Lens (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Lens" in English language version.

Last modified: 02:28:22, 17 August 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

2019web.archive.org

1^st place

1312doi.org

2^nd place

77books.google.com

3^rd place

65nih.gov

5^th place

54adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

44semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

33worldcat.org

4^th place

22archive.org

6^th place

22jstor.org

23^rd place

15^th place

22tufts.edu

192^nd place

165^th place

21gutenberg.org

629^th place

427^th place

11merriam-webster.com

425^th place

373^rd place

11researchgate.net

96^th place

89^th place

11bbc.co.uk

11^th place

10^th place

11britishmuseum.org

1,421^st place

1,087^th place

11academia.edu

105^th place

99^th place

11readancienttexts.com

low place

11rice.edu

3,744^th place

2,530^th place

11nobelprize.org

265^th place

450^th place

11tandfonline.com

286^th place

209^th place

11libretexts.org

4,683^rd place

3,565^th place

11ubc.ca

1,820^th place

998^th place

11stackexchange.com

4,114^th place

3,027^th place

11gsu.edu

2,981^st place

3,158^th place

11physicslab.org

low place

11physicsclassroom.com

low place

11ucsd.edu

2,146^th place

1,364^th place

11rp-photonics.com

low place

11arizona.edu

1,520^th place

1,044^th place

11psu.edu

299^th place

159^th place

11duke.edu

1,851^st place

1,041^st place

11scientificamerican.com

1,110^th place

817^th place

11sciencedirect.com

137^th place

146^th place

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

Woods, David (2006). "Pliny, Nero, and the 'Emerald' (NH 37,64)". Arctos. 40: 189–196.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Grbic, A.; Eleftheriades, G. V. (2004). "Overcoming the Diffraction Limit with a Planar Left-handed Transmission-line Lens". Physical Review Letters. 92 (11) 117403. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92k7403G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.117403. PMID 15089166.
Valentine, J.; et al. (2008). "Three-dimensional optical metamaterial with a negative refractive index". Nature. 455 (7211): 376–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..376V. doi:10.1038/nature07247. PMID 18690249. S2CID 4314138.
Yao, Jie; Liu, Zhaowei; Liu, Yongmin; Wang, Yuan; Sun, Cheng; Bartal, Guy; Stacy, Angelica M.; Zhang, Xiang (15 August 2008). "Optical Negative Refraction in Bulk Metamaterials of Nanowires". Science. 321 (5891): 930. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..930Y. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.716.4426. doi:10.1126/science.1157566. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18703734. S2CID 20978013. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Nielsen, R.B.; Thoreson, M.D.; Chen, W.; Kristensen, A.; Hvam, J.M.; Shalaev, V. M.; Boltasseva, A. (2010). "Toward superlensing with metal–dielectric composites and multilayers" (PDF). Applied Physics B. 100 (1): 93. Bibcode:2010ApPhB.100...93N. doi:10.1007/s00340-010-4065-z. S2CID 39903291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2013.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

The variant spelling lense is sometimes seen. While it is listed as an alternative spelling in some dictionaries, most mainstream dictionaries do not list it as acceptable.
- Brians, Paul (2003). Common Errors in English. Franklin, Beedle & Associates. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-887902-89-2. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
- Greivenkamp 2004, p. 14
  Hecht 1987, § 6.1 Greivenkamp, John E. (2004). Field Guide to Geometrical Optics. SPIE Field Guides vol. FG01. SPIE. ISBN 978-0-8194-5294-8. Hecht, Eugene (1987). Optics (2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-11609-0. Chapters 5 & 6.

arizona.edu (Global: 1,520^th place; English: 1,044^th place)

optics.arizona.edu

Proteep Mallik (2005). "The Axicon" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2007.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

Whitehouse, David (1 July 1999). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2008.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

