Legalism (Chinese philosophy) (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)" in English language version.

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Pines 2023; Goldin 2011; Creel 1970, p. 93,119–120. Pines, Yuri (2023). "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.). Retrieved 2 March 2024. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8.
Fraser 2011, p. 64; Pines 2017, p. 26; Hansen 1992, p. 345,346; Graham 1989, p. 268; Pines 2014, p. 16. Fraser, Chris (2011). Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy. Oup USA. ISBN 978-0-19-532899-8. Pines, Yuri (2017). The Book of Lord Shang: Apologetics of State Power in Early China. Abridged Edition. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55038-3. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Graham, A.C. (1989). Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9942-5. Pines, Yuri (2014). Birth of an Empire. University of California Press. ISBN 978-1-938169-07-6.
Creel 1970, p. 93-95; Goldin 2011, p. 89(2); Fraser 2011, p. 59; Lewis 2010, p. 41-42,72; Jiang 2021, p. 235. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Fraser, Chris (2011). Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy. Oup USA. ISBN 978-0-19-532899-8. Lewis, Mark Edward (2010). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han (History of Imperial China). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05734-0. Jiang, Tao (2021). Origins of Moral-political Philosophy in Early China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5.
Creel 1970, p. 93,; Goldin 2011, p. 104,105(16-17); Hansen 1992, p. 347,349; Graham 1989, p. 268,282-283. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Graham, A.C. (1989). Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9942-5.
Creel 1970, p. 101; Winston 2005, p. 59. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Winston, Kenneth (2005). "The Internal Morality of Chinese Legalism". Singapore Journal of Legal Studies: 313–347.
Goldin 2005, pp. 95, 200; Creel 1970, p. 101. Goldin, Paul R. (2005). After Confucius: Studies In Early Chinese Philosophy. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2842-4. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8.
Creel 1970, p. 63-64,81,96-98; Goldin 2005, p. 59-64; Goldin 2012, p. 15-16; Makeham 1994, pp. 73, 74. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Goldin, Paul R. (2005). After Confucius: Studies In Early Chinese Philosophy. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2842-4. Goldin, Paul R. (2012). Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei. University of Pennsylvania: Springer. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5. Makeham, John (1994). Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1174-3.
Loewe 1999, p. 1008; Lewis 1999, p. 38-40,145; Schneider 2013, p. 267; Hansen 1992, p. 346-347,371-372; Makeham 1994, p. 74; Schwartz 1985, p. 186; Creel 1970, p. 63-64,81,96-98; Smith 2003, p. 141; Fraser 2023. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). Writing and Authority in Early China. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4114-5. Schneider, Henrique (2013). "Han Fei, De, Welfare". Asian Philosophy. 23 (3): 260–274. doi:10.1080/09552367.2013.807584. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Makeham, John (1994). Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1174-3. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Fraser, Chris (2023). "Mohism". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023 ed.). Retrieved 19 February 2024.
Loewe 1999, p. 1008; Creel 1970, p. 101,113; Schwartz 1985, p. 330,336; Hansen 1992, p. 13,345-347. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0.
Lewis 2010, p. 42,72; Loewe 1999, p. 1008; Smith 2003, p. 141; Creel 1974. Lewis, Mark Edward (2010). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han (History of Imperial China). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05734-0. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1974). Shen Pu-hai: Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12027-0.
Hansen 1992, p. 13,345-347,375-376; Creel 1970, p. 88,95,101,107,113; Schwartz 1985, p. 336; Goldin 2011, p. 112(24); Leung 2019, p. 103. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Leung, Vincent S. (2019). The Politics of the Past in Early China. Cambridge: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42572-8.
Hansen 1992, p. 205,208,345; Hansen 2020; Kejian 2016, p. 95. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Hansen, Chad (2020). "Daoism". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.). Retrieved 19 February 2024. Kejian, Huang (2016). From Destiny to Dao. Davies Pacific Center: Enrich Professional Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62320-023-7.
Rubin 1974, p. 339; Schwartz 1985, p. 186-187. Rubin, Vitali (1974). "Shen Tao and Fa-Chia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 94 (3): 337–346. doi:10.2307/600068. JSTOR 600068. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3.
Harris 2016, pp. 404–406. Harris, Eirik Lang (2016). The Shenzi Fragments. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231542166.
Harris 2016, pp. 16. Harris, Eirik Lang (2016). The Shenzi Fragments. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231542166.
Peerenboom 1993, pp. 1, 8, 3–4, 19, 241. Peerenboom, Randall (1993). Law and Morality in Ancient China. The Silk Manuscripts of Huang-Lao. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791412381.
