. (2001). Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press. p. 466. ISBN 978-0-12-690647-9.
Reproductive Strategies and Developmental Patterns in Annelids
Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates
Rohde, Klaus (2005). Marine Parasitology. CSIRO Publishing. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-643-09927-2.
Elder, H. Y. (1980). "Peristaltic mechanisms". In Elder, H. Y.; Trueman, E. R. (eds.). Aspects of Animal Movement. Society for Experimental Biology, Seminar Series. Vol. 5. CUP Archive. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-521-29795-0.
Smith, Douglas Grant (2001). Pennak's Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 304–305. ISBN 978-0-471-35837-4.
Burke, Don (2005). The complete Burke's backyard: the ultimate book of fact sheets. Murdoch Books. ISBN 978-1-74045-739-2.
Fujimoto, Gary; Robin, Marc; Dessery, Bradford (2003). The Traveler's Medical Guide. Prairie Smoke Press. ISBN 978-0-9704482-5-5.
Yi-Te Lai; Jiun-Hong Chen (2010). 臺灣蛭類動物志: Leech Fauna of Taiwan-Biota Taiwanica (in Chinese). 國立臺灣大學出版中心. p. 89. ISBN 978-986-02-2760-4.
Marren, Peter; Mabey, Richard (2010). Bugs Britannica. Chatto & Windus. pp. 45–48. ISBN 978-0-7011-8180-2.
Jourdier, August; Coste, M. (March 1859). "Hirudiculture (Leech-Culture) (from La Pisciculture et la Production des Sanguesues (Fish farming and leech production). Paris : Hachette et Cie". The Journal of Agriculture. New Series. 8 (July 1857–March 1859 ). William Blackwood and Sons: 641–648.
anon (2016). Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History. Dorling Kindersley. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-241-28715-6.

