Lion Capital of Ashoka (English Wikipedia)

Asher 2011, p. 433. Asher, Frederick (2011). "On Maurya Art". In Brown, Rebecca M.; Hutton, Deborah S. (eds.). A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture. Wiley-Blackwell Companions to Art History. Southern Gate, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 421–444. ISBN 9781444396355.
Asher 2011, p. 425. Asher, Frederick (2011). "On Maurya Art". In Brown, Rebecca M.; Hutton, Deborah S. (eds.). A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture. Wiley-Blackwell Companions to Art History. Southern Gate, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 421–444. ISBN 9781444396355.
Irwin 1990, pp. 76–78. Irwin, John (1990). "Origins of form and structure in monumental art". In Werner, Karel (ed.). Symbols in art and religion: the Indian and the comparative perspectives. London: Curzon Press. pp. 46–67. ISBN 9781136101144.
Asher 2011, p. 432. Asher, Frederick (2011). "On Maurya Art". In Brown, Rebecca M.; Hutton, Deborah S. (eds.). A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture. Wiley-Blackwell Companions to Art History. Southern Gate, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 421–444. ISBN 9781444396355.
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E. (2014), Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order, Cambridge University Press, p. 344, ISBN 978-1-139-99138-4, archived from the original on 21 August 2023, retrieved 21 July 2022
Asher 2020, p. 75, Even more pointedly referring to the Buddha's sermon, is the large stone wheel whose rim was supported on the backs of the four addorsed lions. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, p. 76. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Ray, Himanshu Prabha (31 August 2017). Archaeology and Buddhism in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-1-351-39432-1.
Asher 2020, p. 73. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Ray, Himanshu Prabha (31 August 2017). Archaeology and Buddhism in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-351-39432-1. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2022. Worship of the Ashokan pillar, as shown at Stupa 3, Sanchi

doi.org

Eaton 2000, p. 296. Eaton, R. M. (2000). "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States". Journal of Islamic Studies. 11 (3). Oxford University Press: 283–319. doi:10.1093/jis/11.3.283. JSTOR 26198197.
Eaton 2000, p. 297. Eaton, R. M. (2000). "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States". Journal of Islamic Studies. 11 (3). Oxford University Press: 283–319. doi:10.1093/jis/11.3.283. JSTOR 26198197.
Dolan 2021, pp. 109–110. Dolan, Marion (2021). "Art, Architecture, and Astronomy of Buddhism". Decoding Astronomy in Art and Architecture. Springer Nature Switzerland and Springer Praxis Books. pp. 107–128. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76511-8. ISBN 978-3-030-76510-1. S2CID 240504248.
Sohoni 2017, pp. 225–226. Sohoni, Pushkar (2017). "Old fights, new meanings: Lions and elephants in combat". Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics. 67–68. Chicago and Cambridge MA: University of Chicago Press, published in association with the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University: 225–234. doi:10.1086/691602. S2CID 165605193.
Sohoni 2017, p. 227. Sohoni, Pushkar (2017). "Old fights, new meanings: Lions and elephants in combat". Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics. 67–68. Chicago and Cambridge MA: University of Chicago Press, published in association with the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University: 225–234. doi:10.1086/691602. S2CID 165605193.
Dolan 2021, p. 111. Dolan, Marion (2021). "Art, Architecture, and Astronomy of Buddhism". Decoding Astronomy in Art and Architecture. Springer Nature Switzerland and Springer Praxis Books. pp. 107–128. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76511-8. ISBN 978-3-030-76510-1. S2CID 240504248.
Dolan 2021, p. 110. Dolan, Marion (2021). "Art, Architecture, and Astronomy of Buddhism". Decoding Astronomy in Art and Architecture. Springer Nature Switzerland and Springer Praxis Books. pp. 107–128. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76511-8. ISBN 978-3-030-76510-1. S2CID 240504248.

huntingtonarchive.org

Huntington 1990, p. 90. Huntington, John (1990). "Understanding the 5th century Buddhas of Sarnath" (PDF). Orientations. 40: 90, Fig.8.