Creel 1970, p. 95. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8.
Smith 2003, p. 130; Loewe 1999, p. 591,589; Hansen 1992, p. 345-346; Schwartz 1985, p. 174,244; Creel 1970, p. 93. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8.
Smith 2003, p. 129-131,141; Hansen 1992, p. 203,360,371,401; Creel 1970, p. 63-64,81,93-96,98. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8.
Peerenboom 1993, p. 1; Kejian 2016, p. 22,184. Peerenboom, Randall (1993). Law and Morality in Ancient China. The Silk Manuscripts of Huang-Lao. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791412381. Kejian, Huang (2016). From Destiny to Dao. Davies Pacific Center: Enrich Professional Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62320-023-7.
Creel 1970, pp. 93. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8.
Goldin 2012, pp. 15–16. Goldin, Paul R. (2012). Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei. University of Pennsylvania: Springer. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5.
Makeham 1994, p. 68-69,74; Goldin 2012, p. 9; Creel 1970, p. 86; Pines 2023. Makeham, John (1994). Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1174-3. Goldin, Paul R. (2012). Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei. University of Pennsylvania: Springer. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Pines, Yuri (2023). "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
Creel 1974, p. 221,222; Creel 1970, p. 63-64,81,96-98; Hansen 1992, p. 363. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1974). Shen Pu-hai: Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12027-0. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0.
Pines 2023; Lewis 2010, p. 41-42,72. Pines, Yuri (2023). "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.). Retrieved 2 March 2024. Lewis, Mark Edward (2010). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han (History of Imperial China). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05734-0.
Vankeerberghen 2001, p. 24,96; Creel 1960, p. 239,241; Creel 1970, p. 110-111,115-120; Lewis 1999, p. 491; Makeham 1994, p. 180. Vankeerberghen, Griet (2001). The Huainanzi and Liu An's Claim to Moral Authority. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5147-2. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1960). Confucius, the Man and the Myth. Kessinger. ISBN 978-1-4367-1591-1. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). Writing and Authority in Early China. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4114-5. Makeham, John (1994). Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1174-3.
Creel 1970, p. 101; Loewe 2011, p. 93-94; Pines 2017, p. 44-45; Major 2015, p. 186,194,632. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Loewe, Michael (2011). Dong Zhongshu, a "Confucian" Heritage and the Chunqiu Fanlu. Brill. ISBN 9789004194656. Pines, Yuri (2017). The Book of Lord Shang: Apologetics of State Power in Early China. Abridged Edition. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55038-3. Major, John S. (2015). Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231169325.
Hansen 1992, p. 13,345-347,375-376; Creel 1970, p. 95,101,107,113; Goldin 2011, p. 108,112(15,24); Youlan 1948, p. 32–34; Pines 2023; Smith 2003, p. 96–98(8,10). Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Youlan, Feng (1948). A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-83634-8. Pines, Yuri (2023). "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.). Retrieved 2 March 2024. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Pines 2023; Youlan 1948, p. 30,33; Hansen 1992, p. 218,373,374. Pines, Yuri (2023). "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.). Retrieved 2 March 2024. Youlan, Feng (1948). A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-83634-8. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0.
Graham 1989, p. 270-272. Graham, A.C. (1989). Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9942-5.
Shih 2013, p. 89. Shih, Hu (2013). English Writings of Hu Shih. Volume 2. Princeton University: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. ISBN 978-3-642-31180-2.
Goldin 2005, p. 59; Leung 2019, p. 1; Jiang 2021, p. 237,452. Goldin, Paul R. (2005). After Confucius: Studies In Early Chinese Philosophy. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2842-4. Leung, Vincent S. (2019). The Politics of the Past in Early China. Cambridge: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42572-8. Jiang, Tao (2021). Origins of Moral-political Philosophy in Early China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5.
Creel 1970, p. 93; Goldin 2011, p. 88(1),94(6),101-104(13-16); Pines 2023; Graham 1989, p. 268. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Pines, Yuri (2023). "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.). Retrieved 2 March 2024. Graham, A.C. (1989). Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9942-5.
Goldin 2005, pp. 95, 200; Creel 1970, p. 101; Major 2010, pp. 209, 423; Jiang 2021, p. 242. Goldin, Paul R. (2005). After Confucius: Studies In Early Chinese Philosophy. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2842-4. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Major, John S. (2010). The Huainanzi A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-52085-0. Jiang, Tao (2021). Origins of Moral-political Philosophy in Early China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5.
Creel 1970, p. 79,101. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8.
