References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Lichen sclerosus" in the English version

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Meffert, Jeffrey J; Davis, Brian M; Grimwood, Ronald E (March 1995). "Lichen sclerosus". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 32 (3): 393–416. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(95)90060-8. PMID 7868709.

Kravvas, G.; Ge, L.; Ng, J.; Shim, T. N.; Doiron, P. R.; Watchorn, R.; Kentley, J.; Panou, E.; Dinneen, M.; Freeman, A.; Jameson, C.; Haider, A.; Francis, N.; Minhas, S.; Alnajjar, H. (March 2022). "The management of penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN): clinical and histological features and treatment of 345 patients and a review of the literature". The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 33 (2): 1047–1062. doi:10.1080/09546634.2020.1800574. ISSN 1471-1753. PMID 32705920.

Kravvas, G.; Shim, T.N.; Doiron, P.R.; Freeman, A.; Jameson, C.; Minhas, S.; Muneer, A.; Bunker, C.B. (2017-08-16). "The diagnosis and management of male genital lichen sclerosus: a retrospective review of 301 patients". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 32 (1): 91–95. doi:10.1111/jdv.14488. ISSN 0926-9959. PMID 28750140.

Laymon, CW (1951). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and related disorders". A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 64 (5): 620–627. doi:10.1001/archderm.1951.01570110090013. PMID 14867888.

Gutierrez-Ontalvilla, Patricia (2019). "The Female Sexual Function Index to assess patients with moderate to severe vulvar lichen sclerosus". European Journal of Dermatology. 29 (4): 430–431. doi:10.1684/ejd.2019.3580. PMID 31625922. S2CID 204775452.

Yesudian, P.D.; Sugunendran, H.; Bates, C.M.; O'Mahony, C. (2005). "Lichen sclerosus". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 16 (7): 465–473. doi:10.1258/0956462054308440. PMID 16004624. S2CID 21471620.

Regauer, S (2005). "Immune dysregulation in lichen sclerosus". European Journal of Cell Biology. 84 (2–3): 273–277. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2004.12.003. PMID 15819407.

Kravvas, Georgios; Muneer, Asif; Watchorn, Richard E.; Castiglione, Fabio; Haider, Aiman; Freeman, Alex; Hadway, Paul; Alnajjar, Hussain; Lynch, Magnus; Bunker, Christopher B. (2022-06-01). "Male genital lichen sclerosus, microincontinence and occlusion: mapping the disease across the prepuce". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 47 (6): 1124–1130. doi:10.1111/ced.15127. ISSN 1365-2230. PMID 35150005.

Panou, E.; Panagou, E.; Foley, C.; Kravvas, G.; Watchorn, R.; Alnajjar, H.; Muneer, A.; Bunker, C. B. (2021-09-09). "Male genital lichen sclerosus associated with urological interventions and microincontinence: a case series of 21 patients". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 47 (1): 107–109. doi:10.1111/ced.14869. ISSN 0307-6938. PMID 34499360.

Kravvas, Georgios; Bunker, Christopher (2024-06-04). "The acronymisation of lichen sclerosus". Skin Health and Disease. 4 (4): e401. doi:10.1002/ski2.401. ISSN 2690-442X. PMC 11297449. PMID 39104644.

Doiron, P.R.; Bunker, C.B. (2016-11-28). "Obesity-related male genital lichen sclerosus". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 31 (5): 876–879. doi:10.1111/jdv.14035. ISSN 0926-9959. PMID 27891728.

Nair, PragyaAshok (2017). "Vulvar lichen sclerosus et atrophicus". Journal of Mid-life Health. 8 (2): 55–62. doi:10.4103/jmh.jmh_13_17. ISSN 0976-7800. PMC 5496281. PMID 28706405.

Gupta, Somesh; Malhotra, AmitKumar; Ajith, C (2010). "Lichen sclerosus: Role of occlusion of the genital skin in the pathogenesis". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 76 (1): 56–58. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.58681. ISSN 0378-6323. PMID 20061733.

Al-Niaimi, F.; Lyon, C. (2013-02-28). "Peristomal lichen sclerosus: the role of occlusion and urine exposure?". British Journal of Dermatology. 168 (3): 643–646. doi:10.1111/bjd.12014. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 22913573.

Gupta, Vishal; Gupta, Somesh (2017-01-12). "Genital lichen sclerosus developing around 'ectopic' urethral orifices supports the role of occlusion and urine in its pathogenesis". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 28 (9): 940–942. doi:10.1177/0956462416688159. ISSN 0956-4624. PMID 28081682.

Meyrick Thomas, R.H.; Kennedy, C.T. (March 1986). "The development of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in monozygotic twin girls". The British Journal of Dermatology. 114 (3): 377–379. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02831.x. PMID 3954957. S2CID 11142666.