doi.org

Chiangkul, Krittiya; Trivalairat, Poramad; Purivirojkul, Watchariya (2018). "Redescription of the Siamese shield leech Placobdelloides siamensis with new host species and geographic range". Parasite. 25: 56. doi:10.1051/parasite/2018056. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 6254108. PMID 30474597.
Sket, Boris; Trontelj, Peter (2008). "Global diversity of leeches (Hirudinea) in freshwater". Hydrobiologia. 595 (1): 129–137. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9010-8. S2CID 46339662.
Fogden, S.; Proctor, J. (1985). "Notes on the Feeding of Land Leeches (Haemadipsa zeylanica Moore and H. picta Moore) in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak". Biotropica. 17 (2): 172–174. Bibcode:1985Biotr..17..172F. doi:10.2307/2388511. JSTOR 2388511.
Meyer, Marvin C. (July 1940). "A Revision of the Leeches (Piscicolidae) Living on Fresh-Water Fishes of North America". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 59 (3): 354–376. doi:10.2307/3222552. JSTOR 3222552.
Oceguera, A.; Leon, V.; Siddall, M. (2005). "Phylogeny and revision of Erpobdelliformes (Annelida, Arhynchobdellida) from Mexico based on nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences". Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 76 (2): 191–198. doi:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2005.002.307. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
Phillips, Anna J.; Dornburg, Alex; Zapfe, Katerina L.; et al. (2019). "Phylogenomic Analysis of a Putative Missing Link Sparks Reinterpretation of Leech Evolution". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (11): 3082–3093. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz120. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 6598468. PMID 31214691.
Prevec, Rosemary; Nel, André; Day, Michael O.; et al. (30 October 2022). "South African Lagerstätte reveals middle Permian Gondwanan lakeshore ecosystem in exquisite detail". Communications Biology. 5 (1): 1154. doi:10.1038/s42003-022-04132-y. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 9618562. PMID 36310243.
Braddy, Simon J.; Gass, Kenneth C.; Tessler, Michael (2023). "Not the first leech: An unusual worm from the early Silurian of Wisconsin". Journal of Paleontology. 97 (4): 799–804. Bibcode:2023JPal...97..799B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.47.
Mikulic, D. G.; Briggs, D. E. G.; Kluessendorf, J. (1985). "A new exceptionally preserved biota from the Lower Silurian of Wisconsin, U.S.A.". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 311 (1148): 75–85. Bibcode:1985RSPTB.311...75M. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0140.
Wendruff, Andrew J.; Babcock, Loren E.; Kluessendorf, Joanne; et al. (15 May 2020). "Paleobiology and taphonomy of exceptionally preserved organisms from the Waukesha Biota (Silurian), Wisconsin, USA". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 546: 109631. Bibcode:2020PPP...54609631W. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109631. ISSN 0031-0182. S2CID 212824469.
Shcherbakov, Dmitry; Tarmo, Timm; Tzetlin, Alexander B.; Vinn, Olev; Zhuravlev, Andrey (2020). "A probable oligochaete from an Early Triassic Lagerstätte of the southern Cis-Urals and its evolutionary implications". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65 (2): 219–233. doi:10.4202/app.00704.2019. S2CID 219097612.
Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (August 2015). "Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages". Current Biology. 25 (15): 2000–2006. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2000L. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. PMID 26212884.
Kuo, Dian-Han; Lai, Yi-Te (4 November 2018). "On the origin of leeches by evolution of development". Development, Growth & Differentiation. 61 (1): 43–57. doi:10.1111/dgd.12573. PMID 30393850. S2CID 53218704.
Castle, W. E. (1900). "The Metamerism of the Hirudinea". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 35 (15): 285–303. doi:10.2307/25129933. ISSN 0199-9818. JSTOR 25129933.
Sawyer, R. T. (1970). "Observations on the Natural History and Behavior of Erpobdella punctata (Leidy) (Annelida: Hirudinea)". The American Midland Naturalist. 83 (1): 65–80. doi:10.2307/2424006. JSTOR 2424006.
Gelder, Stuart R.; Gagnon, Nicole L.; Nelson, Kerri (2002). "Taxonomic Considerations and Distribution of the Branchiobdellida (Annelida: Clitellata) on the North American Continent". Northeastern Naturalist. 9 (4): 451–468. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2002)009[0451:TCADOT]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3858556. S2CID 85774943.