Pines 2017, p. 27,44-45; Goldin 2011, p. 104(16); Pines 2023; Jiang 2021, p. 244. Pines, Yuri (2017). The Book of Lord Shang: Apologetics of State Power in Early China. Abridged Edition. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55038-3. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Pines, Yuri (2023). "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.). Retrieved 2 March 2024. Jiang, Tao (2021). Origins of Moral-political Philosophy in Early China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5.
Goldin 2011, p. 8(98); Rubin 1974, p. 343; Hansen 1992, p. 317; Harris 2022, p. 75. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Rubin, Vitali (1974). "Shen Tao and Fa-Chia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 94 (3): 337–346. doi:10.2307/600068. JSTOR 600068. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Harris, Eirik Lang (2022). Adventures in Chinese Realism. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-8793-9.
Hansen 1992, pp. 347, 349. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0.
Hsiao 1979, pp. 410–412. Hsiao, Kung-Chuan (1979). A History of Chinese Political Thought. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-691-61289-8.
Winston 2005, p. 1; Hsiao 1979, p. 409,411; Schneider 2013, p. 1. Winston, Kenneth (2005). "The Internal Morality of Chinese Legalism". Singapore Journal of Legal Studies: 313–347. Hsiao, Kung-Chuan (1979). A History of Chinese Political Thought. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-691-61289-8. Schneider, Henrique (2013). "Han Fei, De, Welfare". Asian Philosophy. 23 (3): 260–274. doi:10.1080/09552367.2013.807584.
Creel 1970, p. 63-64,81,96-98; Goldin 2005, p. 63; Barlow 1985, p. 104. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Goldin, Paul R. (2005). After Confucius: Studies In Early Chinese Philosophy. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2842-4. Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1985). Donald H. Bishop (ed.). Chinese Thought: An Introduction. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9780836411300.
Slingerland 2007, p. 6,95,279; Kim 2012, p. 11. Slingerland, Edward (2007). Effortless Action: Wu-wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513899-3. Kim, Hongkyung (2012). The Old Master: A Syncretic Reading of the Laozi from the Mawangdui Text A Onward. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4013-2.
Hansen 1992; Hansen 2020; Kejian 2016, p. 95. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Hansen, Chad (2020). "Daoism". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.). Retrieved 19 February 2024. Kejian, Huang (2016). From Destiny to Dao. Davies Pacific Center: Enrich Professional Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62320-023-7.
Hansen 1992, p. 204,205; Hansen 2020. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Hansen, Chad (2020). "Daoism". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.). Retrieved 19 February 2024.
Graham 1989, p. 268; Goldin 2011, p. 96(8). Graham, A.C. (1989). Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9942-5. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104.
Smith 2003, p. 141-142; Jiang 2021, p. 267. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Jiang, Tao (2021). Origins of Moral-political Philosophy in Early China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5.
Hansen 1992, p. 203,346,360,371,400-401; Smith 2003; Kim 2012, p. 19. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Kim, Hongkyung (2012). The Old Master: A Syncretic Reading of the Laozi from the Mawangdui Text A Onward. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4013-2.
Goldin 2005, p. 59-64; Goldin 2012, p. 15-16; Makeham 1994, p. 73,74; Lewis 1999; Hansen 1992, p. 371. Goldin, Paul R. (2005). After Confucius: Studies In Early Chinese Philosophy. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2842-4. Goldin, Paul R. (2012). Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei. University of Pennsylvania: Springer. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5. Makeham, John (1994). Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1174-3. Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). Writing and Authority in Early China. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4114-5. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0.
Goldin 2012, p. 15-17; Loewe 1999, p. 87. Goldin, Paul R. (2012). Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei. University of Pennsylvania: Springer. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
Peerenboom 1993, pp. 8, 3–4, 19, 241. Peerenboom, Randall (1993). Law and Morality in Ancient China. The Silk Manuscripts of Huang-Lao. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791412381.
Slingerland 2007, p. 6,95,279; Cook 2012, p. 10,14; Hansen 1992, p. 202,223,371,373; Henricks 2000, p. 7; Goldin 2011, p. 19; Kim 2012, p. 11; Hansen 1992, p. 401. Slingerland, Edward (2007). Effortless Action: Wu-wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513899-3. Cook, Scott (2012). The Bamboo Texts of Guodian: A Study and Complete. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-933947-64-8. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Henricks, Robert G. (2000). Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-3-643-90898-8., Hardcover(2000) (January 1, 2000) Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Kim, Hongkyung (2012). The Old Master: A Syncretic Reading of the Laozi from the Mawangdui Text A Onward. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4013-2. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0.
Hansen 1992, p. 360. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0.