indianculture.gov.in

Wheeler, Mortimer (1959). Early India and Pakistan: To Ashoka. Thames and Hudson, London. p. 175. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.

journalbelgianhistory.be

Shelby 2021, p. 110. Shelby, Karen (2021). "Identities Lost and Found in the Commemorative Landscapes of the Great War". Journal of Belgian History. LI (1–2): 100–118.

jstor.org

Eaton 2000, p. 296. Eaton, R. M. (2000). "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States". Journal of Islamic Studies. 11 (3). Oxford University Press: 283–319. doi:10.1093/jis/11.3.283. JSTOR 26198197.
Eaton 2000, p. 297. Eaton, R. M. (2000). "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States". Journal of Islamic Studies. 11 (3). Oxford University Press: 283–319. doi:10.1093/jis/11.3.283. JSTOR 26198197.
Irwin 1975, p. 643. Irwin, John (1975). "'Aśokan' Pillars: A Re-Assessment of the Evidence - III: Capitals". The Burlington Magazine. 117 (871): 631–643. JSTOR 878154.
Irwin 1975, pp. 636–638. Irwin, John (1975). "'Aśokan' Pillars: A Re-Assessment of the Evidence - III: Capitals". The Burlington Magazine. 117 (871): 631–643. JSTOR 878154.
Irwin 1973, p. 713. Irwin, John (1973). "'Aśokan' Pillars: A Reassessment of the Evidence". The Burlington Magazine. 115 (848): 706–720. JSTOR 877526.
Irwin 1973, p. 714. Irwin, John (1973). "'Aśokan' Pillars: A Reassessment of the Evidence". The Burlington Magazine. 115 (848): 706–720. JSTOR 877526.
Irwin 1974, p. 712-715. Irwin, John (1974). "'Aśokan' Pillars: A Reassessment of the Evidence-II: Structure". The Burlington Magazine. 116 (861): 712–727. ISSN 0007-6287. JSTOR 877843.
Boardman 1998, p. 15. Boardman, John (1998). "Reflections on the Origins of Indian Stone Architecture". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 12: 13–22. JSTOR 24049089.
Boardman 1998, p. 18. Boardman, John (1998). "Reflections on the Origins of Indian Stone Architecture". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 12: 13–22. JSTOR 24049089.
Boardman 1998, p. 21. Boardman, John (1998). "Reflections on the Origins of Indian Stone Architecture". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 12: 13–22. JSTOR 24049089.
Irwin 1975, p. 743. Irwin, John (1975). "'Aśokan' Pillars: A Re-Assessment of the Evidence - III: Capitals". The Burlington Magazine. 117 (871): 631–643. JSTOR 878154.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Fennet, Annick (2021). "The original 'failure'? A century of French archaeology in Afghan Bactria". In Mairs, Rachel (ed.). The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek worlds. The Routledge World Series. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 142–170, 144. ISBN 978-1-138-09069-9. LCCN 2020022295.
Asher 2020, p. 21. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, p. 44. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, pp. 44–45. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Jansari 2021, p. 43. Jansari, Sushma (2021). "South Asia". In Mairs, Rachel (ed.). The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek worlds. The Routledge World Series. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 38–55. ISBN 978-1-138-09069-9. LCCN 2020022295.
Jansari 2021, pp. 42–44. Jansari, Sushma (2021). "South Asia". In Mairs, Rachel (ed.). The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek worlds. The Routledge World Series. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 38–55. ISBN 978-1-138-09069-9. LCCN 2020022295.
Asher 2020, p. 31. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, pp. 21–22. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, pp. 2–3. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, p. 35. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, p. 30. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, p. 3. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Maxwell 2004, p. 362. Maxwell, Gail (2004). "India, Buddhist Art". In Buswell, Robert E. Jr. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 360–366. ISBN 0-02-865718-7. LCCN 2003009965.
Greary, David; Mukherjee, Sraman (2017). "Buddhism in Contemporary India". In Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 36–60, 46. ISBN 9780199362387. LCCN 2016021264.
Singh 2017, p. 390. Singh, Upinder (2017). Political Violence in Ancient India. Cambridge MA and London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97527-9. LCCN 2017008399.
Asher 2020, pp. 74–75. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, p. 35 Quote: "Although Marshall says explicitly little about his intention to give his Indian colleagues an active role in unearthing and presenting their own history, his actions clearly showed that he did. First among those whose work he promoted was Daya Ram Sahni, a Sanskritist by training who had worked on the excavations at Kushinagar in 1905, then Rajgir and Rampurva in 1906 and 1907. In an effort to keep material excavated at Sarnath close to the site, Marshall laid plans in 1904 to establish the Archaeological Museum Sarnath, the first site museum under the ASI; the building was completed in 1910. Although Sahni did not have a role in the Sarnath excavations, he was the one who supervised the work of arranging and labeling the museum’s holdings, and just four years later he published the lengthy and meticulously detailed Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath. Almost immediately after he began to work on the museum’s collections, he presented the site itself in his Guide to the Buddhist Ruins of Sarnath, probably the most frequently reprinted volume published by the ASI. Sahni became the first Indian director-general of the Survey in 1931." Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, p. 75. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Singh 2017, p. 391. Singh, Upinder (2017). Political Violence in Ancient India. Cambridge MA and London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97527-9. LCCN 2017008399.
Stoneman 2019, p. 432. Stoneman, Richard (2019). The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15403-9. LCCN 2018958249.
Stoneman 2019, p. 444. Stoneman, Richard (2019). The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15403-9. LCCN 2018958249.
Asher 2020, p. 75, Even more pointedly referring to the Buddha's sermon, is the large stone wheel whose rim was supported on the backs of the four addorsed lions. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, p. 76. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.
Asher 2020, p. 73. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A critical history of the place where Buddhism began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. pp. 2–3, 432–433. ISBN 9781606066164. LCCN 2019019885.