Dziekońska-Rynko, Janina; Bielecki, Aleksander; Palińska, Katarzyna (2009). "Activity of selected hydrolytic enzymes from leeches (Clitellata: Hirudinida) with different feeding strategies". Biologia. 64 (2): 370–376. Bibcode:2009Biolg..64..370D. doi:10.2478/s11756-009-0048-0.
Ahl-Khleif, A.; Roth, M.; Menge, C.; et al. (2011). "Tenacity of mammalian viruses in the gut of leeches fed with porcine blood". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 60 (6): 787–792. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.027250-0. PMID 21372183.
Nehili, Malika; Ilk, Christoph; Mehlhorn, Heinz; et al. (1994). "Experiments on the possible role of leeches as vectors of animal and human pathogens: a light and electron microscopy study". Parasitology Research. 80 (4): 277–290. doi:10.1007/bf02351867. ISSN 0044-3255. PMID 8073013. S2CID 19770060.
Meir, Rigbi; Levy, Haim; Eldor, Amiram; et al. (1987). "The saliva of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis—II. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and of leukocyte activity and examination of reputed anaesthetic effects". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C. 88 (1): 95–98. doi:10.1016/0742-8413(87)90052-1. PMID 2890494.
Singh (2011). "Efficacy of leech therapy in the management of osteoarthritis (Sandhivata)". Ayu. 32 (2): 213–217. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.92589. PMC 3296343. PMID 22408305.
Laurent, V.; Salzet, B.; Verger-Bocquet, M.; Bernet, F.; Salzet, M. (2000). "Morphine-like substance in leech ganglia. Evidence and immune modulation". European Journal of Biochemistry. 267 (8): 2354–2361. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01239.x. PMID 10759861.
Mory, Robert N.; Mindell, David; Bloom, David A. (2014). "The Leech and the Physician: Biology, Etymology, and Medical Practice with Hirudinea medicinalis". World Journal of Surgery. 24 (7): 878–883. doi:10.1007/s002680010141. hdl:2027.42/42411. PMID 10833259. S2CID 18166996.
Mory, Robert N.; Mindell, David; Bloom, David A. (2014). "The Leech and the Physician: Biology, Etymology, and Medical Practice with Hirudinea medicinalis". World Journal of Surgery. 24 (7): 878–883. doi:10.1007/s002680010141. hdl:2027.42/42411. ISSN 0364-2313. PMID 10833259. S2CID 18166996.
Adams, Stephen L. (1988). "The Medicinal Leech: A Page from the Annelids of Internal Medicine". Annals of Internal Medicine. 109 (5): 399–405. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-109-5-399. PMID 3044211.
Teut, M.; Warning, A. (2008). "Leeches, phytotherapy and physiotherapy in osteo-arthrosis of the knee—a geriatric case study". Forsch Komplementärmed. 15 (5): 269–272. doi:10.1159/000158875. PMID 19001824. S2CID 196365336.
Sig, A. K.; Guney, M.; Uskudar Guclu, A.; et al. (2017). "Medicinal leech therapy—an overall perspective". Integrative Medicine Research. 6 (4): 337–343. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.001. PMC 5741396. PMID 29296560.
Haycraft, John B. (1883). "IV. On the action of a secretion obtained from the medicinal leech on the coagulation of the blood". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 36 (228–231): 478–487. doi:10.1098/rspl.1883.0135. S2CID 83910684.
Fischer, Karl-Georg; Van de Loo, Andreas; Bohler, Joachim (1999). "Recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) as anticoagulant in intensive care patients treated with continuous hemodialysis". Kidney International. 56 (Suppl. 72): S46–S50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.56.s72.2.x. PMID 10560805.
Sohn, J.; Kang, H.; Rao, K.; Kim, C.; Choi, E.; Chung, B.; Rhee, S. (2001). "Current status of the anticoagulant hirudin: its biotechnological production and clinical practice". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 57 (5–6): 606–613. doi:10.1007/s00253-001-0856-9. PMID 11778867. S2CID 19304703.
Schnell, Ida Bærholm; Thomsen, Philip Francis; Wilkinson, Nicholas; et al. (2012). "Screening mammal biodiversity using DNA from leeches". Current Biology. 22 (8): R262–R263. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.R262S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.058. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22537625.
Schnell, Ida Bærholm; Bohmann, Kristine; Schultze, Sebastian E.; et al. (2018). "Debugging diversity – a pan-continental exploration of the potential of terrestrial blood-feeding leeches as a vertebrate monitoring tool" (PDF). Molecular Ecology Resources. 18 (6): 1282–1298. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12912. PMID 29877042. S2CID 46972335.
Kidd, Karen A.; Graves, Stephanie D.; McKee, Graydon I.; et al. (2020). "Effects of Whole-Lake Additions of Ethynylestradiol on Leech Populations". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 39 (8): 1608–1619. doi:10.1002/etc.4789. PMID 32692460. S2CID 220669536.