Cox, N.H.; Mitchell, J.N.; Morley, W.N. (Dec 1986). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in non-identical female twins". The British Journal of Dermatology. 115 (6): 743–746. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06659.x. PMID 3801314. S2CID 40455781.

Sherman, V.; McPherson, T.; Baldo, M.; Salim, A.; Gao, X.H.; Wojnarowska, F. (Sep 2010). "The high rate of familial lichen sclerosus suggests a genetic contribution: an observational cohort study". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 24 (9): 1031–1034. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03572.x. PMID 20202060. S2CID 1358288.

Meyrick Thomas, R.H.; Ridley, C.M.; McGibbon, D.H.; Black, M.M. (1988). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmunity—a study of 350 women". British Journal of Dermatology. 118 (1): 41–46. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb01748.x. PMID 3342175. S2CID 37200022.

Fruchter, R.; Melnick, L.; Pomeranz, M.K. (2017-03-27). "Lichenoid vulvar disease: A review". International Journal of Women's Dermatology. 3 (1): 58–64. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.02.017. ISSN 2352-6475. PMC 5419035. PMID 28492056.

Drut, R.M.; Gomez, M.A.; Drut, R.; Lojo, M.M. (1998). "Human papillomavirus is present in some cases of childhood penile lichen sclerosus: an in situ hybridization and SP-PCR study". Pediatric Dermatology. 15 (2): 85–90. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.1998.1998015085.x. PMID 9572688. S2CID 10110510.

Yashar, S.; Han, K.F.; Haley, J.C. (2004). "Lichen sclerosus-lichen planus overlap in a patient with hepatitis C virus infection". British Journal of Dermatology. 150 (1): 168–169. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05707.x. PMID 14746647. S2CID 9261207.

Eisendle, K.; Grabner, T.G.; Kutzner, H. (2008). "Possible Role of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Infection in Lichen Sclerosus". Archives of Dermatology. 144 (5): 591–598. doi:10.1001/archderm.144.5.591. PMID 18490585.

Yates, V.M.; King, C.M.; Dave, V.K. (1985). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus following radiation therapy". Archives of Dermatology. 121 (8): 1044–1047. doi:10.1001/archderm.121.8.1044. PMID 4026344.

Jędrowiak, Anna; Kobusiewicz, Aleksandra; Trznadel-Grodzka, Ewa; Kaszuba, Andrzej (2018). "Dermoscopic findings in extragenital lichen sclerosus". Our Dermatology Online. 9 (2): 197–199. doi:10.7241/ourd.20182.24. ISSN 2081-9390.
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Shelley, W. B.; Shelley, E. D.; Amurao, C. V. (2006). "Treatment of lichen sclerosus with antibiotics". International Journal of Dermatology. 45 (9): 1104–1106. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02978.x. PMID 16961523. S2CID 27778016.

Depasquale, I.; Park, A.J.; Bracka, A. (2000). "The treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans". BJU International. 86 (4): 459–465. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2000.00772.x. ISSN 1464-4096. PMID 10971272. S2CID 32219826.

Chi, C.C.; Kirtschig, G.; Baldo, M.; Lewis, F.; Wang, S.H.; Wojnarowska, F. (Aug 2012). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 67 (2): 305–12. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.044. PMID 22483994.

"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 93: Diagnosis and Management of Vulvar Skin Disorders". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 111 (5): 1243–53. May 2008. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817578ba. PMID 18448767.

Scurry, J. (March 1999). "Does lichen sclerosus play a central role in the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus negative vulvar squamous cell carcinoma? The itch-scratch-lichen sclerosus hypothesis". International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. 9 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1438.1999.99016.x. PMID 11240748.

Todd, P.; Halpern, S.; Kirby, J.; Pembroke, A. (1994). "Lichen sclerosus and the Kobner phenomenon". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 19 (3): 262–263. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01183.x. ISSN 0307-6938. PMID 8033394. S2CID 29331610.

Dalziel, K.L.; Millard, P.R.; Wojnarowska, F. (1991). "The treatment of vulval lichen sclerosus with a very potent topical steroid (clobetasol Propionate 0.05%) cream". British Journal of Dermatology. 124 (5): 461–464. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb00626.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 2039723. S2CID 44975544.

Garzon, Maria C.; Paller, Amy S. (1999). "Ultrapotent Topical Corticosteroid Treatment of Childhood Genital Lichen Sclerosus". Archives of Dermatology. 135 (5): 525–8. doi:10.1001/archderm.135.5.525. ISSN 0003-987X. PMID 10328191.

Dahlman-Ghozlan, Kristina; Hedbla, Mari-Anne; von Krogh, Geo (1999). "Penile lichen sclerosus et atrophicus treated with clobetasol dipropionate 0.05% cream: A retrospective clinical and histopathologic study". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 40 (3): 451–457. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70496-2. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 10071317.