mp.gov.in

museumsanchiasi.mp.gov.in

Sanchi Archaeological Museum website notice [1] Archived 19 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine

pib.nic.in

Ministry of Home Affairs (29 December 1947), Press Communique (PDF), Press Information Bureau, Government of India, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Dolan 2021, pp. 109–110. Dolan, Marion (2021). "Art, Architecture, and Astronomy of Buddhism". Decoding Astronomy in Art and Architecture. Springer Nature Switzerland and Springer Praxis Books. pp. 107–128. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76511-8. ISBN 978-3-030-76510-1. S2CID 240504248.
Sohoni 2017, pp. 225–226. Sohoni, Pushkar (2017). "Old fights, new meanings: Lions and elephants in combat". Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics. 67–68. Chicago and Cambridge MA: University of Chicago Press, published in association with the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University: 225–234. doi:10.1086/691602. S2CID 165605193.
Sohoni 2017, p. 227. Sohoni, Pushkar (2017). "Old fights, new meanings: Lions and elephants in combat". Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics. 67–68. Chicago and Cambridge MA: University of Chicago Press, published in association with the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University: 225–234. doi:10.1086/691602. S2CID 165605193.
Dolan 2021, p. 111. Dolan, Marion (2021). "Art, Architecture, and Astronomy of Buddhism". Decoding Astronomy in Art and Architecture. Springer Nature Switzerland and Springer Praxis Books. pp. 107–128. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76511-8. ISBN 978-3-030-76510-1. S2CID 240504248.
Dolan 2021, p. 110. Dolan, Marion (2021). "Art, Architecture, and Astronomy of Buddhism". Decoding Astronomy in Art and Architecture. Springer Nature Switzerland and Springer Praxis Books. pp. 107–128. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76511-8. ISBN 978-3-030-76510-1. S2CID 240504248.