go.com

abcnews.go.com

Cho, Joohee (4 March 2008). "Some Docs Latching Onto Leeches". ABC News. Retrieved 27 April 2018.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Mory, Robert N.; Mindell, David; Bloom, David A. (2014). "The Leech and the Physician: Biology, Etymology, and Medical Practice with Hirudinea medicinalis". World Journal of Surgery. 24 (7): 878–883. doi:10.1007/s002680010141. hdl:2027.42/42411. PMID 10833259. S2CID 18166996.
Mory, Robert N.; Mindell, David; Bloom, David A. (2014). "The Leech and the Physician: Biology, Etymology, and Medical Practice with Hirudinea medicinalis". World Journal of Surgery. 24 (7): 878–883. doi:10.1007/s002680010141. hdl:2027.42/42411. ISSN 0364-2313. PMID 10833259. S2CID 18166996.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Fogden, S.; Proctor, J. (1985). "Notes on the Feeding of Land Leeches (Haemadipsa zeylanica Moore and H. picta Moore) in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak". Biotropica. 17 (2): 172–174. Bibcode:1985Biotr..17..172F. doi:10.2307/2388511. JSTOR 2388511.
Braddy, Simon J.; Gass, Kenneth C.; Tessler, Michael (2023). "Not the first leech: An unusual worm from the early Silurian of Wisconsin". Journal of Paleontology. 97 (4): 799–804. Bibcode:2023JPal...97..799B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.47.
Mikulic, D. G.; Briggs, D. E. G.; Kluessendorf, J. (1985). "A new exceptionally preserved biota from the Lower Silurian of Wisconsin, U.S.A.". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 311 (1148): 75–85. Bibcode:1985RSPTB.311...75M. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0140.
Wendruff, Andrew J.; Babcock, Loren E.; Kluessendorf, Joanne; et al. (15 May 2020). "Paleobiology and taphonomy of exceptionally preserved organisms from the Waukesha Biota (Silurian), Wisconsin, USA". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 546: 109631. Bibcode:2020PPP...54609631W. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109631. ISSN 0031-0182. S2CID 212824469.
Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (August 2015). "Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages". Current Biology. 25 (15): 2000–2006. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2000L. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. PMID 26212884.
Dziekońska-Rynko, Janina; Bielecki, Aleksander; Palińska, Katarzyna (2009). "Activity of selected hydrolytic enzymes from leeches (Clitellata: Hirudinida) with different feeding strategies". Biologia. 64 (2): 370–376. Bibcode:2009Biolg..64..370D. doi:10.2478/s11756-009-0048-0.
Schnell, Ida Bærholm; Thomsen, Philip Francis; Wilkinson, Nicholas; et al. (2012). "Screening mammal biodiversity using DNA from leeches". Current Biology. 22 (8): R262–R263. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.R262S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.058. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22537625.

hkmj.org

Chow, C. K.; Wong, S. S.; Ho, A. C.; Lau, S. K. (2005). "Unilateral epistaxis after swimming in a stream". Hong Kong Medical Journal. 11 (2): 110–112. PMID 15815064. See also: lay summary from Reuters, 11 April 2005.

invertebrate.us

Govedich, Fredric R.; Bain, Bonnie A. (14 March 2005). "All about leeches" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.

jcu.edu.au

researchonline.jcu.edu.au

Schnell, Ida Bærholm; Bohmann, Kristine; Schultze, Sebastian E.; et al. (2018). "Debugging diversity – a pan-continental exploration of the potential of terrestrial blood-feeding leeches as a vertebrate monitoring tool" (PDF). Molecular Ecology Resources. 18 (6): 1282–1298. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12912. PMID 29877042. S2CID 46972335.

jstor.org

Fogden, S.; Proctor, J. (1985). "Notes on the Feeding of Land Leeches (Haemadipsa zeylanica Moore and H. picta Moore) in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak". Biotropica. 17 (2): 172–174. Bibcode:1985Biotr..17..172F. doi:10.2307/2388511. JSTOR 2388511.
Meyer, Marvin C. (July 1940). "A Revision of the Leeches (Piscicolidae) Living on Fresh-Water Fishes of North America". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 59 (3): 354–376. doi:10.2307/3222552. JSTOR 3222552.
Castle, W. E. (1900). "The Metamerism of the Hirudinea". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 35 (15): 285–303. doi:10.2307/25129933. ISSN 0199-9818. JSTOR 25129933.
Sawyer, R. T. (1970). "Observations on the Natural History and Behavior of Erpobdella punctata (Leidy) (Annelida: Hirudinea)". The American Midland Naturalist. 83 (1): 65–80. doi:10.2307/2424006. JSTOR 2424006.
Gelder, Stuart R.; Gagnon, Nicole L.; Nelson, Kerri (2002). "Taxonomic Considerations and Distribution of the Branchiobdellida (Annelida: Clitellata) on the North American Continent". Northeastern Naturalist. 9 (4): 451–468. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2002)009[0451:TCADOT]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3858556. S2CID 85774943.