D. Brewster (1852). "On an account of a rock-crystal lens and decomposed glass found in Niniveh". Die Fortschritte der Physik (in German). Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. p. 355.
Tilton, Buck (2005). The Complete Book of Fire: Building Campfires for Warmth, Light, Cooking, and Survival. Menasha Ridge Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-89732-633-9.
Glick, Thomas F.; Steven John Livesey; Faith Wallis (2005). Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
Henry C. King (28 September 2003). The History of the Telescope. Courier Dover Publications. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-486-43265-6. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Paul S. Agutter; Denys N. Wheatley (12 December 2008). Thinking about Life: The History and Philosophy of Biology and Other Sciences. Springer. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4020-8865-0. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Vincent Ilardi (2007). Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes. American Philosophical Society. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-87169-259-7. Retrieved 6 June 2012.^{[permanent dead link]}
Fred Watson (1 October 2007). Stargazer: The Life and Times of the Telescope. Allen & Unwin. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-74175-383-7. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

britishmuseum.org (Global: 1,421^st place; English: 1,087^th place)

"The Nimrud lens/The Layard lens". Collection database. The British Museum. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Sines, George; Sakellarakis, Yannis A. (1987). "Lenses in antiquity". American Journal of Archaeology. 91 (2): 191–196. doi:10.2307/505216. JSTOR 505216. S2CID 191384703.
Dimitris, Plantzos (1997). "Crystals and Lenses in the Graeco-Roman World". American Journal of Archaeology. 101 (3): 451–464. doi:10.2307/507106. JSTOR 507106.
Kriss, Timothy C.; Kriss, Vesna Martich (April 1998). "History of the Operating Microscope: From Magnifying Glass to Microneurosurgery". Neurosurgery. 42 (4): 899–907. doi:10.1097/00006123-199804000-00116. PMID 9574655.
Julia, Elton (18 July 2013). "A Light to Lighten our Darkenss: Lighthouse Optics and the Later Development of Fresnel's Revolutionary Refracting Lens 1780-1900". The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology. 79 (2): 72–76. doi:10.1179/175812109X449612 – via Taylor & Francis.
Paschotta, Dr Rüdiger. "focal distance". www.rp-photonics.com. doi:10.61835/6as. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
Grbic, A.; Eleftheriades, G. V. (2004). "Overcoming the Diffraction Limit with a Planar Left-handed Transmission-line Lens". Physical Review Letters. 92 (11) 117403. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92k7403G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.117403. PMID 15089166.
Valentine, J.; et al. (2008). "Three-dimensional optical metamaterial with a negative refractive index". Nature. 455 (7211): 376–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..376V. doi:10.1038/nature07247. PMID 18690249. S2CID 4314138.
Yao, Jie; Liu, Zhaowei; Liu, Yongmin; Wang, Yuan; Sun, Cheng; Bartal, Guy; Stacy, Angelica M.; Zhang, Xiang (15 August 2008). "Optical Negative Refraction in Bulk Metamaterials of Nanowires". Science. 321 (5891): 930. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..930Y. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.716.4426. doi:10.1126/science.1157566. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18703734. S2CID 20978013. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Nielsen, R.B.; Thoreson, M.D.; Chen, W.; Kristensen, A.; Hvam, J.M.; Shalaev, V. M.; Boltasseva, A. (2010). "Toward superlensing with metal–dielectric composites and multilayers" (PDF). Applied Physics B. 100 (1): 93. Bibcode:2010ApPhB.100...93N. doi:10.1007/s00340-010-4065-z. S2CID 39903291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2013.
Patel, Prachi (2015). "Good-Bye to Curved Lens: New Lens Is Flat". Scientific American. 312 (5): 22. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0515-22b. PMID 26336702. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
Xie, W. T.; Dai, Y. J.; Wang, R. Z.; Sumathy, K. (1 August 2011). "Concentrated solar energy applications using Fresnel lenses: A review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (6): 2588–2606. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.03.031. ISSN 1364-0321.
Schottner, G (May 2003). "Scratch and Abrasion Resistant Coatings on Plastic Lenses—State of the Art, Current Developments and Perspectives". Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 27: 71–79. doi:10.1023/A:1022684011222.

duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

cmip.pratt.duke.edu

Nielsen, R.B.; Thoreson, M.D.; Chen, W.; Kristensen, A.; Hvam, J.M.; Shalaev, V. M.; Boltasseva, A. (2010). "Toward superlensing with metal–dielectric composites and multilayers" (PDF). Applied Physics B. 100 (1): 93. Bibcode:2010ApPhB.100...93N. doi:10.1007/s00340-010-4065-z. S2CID 39903291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2013.

gsu.edu (Global: 2,981^st place; English: 3,158^th place)

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

Nave, Carl R. "Thin Lens Equation". Hyperphysics. Georgia State University. Archived from the original on 12 October 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2015.

gutenberg.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 427^th place)

Aristophanes (22 January 2013) [First performed in 423 BC]. The Clouds. Translated by Hickie, William James. Project Gutenberg. EBook #2562. Archived 28 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Sines, George; Sakellarakis, Yannis A. (1987). "Lenses in antiquity". American Journal of Archaeology. 91 (2): 191–196. doi:10.2307/505216. JSTOR 505216. S2CID 191384703.
Dimitris, Plantzos (1997). "Crystals and Lenses in the Graeco-Roman World". American Journal of Archaeology. 101 (3): 451–464. doi:10.2307/507106. JSTOR 507106.

libretexts.org (Global: 4,683^rd place; English: 3,565^th place)

phys.libretexts.org

"4.4: Spherical Refractors". Physics LibreTexts. 2 July 2019. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2023.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"lens". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 13 July 2026. "New Latin lent-, lens, from Latin, 'lentil'; from its shape "

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kriss, Timothy C.; Kriss, Vesna Martich (April 1998). "History of the Operating Microscope: From Magnifying Glass to Microneurosurgery". Neurosurgery. 42 (4): 899–907. doi:10.1097/00006123-199804000-00116. PMID 9574655.
Grbic, A.; Eleftheriades, G. V. (2004). "Overcoming the Diffraction Limit with a Planar Left-handed Transmission-line Lens". Physical Review Letters. 92 (11) 117403. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92k7403G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.117403. PMID 15089166.
Valentine, J.; et al. (2008). "Three-dimensional optical metamaterial with a negative refractive index". Nature. 455 (7211): 376–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..376V. doi:10.1038/nature07247. PMID 18690249. S2CID 4314138.
Yao, Jie; Liu, Zhaowei; Liu, Yongmin; Wang, Yuan; Sun, Cheng; Bartal, Guy; Stacy, Angelica M.; Zhang, Xiang (15 August 2008). "Optical Negative Refraction in Bulk Metamaterials of Nanowires". Science. 321 (5891): 930. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..930Y. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.716.4426. doi:10.1126/science.1157566. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18703734. S2CID 20978013. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Patel, Prachi (2015). "Good-Bye to Curved Lens: New Lens Is Flat". Scientific American. 312 (5): 22. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0515-22b. PMID 26336702. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.

nobelprize.org (Global: 265^th place; English: 450^th place)

Microscopes: Time Line Archived 9 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 3 April 2009

physicsclassroom.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Mathematics of Lenses". The Physics Classroom. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.

physicslab.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dev.physicslab.org

Colwell, Catharine H. "Resource Lesson: Thin Lens Equation". PhysicsLab.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Yao, Jie; Liu, Zhaowei; Liu, Yongmin; Wang, Yuan; Sun, Cheng; Bartal, Guy; Stacy, Angelica M.; Zhang, Xiang (15 August 2008). "Optical Negative Refraction in Bulk Metamaterials of Nanowires". Science. 321 (5891): 930. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..930Y. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.716.4426. doi:10.1126/science.1157566. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18703734. S2CID 20978013. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

readancienttexts.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"QUAESTIONES NATURALES: Liber I by Seneca". readancienttexts.com. Retrieved 13 January 2026.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Dimitris, Plantzos (1997). "Crystals and Lenses in the Graeco-Roman World". American Journal of Archaeology. 101 (3): 451–464. doi:10.2307/507106. JSTOR 507106.

rice.edu (Global: 3,744^th place; English: 2,530^th place)

galileo.rice.edu

Al Van Helden. The Galileo Project > Science > The Telescope Archived 23 June 2004 at the Wayback Machine. Galileo.rice.edu. Retrieved on 6 June 2012.

rp-photonics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Paschotta, Dr Rüdiger. "focal distance". www.rp-photonics.com. doi:10.61835/6as. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Xie, W. T.; Dai, Y. J.; Wang, R. Z.; Sumathy, K. (1 August 2011). "Concentrated solar energy applications using Fresnel lenses: A review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (6): 2588–2606. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.03.031. ISSN 1364-0321.