Goldin 2005, p. 59-60,64; Hansen 1992, p. 373; Goldin 2012, p. 12. Goldin, Paul R. (2005). After Confucius: Studies In Early Chinese Philosophy. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2842-4. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Goldin, Paul R. (2012). Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei. University of Pennsylvania: Springer. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5.
Schwartz 1985, p. 246. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3.
Goldin 2012, pp. 257. Goldin, Paul R. (2012). Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei. University of Pennsylvania: Springer. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5.
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doi.org

Smith 2003, p. 142. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Loewe 1999, p. 1008; Lewis 1999, p. 38-40,145; Schneider 2013, p. 267; Hansen 1992, p. 346-347,371-372; Makeham 1994, p. 74; Schwartz 1985, p. 186; Creel 1970, p. 63-64,81,96-98; Smith 2003, p. 141; Fraser 2023. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). Writing and Authority in Early China. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4114-5. Schneider, Henrique (2013). "Han Fei, De, Welfare". Asian Philosophy. 23 (3): 260–274. doi:10.1080/09552367.2013.807584. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Makeham, John (1994). Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1174-3. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Fraser, Chris (2023). "Mohism". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023 ed.). Retrieved 19 February 2024.
Lewis 2010, p. 42,72; Loewe 1999, p. 1008; Smith 2003, p. 141; Creel 1974. Lewis, Mark Edward (2010). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han (History of Imperial China). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05734-0. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1974). Shen Pu-hai: Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12027-0.
Rubin 1974, p. 339; Schwartz 1985, p. 186-187. Rubin, Vitali (1974). "Shen Tao and Fa-Chia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 94 (3): 337–346. doi:10.2307/600068. JSTOR 600068. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3.
Smith 2003, p. 129; Loewe 1999, p. 591,589. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
Smith 2003, p. 130; Loewe 1999, p. 591,589; Hansen 1992, p. 345-346; Schwartz 1985, p. 174,244; Creel 1970, p. 93. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8.
Smith 2003, p. 139,147,149,152; Goldin 2011, p. 88,101,103(1,13,15); Hansen 2024. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Hansen, Chad (2024). "Zhuangzi". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024 ed.). Retrieved 19 February 2024.
Smith 2003, p. 129-131,141; Hansen 1992, p. 203,360,371,401; Creel 1970, p. 63-64,81,93-96,98. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8.
Smith 2003, p. 144. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Pines 2013; Goldin 2005; Goldin 2011. Pines, Yuri (2013). "Submerged by Absolute Power: The Ruler's Predicament in the Han Feizi". Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei: 67–86. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4318-2_4. Goldin, Paul R. (2005). After Confucius: Studies In Early Chinese Philosophy. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2842-4. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104.
Hansen 1992, p. 13,345-347,375-376; Creel 1970, p. 95,101,107,113; Goldin 2011, p. 108,112(15,24); Youlan 1948, p. 32–34; Pines 2023; Smith 2003, p. 96–98(8,10). Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Youlan, Feng (1948). A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-83634-8. Pines, Yuri (2023). "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.). Retrieved 2 March 2024. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Goldin 2011, p. 8(98); Rubin 1974, p. 343; Hansen 1992, p. 317; Harris 2022, p. 75. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Rubin, Vitali (1974). "Shen Tao and Fa-Chia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 94 (3): 337–346. doi:10.2307/600068. JSTOR 600068. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Harris, Eirik Lang (2022). Adventures in Chinese Realism. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-8793-9.
Smith 2003, pp. 103. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Winston 2005, p. 1; Hsiao 1979, p. 409,411; Schneider 2013, p. 1. Winston, Kenneth (2005). "The Internal Morality of Chinese Legalism". Singapore Journal of Legal Studies: 313–347. Hsiao, Kung-Chuan (1979). A History of Chinese Political Thought. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-691-61289-8. Schneider, Henrique (2013). "Han Fei, De, Welfare". Asian Philosophy. 23 (3): 260–274. doi:10.1080/09552367.2013.807584.
Rubin 1974, p. 343. Rubin, Vitali (1974). "Shen Tao and Fa-Chia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 94 (3): 337–346. doi:10.2307/600068. JSTOR 600068.
Smith 2003, p. 141-142; Jiang 2021, p. 267. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Jiang, Tao (2021). Origins of Moral-political Philosophy in Early China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5.
Hansen 1992, p. 203,346,360,371,400-401; Smith 2003; Kim 2012, p. 19. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Kim, Hongkyung (2012). The Old Master: A Syncretic Reading of the Laozi from the Mawangdui Text A Onward. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4013-2.