kidney-international.org

Fischer, Karl-Georg; Van de Loo, Andreas; Bohler, Joachim (1999). "Recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) as anticoagulant in intensive care patients treated with continuous hemodialysis". Kidney International. 56 (Suppl. 72): S46–S50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.56.s72.2.x. PMID 10560805.

marinespecies.org

Kolb, Jürgen (2018). "Hirudinea". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 7 May 2018.

merriam-webster.com

"Leech". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 27 April 2018.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chiangkul, Krittiya; Trivalairat, Poramad; Purivirojkul, Watchariya (2018). "Redescription of the Siamese shield leech Placobdelloides siamensis with new host species and geographic range". Parasite. 25: 56. doi:10.1051/parasite/2018056. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 6254108. PMID 30474597.
Phillips, Anna J.; Dornburg, Alex; Zapfe, Katerina L.; et al. (2019). "Phylogenomic Analysis of a Putative Missing Link Sparks Reinterpretation of Leech Evolution". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (11): 3082–3093. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz120. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 6598468. PMID 31214691.
Prevec, Rosemary; Nel, André; Day, Michael O.; et al. (30 October 2022). "South African Lagerstätte reveals middle Permian Gondwanan lakeshore ecosystem in exquisite detail". Communications Biology. 5 (1): 1154. doi:10.1038/s42003-022-04132-y. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 9618562. PMID 36310243.
Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (August 2015). "Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages". Current Biology. 25 (15): 2000–2006. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2000L. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. PMID 26212884.
Kuo, Dian-Han; Lai, Yi-Te (4 November 2018). "On the origin of leeches by evolution of development". Development, Growth & Differentiation. 61 (1): 43–57. doi:10.1111/dgd.12573. PMID 30393850. S2CID 53218704.
Chow, C. K.; Wong, S. S.; Ho, A. C.; Lau, S. K. (2005). "Unilateral epistaxis after swimming in a stream". Hong Kong Medical Journal. 11 (2): 110–112. PMID 15815064. See also: lay summary from Reuters, 11 April 2005.
Ahl-Khleif, A.; Roth, M.; Menge, C.; et al. (2011). "Tenacity of mammalian viruses in the gut of leeches fed with porcine blood". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 60 (6): 787–792. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.027250-0. PMID 21372183.
Nehili, Malika; Ilk, Christoph; Mehlhorn, Heinz; et al. (1994). "Experiments on the possible role of leeches as vectors of animal and human pathogens: a light and electron microscopy study". Parasitology Research. 80 (4): 277–290. doi:10.1007/bf02351867. ISSN 0044-3255. PMID 8073013. S2CID 19770060.
Meir, Rigbi; Levy, Haim; Eldor, Amiram; et al. (1987). "The saliva of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis—II. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and of leukocyte activity and examination of reputed anaesthetic effects". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C. 88 (1): 95–98. doi:10.1016/0742-8413(87)90052-1. PMID 2890494.
Singh (2011). "Efficacy of leech therapy in the management of osteoarthritis (Sandhivata)". Ayu. 32 (2): 213–217. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.92589. PMC 3296343. PMID 22408305.
Laurent, V.; Salzet, B.; Verger-Bocquet, M.; Bernet, F.; Salzet, M. (2000). "Morphine-like substance in leech ganglia. Evidence and immune modulation". European Journal of Biochemistry. 267 (8): 2354–2361. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01239.x. PMID 10759861.
Mory, Robert N.; Mindell, David; Bloom, David A. (2014). "The Leech and the Physician: Biology, Etymology, and Medical Practice with Hirudinea medicinalis". World Journal of Surgery. 24 (7): 878–883. doi:10.1007/s002680010141. hdl:2027.42/42411. PMID 10833259. S2CID 18166996.