torrossa.com

Abdullaev 2014, p. 172. Abdullaev, Kazim (2014). "The Buddhist culture of ancient Termez in old and recent finds". Parthica: Incontri di Culture Nel Mondo Antico. 15. Pisa and Roma: Fabrizio Serra Editore: 157–187.
Abdullaev 2014, pp. 170–171 A capital with protomes of four lions from Old Termez This capital takes the form of four lion protomes, facing in different directions (the cardinal points) (Fig. 15, 15:a). In its artistic style, and especially in the treatment of the long wavy ringlets of the lions’ manes, it is comparable to some examples of Hellenistic sculpture. All the evidence indicates that it belonged to a stambha pillar and was not an ordinary capital. It would seem to be appropriate to a Greco-Buddhist figurative complex. ... As far as its function is concerned, we have one small indication in the form of a detail modeled on the backs of the lions. This is a fairly tall, square abacus, with two parallel relief lines running round the bottom. In the top of the abacus there is a square slot measuring 13-15×13-15 cm, into which another detail evidently was to be fitted. This detail may have been a beam, but is more likely to have been a symbol in the form of the wheel of the doctrine (Dharmachakra).53 This latter theory is supported by the fact that the backs of the lions’ necks are higher than the level of the abacuses, which would have complicated the fitting of beams. By contrast, a separate symbol – in this case a wheel – could have been quite easily fixed in the slot with the help of some projecting element; another way of it fastening it would have been with a metal bolt. Abdullaev, Kazim (2014). "The Buddhist culture of ancient Termez in old and recent finds". Parthica: Incontri di Culture Nel Mondo Antico. 15. Pisa and Roma: Fabrizio Serra Editore: 157–187.

web.archive.org

Ministry of Home Affairs (29 December 1947), Press Communique (PDF), Press Information Bureau, Government of India, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E. (2014), Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order, Cambridge University Press, p. 344, ISBN 978-1-139-99138-4, archived from the original on 21 August 2023, retrieved 21 July 2022
Wheeler, Mortimer (1959). Early India and Pakistan: To Ashoka. Thames and Hudson, London. p. 175. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
Ray, Himanshu Prabha (31 August 2017). Archaeology and Buddhism in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-351-39432-1. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2022. Worship of the Ashokan pillar, as shown at Stupa 3, Sanchi
Sanchi Archaeological Museum website notice [1] Archived 19 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Agrawala 1964b, p. 6. Agrawala, Vasudeva Sharan (1964b). Wheel Flag of India Chakra-dhvaja: being a history and exposition of the meaning of the Dharma-chakra and the Sarnath Lion Capital. Varanasi: Prithivi Prakashan. OCLC 1129478258.
Agrawala 1964b, p. iii. Agrawala, Vasudeva Sharan (1964b). Wheel Flag of India Chakra-dhvaja: being a history and exposition of the meaning of the Dharma-chakra and the Sarnath Lion Capital. Varanasi: Prithivi Prakashan. OCLC 1129478258.
Irwin 1974, p. 712-715. Irwin, John (1974). "'Aśokan' Pillars: A Reassessment of the Evidence-II: Structure". The Burlington Magazine. 116 (861): 712–727. ISSN 0007-6287. JSTOR 877843.
Agrawala 1964b, p. 123 (Fig. 6-7) Agrawala, Vasudeva Sharan (1964b). Wheel Flag of India Chakra-dhvaja: being a history and exposition of the meaning of the Dharma-chakra and the Sarnath Lion Capital. Varanasi: Prithivi Prakashan. OCLC 1129478258.
Agrawala 1964b, p. 131 (Fig. 16) Agrawala, Vasudeva Sharan (1964b). Wheel Flag of India Chakra-dhvaja: being a history and exposition of the meaning of the Dharma-chakra and the Sarnath Lion Capital. Varanasi: Prithivi Prakashan. OCLC 1129478258.
Agrawala 1964b, p. 130 (Fig. 14) Agrawala, Vasudeva Sharan (1964b). Wheel Flag of India Chakra-dhvaja: being a history and exposition of the meaning of the Dharma-chakra and the Sarnath Lion Capital. Varanasi: Prithivi Prakashan. OCLC 1129478258.