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

Patel, Prachi (2015). "Good-Bye to Curved Lens: New Lens Is Flat". Scientific American. 312 (5): 22. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0515-22b. PMID 26336702. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Sines, George; Sakellarakis, Yannis A. (1987). "Lenses in antiquity". American Journal of Archaeology. 91 (2): 191–196. doi:10.2307/505216. JSTOR 505216. S2CID 191384703.
Valentine, J.; et al. (2008). "Three-dimensional optical metamaterial with a negative refractive index". Nature. 455 (7211): 376–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..376V. doi:10.1038/nature07247. PMID 18690249. S2CID 4314138.
Yao, Jie; Liu, Zhaowei; Liu, Yongmin; Wang, Yuan; Sun, Cheng; Bartal, Guy; Stacy, Angelica M.; Zhang, Xiang (15 August 2008). "Optical Negative Refraction in Bulk Metamaterials of Nanowires". Science. 321 (5891): 930. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..930Y. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.716.4426. doi:10.1126/science.1157566. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18703734. S2CID 20978013. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Nielsen, R.B.; Thoreson, M.D.; Chen, W.; Kristensen, A.; Hvam, J.M.; Shalaev, V. M.; Boltasseva, A. (2010). "Toward superlensing with metal–dielectric composites and multilayers" (PDF). Applied Physics B. 100 (1): 93. Bibcode:2010ApPhB.100...93N. doi:10.1007/s00340-010-4065-z. S2CID 39903291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2013.

stackexchange.com (Global: 4,114^th place; English: 3,027^th place)

physics.stackexchange.com

"Rule sign for concave and convex lens?". Physics Stack Exchange. Retrieved 27 October 2024.

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

Julia, Elton (18 July 2013). "A Light to Lighten our Darkenss: Lighthouse Optics and the Later Development of Fresnel's Revolutionary Refracting Lens 1780-1900". The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology. 79 (2): 72–76. doi:10.1179/175812109X449612 – via Taylor & Francis.

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (trans. John Bostock) Book XXXVII, Chap. 10 Archived 4 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (trans. John Bostock) Book XXXVII, Chap. 16 Archived 28 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine

ubc.ca (Global: 1,820^th place; English: 998^th place)

personal.math.ubc.ca

"Refraction at Spherical Surfaces". personal.math.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2023.

ucsd.edu (Global: 2,146^th place; English: 1,364^th place)