Mory, Robert N.; Mindell, David; Bloom, David A. (2014). "The Leech and the Physician: Biology, Etymology, and Medical Practice with Hirudinea medicinalis". World Journal of Surgery. 24 (7): 878–883. doi:10.1007/s002680010141. hdl:2027.42/42411. ISSN 0364-2313. PMID 10833259. S2CID 18166996.
Adams, Stephen L. (1988). "The Medicinal Leech: A Page from the Annelids of Internal Medicine". Annals of Internal Medicine. 109 (5): 399–405. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-109-5-399. PMID 3044211.
Teut, M.; Warning, A. (2008). "Leeches, phytotherapy and physiotherapy in osteo-arthrosis of the knee—a geriatric case study". Forsch Komplementärmed. 15 (5): 269–272. doi:10.1159/000158875. PMID 19001824. S2CID 196365336.
Michalsen, A.; Moebus, S.; Spahn, G.; Esch, T.; Langhorst, J.; Dobos, G.J. (2002). "Leech therapy for symptomatic treatment of knee osteoarthritis: Results and implications of a pilot study". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 8 (5): 84–88. PMID 12233807.
Sig, A. K.; Guney, M.; Uskudar Guclu, A.; et al. (2017). "Medicinal leech therapy—an overall perspective". Integrative Medicine Research. 6 (4): 337–343. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.001. PMC 5741396. PMID 29296560.
Abdualkader, A. M.; Ghawi, A. M.; Alaama, M.; Awang, M.; Merzouk, A. (2013). "Leech Therapeutic Applications". Indian Journal of Pharmacological Science. 75 (2 (March–April)): 127–137. PMC 3757849. PMID 24019559.
Fischer, Karl-Georg; Van de Loo, Andreas; Bohler, Joachim (1999). "Recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) as anticoagulant in intensive care patients treated with continuous hemodialysis". Kidney International. 56 (Suppl. 72): S46–S50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.56.s72.2.x. PMID 10560805.
Sohn, J.; Kang, H.; Rao, K.; Kim, C.; Choi, E.; Chung, B.; Rhee, S. (2001). "Current status of the anticoagulant hirudin: its biotechnological production and clinical practice". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 57 (5–6): 606–613. doi:10.1007/s00253-001-0856-9. PMID 11778867. S2CID 19304703.
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Chiangkul, Krittiya; Trivalairat, Poramad; Purivirojkul, Watchariya (2018). "Redescription of the Siamese shield leech Placobdelloides siamensis with new host species and geographic range". Parasite. 25: 56. doi:10.1051/parasite/2018056. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 6254108. PMID 30474597.
Phillips, Anna J.; Dornburg, Alex; Zapfe, Katerina L.; et al. (2019). "Phylogenomic Analysis of a Putative Missing Link Sparks Reinterpretation of Leech Evolution". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (11): 3082–3093. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz120. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 6598468. PMID 31214691.
Prevec, Rosemary; Nel, André; Day, Michael O.; et al. (30 October 2022). "South African Lagerstätte reveals middle Permian Gondwanan lakeshore ecosystem in exquisite detail". Communications Biology. 5 (1): 1154. doi:10.1038/s42003-022-04132-y. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 9618562. PMID 36310243.
Wendruff, Andrew J.; Babcock, Loren E.; Kluessendorf, Joanne; et al. (15 May 2020). "Paleobiology and taphonomy of exceptionally preserved organisms from the Waukesha Biota (Silurian), Wisconsin, USA". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 546: 109631. Bibcode:2020PPP...54609631W. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109631. ISSN 0031-0182. S2CID 212824469.
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Mory, Robert N.; Mindell, David; Bloom, David A. (2014). "The Leech and the Physician: Biology, Etymology, and Medical Practice with Hirudinea medicinalis". World Journal of Surgery. 24 (7): 878–883. doi:10.1007/s002680010141. hdl:2027.42/42411. ISSN 0364-2313. PMID 10833259. S2CID 18166996.
Schnell, Ida Bærholm; Thomsen, Philip Francis; Wilkinson, Nicholas; et al. (2012). "Screening mammal biodiversity using DNA from leeches". Current Biology. 22 (8): R262–R263. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.R262S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.058. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22537625.