Neill, S.M.; Lewis, F.M.; Tatnall, F.M.; Cox, N.H. (2010). "British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2010". British Journal of Dermatology. 163 (4): 672–682. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09997.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 20854400. S2CID 16634027.

Neill, S.M.; Tatnall, F.M.; Cox, N.H. (2002). "Guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus". British Journal of Dermatology. 147 (4): 640–649. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05012.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 12366407. S2CID 31834145.

Renaud-Vilmer, Catherine; Cavelier-Balloy, Bénédicte; Porcher, Raphaël; Dubertret, Louis (2004). "Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus". Archives of Dermatology. 140 (6): 709–712. doi:10.1001/archderm.140.6.709. ISSN 0003-987X. PMID 15210462.

Bradford, J.; Fischer, G. (2010). "Long-term management of vulval lichen sclerosus in adult women". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 50 (2): 148–152. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2010.01142.x. ISSN 0004-8666. PMID 20522071. S2CID 43273940.

Li, Y.; Xiao, Y.; Wang, H.; Li, H.; Luo, X. (Aug 2013). "Low-concentration topical tacrolimus for the treatment of anogenital lichen sclerosus in childhood: maintenance treatment to reduce recurrence". Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 26 (4): 239–42. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2012.11.010. PMID 24049806.

Chi, Ching-Chi; Kirtschig, Gudula; Baldo, Maha; Brackenbury, Fabia; Lewis, Fiona; Wojnarowska, Fenella (2011-12-07). "Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011 (12): CD008240. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008240.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7025763. PMID 22161424.

Lee, Andrew; Bradford, Jennifer; Fischer, Gayle (2015). "Long-term Management of Adult Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus". JAMA Dermatology. 151 (10): 1061–7. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.0643. ISSN 2168-6068. PMID 26070005.

Fistarol, Susanna K.; Itin, Peter H. (2012). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 14 (1): 27–47. doi:10.1007/s40257-012-0006-4. ISSN 1175-0561. PMC 3691475. PMID 23329078.

Smith, Yolanda R.; Haefner, Hope K. (2004). "Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 5 (2): 105–125. doi:10.2165/00128071-200405020-00005. ISSN 1175-0561. PMID 15109275. S2CID 22448081.

Lewis, F.M.; Tatnall, F.M.; Velangi, S.S.; Bunker, C.B.; Kumar, A.; Brackenbury, F.; Mohd Mustapa, M.F.; Exton, L.S.; McHenry, P.M.; Leslie, T.A.; Wakelin, S.; Hunasehally, R.Y.P.; Cork, M.; Johnston, G.A.; Chiang, N.; Worsnop, F.S.; Buckley, D.; Petrof, G.; Salin, A.; Callachand, N.; Saunders, C.; Salad, A.A. (April 2018). "British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus, 2018". British Journal of Dermatology. 178 (4): 839–853. doi:10.1111/bjd.16241. PMID 29313888. S2CID 3416734.

Powell, J.; Robson, A.; Cranston, D.; Wojnarowska, F.; Turner, R. (2001). "High incidence of lichen sclerosus in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis". British Journal of Dermatology. 145 (1): 85–89. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04287.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 11453912. S2CID 24738069.

Windahl, T. (2009). "Is carbon dioxide laser treatment of lichen sclerosus effective in the long run?". Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 40 (3): 208–211. doi:10.1080/00365590600589666. ISSN 0036-5599. PMID 16809261. S2CID 36979154.

Casabona, Francesco; Gambelli, Ilaria; Casabona, Federica; Santi, Pierluigi; Santori, Gregorio; Baldelli, Ilaria (2017). "Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in chronic penile lichen sclerosus: the impact on tissue repair and patient quality of life". International Urology and Nephrology. 49 (4): 573–580. doi:10.1007/s11255-017-1523-0. ISSN 0301-1623. PMID 28161837. S2CID 11499796.

Smith, S.D.; Fischer, G. (2009). "Childhood onset vulvar lichen sclerosus does not resolve at puberty: a prospective case series". Pediatric Dermatology. 26 (6): 725–9. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.01022.x. PMID 20199450. S2CID 205677253.

Nasca, M.R.; Innocenzi, D.; Micali, G. (1999). "Penile cancer among patients with genital lichen sclerosus". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 41 (6): 911–914. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70245-8. PMID 10570372.

Poulsen, H.; Junge, J.; Vyberg, M.; Horn, T.; Lundvall, F. (2003). "Small vulvar squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent tissues. A morphologic study". APMIS. 111 (9): 835–842. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.1110901.x. PMID 14510640. S2CID 23716949.