courses.physics.ucsd.edu

Vlasenko, Alexey (2011). "Lecture 9 Notes: 07 / 13 - Multiple-lens systems" (PDF). Physics 1C, Summer Session I, 2011 - University of California San Diego. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Whitehouse, David (1 July 1999). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
"The Nimrud lens/The Layard lens". Collection database. The British Museum. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
Aristophanes (22 January 2013) [First performed in 423 BC]. The Clouds. Translated by Hickie, William James. Project Gutenberg. EBook #2562. Archived 28 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (trans. John Bostock) Book XXXVII, Chap. 10 Archived 4 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (trans. John Bostock) Book XXXVII, Chap. 16 Archived 28 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Glick, Thomas F.; Steven John Livesey; Faith Wallis (2005). Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
Al Van Helden. The Galileo Project > Science > The Telescope Archived 23 June 2004 at the Wayback Machine. Galileo.rice.edu. Retrieved on 6 June 2012.
Henry C. King (28 September 2003). The History of the Telescope. Courier Dover Publications. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-486-43265-6. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Microscopes: Time Line Archived 9 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 3 April 2009
"4.4: Spherical Refractors". Physics LibreTexts. 2 July 2019. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
"Refraction at Spherical Surfaces". personal.math.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
Nave, Carl R. "Thin Lens Equation". Hyperphysics. Georgia State University. Archived from the original on 12 October 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
Colwell, Catharine H. "Resource Lesson: Thin Lens Equation". PhysicsLab.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
"The Mathematics of Lenses". The Physics Classroom. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
Vlasenko, Alexey (2011). "Lecture 9 Notes: 07 / 13 - Multiple-lens systems" (PDF). Physics 1C, Summer Session I, 2011 - University of California San Diego. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
Paschotta, Dr Rüdiger. "focal distance". www.rp-photonics.com. doi:10.61835/6as. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
Proteep Mallik (2005). "The Axicon" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2007.
Nielsen, R.B.; Thoreson, M.D.; Chen, W.; Kristensen, A.; Hvam, J.M.; Shalaev, V. M.; Boltasseva, A. (2010). "Toward superlensing with metal–dielectric composites and multilayers" (PDF). Applied Physics B. 100 (1): 93. Bibcode:2010ApPhB.100...93N. doi:10.1007/s00340-010-4065-z. S2CID 39903291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2013.
Patel, Prachi (2015). "Good-Bye to Curved Lens: New Lens Is Flat". Scientific American. 312 (5): 22. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0515-22b. PMID 26336702. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

"lens". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 13 July 2026. "New Latin lent-, lens, from Latin, 'lentil'; from its shape "
Yao, Jie; Liu, Zhaowei; Liu, Yongmin; Wang, Yuan; Sun, Cheng; Bartal, Guy; Stacy, Angelica M.; Zhang, Xiang (15 August 2008). "Optical Negative Refraction in Bulk Metamaterials of Nanowires". Science. 321 (5891): 930. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..930Y. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.716.4426. doi:10.1126/science.1157566. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18703734. S2CID 20978013. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Xie, W. T.; Dai, Y. J.; Wang, R. Z.; Sumathy, K. (1 August 2011). "Concentrated solar energy applications using Fresnel lenses: A review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (6): 2588–2606. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.03.031. ISSN 1364-0321.

Lens (English Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arizona.edu (Global: 1,520th place; English: 1,044th place)

optics.arizona.edu

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britishmuseum.org (Global: 1,421st place; English: 1,087th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

duke.edu (Global: 1,851st place; English: 1,041st place)

cmip.pratt.duke.edu

gsu.edu (Global: 2,981st place; English: 3,158th place)

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

gutenberg.org (Global: 629th place; English: 427th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

libretexts.org (Global: 4,683rd place; English: 3,565th place)

phys.libretexts.org

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425th place; English: 373rd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nobelprize.org (Global: 265th place; English: 450th place)

physicsclassroom.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

physicslab.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dev.physicslab.org

psu.edu (Global: 299th place; English: 159th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

readancienttexts.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96th place; English: 89th place)

rice.edu (Global: 3,744th place; English: 2,530th place)

galileo.rice.edu

rp-photonics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137th place; English: 146th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110th place; English: 817th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

stackexchange.com (Global: 4,114th place; English: 3,027th place)

physics.stackexchange.com

tandfonline.com (Global: 286th place; English: 209th place)

tufts.edu (Global: 192nd place; English: 165th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

ubc.ca (Global: 1,820th place; English: 998th place)

personal.math.ubc.ca

ucsd.edu (Global: 2,146th place; English: 1,364th place)

courses.physics.ucsd.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arizona.edu (Global: 1,520^th place; English: 1,044^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britishmuseum.org (Global: 1,421^st place; English: 1,087^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

gsu.edu (Global: 2,981^st place; English: 3,158^th place)

gutenberg.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 427^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

libretexts.org (Global: 4,683^rd place; English: 3,565^th place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nobelprize.org (Global: 265^th place; English: 450^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

rice.edu (Global: 3,744^th place; English: 2,530^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

stackexchange.com (Global: 4,114^th place; English: 3,027^th place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

ubc.ca (Global: 1,820^th place; English: 998^th place)

ucsd.edu (Global: 2,146^th place; English: 1,364^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)