Lewis 1999, p. 488; Smith 2003, p. 146. Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). Writing and Authority in Early China. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4114-5. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Makeham 1994, p. 179-180; Smith 2003, p. 130,141-142. Makeham, John (1994). Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1174-3. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Smith 2003, p. 143-144; Makeham 1990, p. 67. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Makeham, John (1990). "The Legalist Concept of Hsing-ming: An Example of the Contribution of Archaeological Evidence to the Re-Interpretation of Transmitted Texts". Monumenta Serica. 39: 87–114. doi:10.1080/02549948.1990.11731214.
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Makeham 1990, pp. 91–92. Makeham, John (1990). "The Legalist Concept of Hsing-ming: An Example of the Contribution of Archaeological Evidence to the Re-Interpretation of Transmitted Texts". Monumenta Serica. 39: 87–114. doi:10.1080/02549948.1990.11731214.

jstor.org

Smith 2003, p. 142. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Loewe 1999, p. 1008; Lewis 1999, p. 38-40,145; Schneider 2013, p. 267; Hansen 1992, p. 346-347,371-372; Makeham 1994, p. 74; Schwartz 1985, p. 186; Creel 1970, p. 63-64,81,96-98; Smith 2003, p. 141; Fraser 2023. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). Writing and Authority in Early China. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4114-5. Schneider, Henrique (2013). "Han Fei, De, Welfare". Asian Philosophy. 23 (3): 260–274. doi:10.1080/09552367.2013.807584. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Makeham, John (1994). Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1174-3. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Fraser, Chris (2023). "Mohism". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023 ed.). Retrieved 19 February 2024.
Lewis 2010, p. 42,72; Loewe 1999, p. 1008; Smith 2003, p. 141; Creel 1974. Lewis, Mark Edward (2010). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han (History of Imperial China). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05734-0. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1974). Shen Pu-hai: Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12027-0.
Rubin 1974, p. 339; Schwartz 1985, p. 186-187. Rubin, Vitali (1974). "Shen Tao and Fa-Chia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 94 (3): 337–346. doi:10.2307/600068. JSTOR 600068. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3.
Smith 2003, p. 129; Loewe 1999, p. 591,589. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
Smith 2003, p. 130; Loewe 1999, p. 591,589; Hansen 1992, p. 345-346; Schwartz 1985, p. 174,244; Creel 1970, p. 93. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Schwartz, Benjamin (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96191-3. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8.
Smith 2003, p. 139,147,149,152; Goldin 2011, p. 88,101,103(1,13,15); Hansen 2024. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Hansen, Chad (2024). "Zhuangzi". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024 ed.). Retrieved 19 February 2024.
Smith 2003, p. 129-131,141; Hansen 1992, p. 203,360,371,401; Creel 1970, p. 63-64,81,93-96,98. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8.
Smith 2003, p. 144. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Hansen 1992, p. 13,345-347,375-376; Creel 1970, p. 95,101,107,113; Goldin 2011, p. 108,112(15,24); Youlan 1948, p. 32–34; Pines 2023; Smith 2003, p. 96–98(8,10). Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1970). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12047-8. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Youlan, Feng (1948). A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-83634-8. Pines, Yuri (2023). "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.). Retrieved 2 March 2024. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Goldin 2011, p. 8(98); Rubin 1974, p. 343; Hansen 1992, p. 317; Harris 2022, p. 75. Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 38 (1): 88–104. Rubin, Vitali (1974). "Shen Tao and Fa-Chia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 94 (3): 337–346. doi:10.2307/600068. JSTOR 600068. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Harris, Eirik Lang (2022). Adventures in Chinese Realism. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-8793-9.
Smith 2003, pp. 103. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Rubin 1974, p. 343. Rubin, Vitali (1974). "Shen Tao and Fa-Chia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 94 (3): 337–346. doi:10.2307/600068. JSTOR 600068.
Smith 2003, p. 141-142; Jiang 2021, p. 267. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Jiang, Tao (2021). Origins of Moral-political Philosophy in Early China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-760347-5.
Hansen 1992, p. 203,346,360,371,400-401; Smith 2003; Kim 2012, p. 19. Hansen, Chad (1992). A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535076-0. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138. Kim, Hongkyung (2012). The Old Master: A Syncretic Reading of the Laozi from the Mawangdui Text A Onward. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4013-2.
Lewis 1999, p. 488; Smith 2003, p. 146. Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). Writing and Authority in Early China. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4114-5. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
Makeham 1994, p. 179-180; Smith 2003, p. 130,141-142. Makeham, John (1994). Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1174-3. Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism," et cetera". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (1): 129–156. doi:10.2307/3096138. JSTOR 3096138.
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