Barbagli, G.; Palminteri, E.; Mirri, F.; Guazzoni, G.; Turini, D.; Lazzeri, M. (2006). "Penile carcinoma in patients with genital lichen sclerosus: a multicenter survey". Journal of Urology. 175 (4): 1359–1363. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00735-4. PMID 16515998.

Gulin, Sandra Jerkovic; Lundin, Filippa; Seifert, Oliver (2023-09-11). "Comorbidity in patients with Lichen sclerosus: a retrospective cohort study". European Journal of Medical Research. 28 (1): 338. doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01335-9. ISSN 2047-783X. PMC 10494448. PMID 37697418.

Rotondo, J.C.; Borghi, A.; Selvatici, R.; Mazzoni, E.; Bononi, I.; Corazza, M.; Kussini, J.; Montinari, E.; Gafà, R.; Tognon, M.; Martini, F. (2018). "Association of Retinoic Acid Receptor β Gene With Onset and Progression of Lichen Sclerosus-Associated Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma". JAMA Dermatology. 154 (7): 819–823. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.1373. PMC 6128494. PMID 29898214.

van de Nieuwenhof, HP; van der Avoort, IA; de Hullu, JA (2008). "Review of squamous premalignant vulvar lesions". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 68 (2): 131–156. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.02.012. PMID 18406622.

Henquet, C.J. (August 2011). "Anogenital malignancies and pre-malignancies". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 25 (8): 885–95. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03969.x. PMID 21272092. S2CID 24203150.

Rotondo, J.C.; Borghi, A.; Selvatici, R.; Magri, E.; Bianchini, E.; Montinari, E.; Corazza, M.; Virgili, A.; Tognon, M.; Martini, F. (2016). "Hypermethylation-Induced Inactivation of the IRF6 Gene as a Possible Early Event in Progression of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated With Lichen Sclerosus". JAMA Dermatology. 152 (8): 928–33. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1336. PMID 27223861.

Halonen, Pia; Jakobsson, Maija; Heikinheimo, Oskari; Riska, Annika; Gissler, Mika; Pukkala, Eero (2017). "Lichen sclerosus and risk of cancer". International Journal of Cancer. 140 (9): 1998–2002. doi:10.1002/ijc.30621. ISSN 0020-7136. PMID 28124469.

Pietrzak, Peter; Hadway, Paul; Corbishley, Cathy M.; Watkin, Nicholas A. (2006). "Is the association between balanitis xerotica obliterans and penile carcinoma underestimated?". BJU International. 98 (1): 74–76. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06213.x. ISSN 1464-4096. PMID 16831147.

Fistarol, Susanna K. (2013). "Diagnosis and treatment of lichen sclerosus: an update". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 14 (1): 27–47. doi:10.1007/s40257-012-0006-4. PMC 3691475. PMID 23329078.

Kizer, William S.; Prarie, Troy; Morey, Allen F. (January 2003). "Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans: Epidemiologic Distribution in an Equal Access Health Care System". Southern Medical Journal. 96 (1): 9–11. doi:10.1097/00007611-200301000-00004. PMID 12602705. S2CID 45454913.

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Regauer, S (2005). "Immune dysregulation in lichen sclerosus". European Journal of Cell Biology. 84 (2–3): 273–277. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2004.12.003. PMID 15819407.

Birenbaum, D.L.; Young, R.C. (2007). "High prevalence of thyroid disease in patients with lichen sclerosus". The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 52 (1): 28–30. PMID 17286064.

Nair, PragyaAshok (2017). "Vulvar lichen sclerosus et atrophicus". Journal of Mid-life Health. 8 (2): 55–62. doi:10.4103/jmh.jmh_13_17. ISSN 0976-7800. PMC 5496281. PMID 28706405.

Pass, C.J. (1984). "An unusual variant of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: delayed appearance in a surgical scar". Cutis. 33 (4): 405. PMID 6723373.

Milligan, A.; Graham-Brown, R.A.; Burns, D.A. (1988). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus following sunburn". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 13 (1): 36–37. PMID 3208439.

"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 93: Diagnosis and Management of Vulvar Skin Disorders". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 111 (5): 1243–53. May 2008. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817578ba. PMID 18448767.

Maassen, M.S.; van Doorn, H.C. (2012). "[Topical treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus with calcineurin inhibitors]". Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. 156 (36): A3908. PMID 22951124.

Friedrich Jr., EG (1976). "Lichen sclerosus". The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 17 (3): 147–154. PMID 135083.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

niams.nih.gov

National Institute of Health. "Fast Facts About Lichen Sclerosus". Lichen Sclerosus. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.

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Nair, PragyaAshok (2017). "Vulvar lichen sclerosus et atrophicus". Journal of Mid-life Health. 8 (2): 55–62. doi:10.4103/jmh.jmh_13_17. ISSN 0976-7800. PMC 5496281. PMID 28706405.

Lichen sclerosus (English Wikipedia)

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