Lipoprotein(a) (English Wikipedia)

Clinical trial number NCT04023552 for "Assessing the Impact of Lipoprotein (a) Lowering With Pelacarsen (TQJ230) on Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients With CVD (Lp(a)HORIZON)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT05581303 for "Olpasiran Trials of Cardiovascular Events and Lipoprotein(a) Reduction (OCEAN(a)) - Outcomes Trial" at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT04606602 for "Evaluate SLN360 in Participants With Elevated Lipoprotein(a) at High Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Events" at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT06292013 for "A Study to Investigate the Effect of Lepodisiran on the Reduction of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Adults With Elevated Lipoprotein(a) - ACCLAIM-Lp(a)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT05563246 for "A Study of LY3473329 in Adult Participants With Elevated Lipoprotein(a) at High Risk for Cardiovascular Events" at ClinicalTrials.gov

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, Borén J, Andreotti F, Watts GF, et al. (December 2010). "Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status". European Heart Journal. 31 (23): 2844–2853. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq386. PMC 3295201. PMID 20965889.
Kamstrup PR, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG (April 2011). "Lipoprotein(a) and risk of myocardial infarction--genetic epidemiologic evidence of causality". Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 71 (2): 87–93. doi:10.3109/00365513.2010.550311. PMID 21231777. S2CID 23045050.
Smolders B, Lemmens R, Thijs V (June 2007). "Lipoprotein (a) and stroke: a meta-analysis of observational studies". Stroke. 38 (6): 1959–1966. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.480657. PMID 17478739.
Amiri M, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Verkaar AJ, Wu Y, van Westing AC, Berk KA, et al. (May 2023). "Circulating lipoprotein (a) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis". European Journal of Epidemiology. 38 (5): 485–499. doi:10.1007/s10654-022-00956-4. PMC 10164031. PMID 36708412.
Berg K (1963). "A new serum type system in man—the Ld system". Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica. 59 (3): 369–382. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1963.tb01808.x. PMID 14064818.
McLean JW, Tomlinson JE, Kuang WJ, Eaton DL, Chen EY, Fless GM, et al. (1987). "cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein(a) is homologous to plasminogen". Nature. 330 (6144): 132–137. Bibcode:1987Natur.330..132M. doi:10.1038/330132a0. PMID 3670400. S2CID 4344313.
Wade DP, Puckey LH, Knight BL, Acquati F, Mihalich A, Taramelli R (November 1997). "Characterization of multiple enhancer regions upstream of the apolipoprotein(a) gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (48): 30387–30399. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.48.30387. PMID 9374529.
Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG (April 2022). "Value of Genetic Testing for Lipoprotein(a) Variants". Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine. 15 (2) e003737. doi:10.1161/CIRCGEN.122.003737. PMID 35311528.
Coassin S, Chemello K, Khantalin I, Forer L, Döttelmayer P, Schönherr S, et al. (April 2022). "Genome-Wide Characterization of a Highly Penetrant Form of Hyperlipoprotein(a)emia Associated With Genetically Elevated Cardiovascular Risk". Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine. 15 (2) e003489. doi:10.1161/CIRCGEN.121.003489. PMC 9018215. PMID 35133173.
Scipione CA, Koschinsky ML, Boffa MB (2018-01-02). "Lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice: New perspectives from basic and translational science". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 55 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1080/10408363.2017.1415866. ISSN 1040-8363. PMID 29262744.
Utermann G, Menzel HJ, Kraft HG, Duba HC, Kemmler HG, Seitz C (August 1987). "Lp(a) glycoprotein phenotypes. Inheritance and relation to Lp(a)-lipoprotein concentrations in plasma". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 80 (2): 458–465. doi:10.1172/JCI113093. PMC 442258. PMID 2956279.
Sandholzer C, Hallman DM, Saha N, Sigurdsson G, Lackner C, Császár A, et al. (April 1991). "Effects of the apolipoprotein(a) size polymorphism on the lipoprotein(a) concentration in 7 ethnic groups". Human Genetics. 86 (6): 607–614. doi:10.1007/BF00201550. PMID 2026424. S2CID 19657929.
Lobentanz EM, Krasznai K, Gruber A, Brunner C, Müller HJ, Sattler J, et al. (April 1998). "Intracellular metabolism of human apolipoprotein(a) in stably transfected Hep G2 cells". Biochemistry. 37 (16): 5417–5425. doi:10.1021/bi972761t. PMID 9548923.
Brunner C, Lobentanz EM, Pethö-Schramm A, Ernst A, Kang C, Dieplinger H, et al. (December 1996). "The number of identical kringle IV repeats in apolipoprotein(a) affects its processing and secretion by HepG2 cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (50): 32403–32410. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.50.32403. PMID 8943305.
Patel AP, Wang (汪敏先) M, Pirruccello JP, Ellinor PT, Ng K, Kathiresan S, Khera AV (January 2021). "Lp(a) (Lipoprotein[a]) Concentrations and Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: New Insights From a Large National Biobank". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 41 (1): 465–474. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315291. PMC 7769893. PMID 33115266.
Kronenberg F, Mora S, Stroes ES, Ference BA, Arsenault BJ, Berglund L, et al. (October 2022). "Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement". European Heart Journal. 43 (39): 3925–3946. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361. PMC 9639807. PMID 36036785.
Pati N, Rouf A, Pati U (February 2000). "Simultaneous mutations (A/G(-418) and C/T(-384)) in the apo(a) promoter of individuals with low Lp(a) levels". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 69 (2): 165–167. doi:10.1006/mgme.1999.2956. PMID 10720444.
Grant JK, Martin SS, Zhang S, Matsushita K, Virani SS, Blumenthal RS, et al. (July 2024). "Racial Differences in the Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Related to Elevated Lipoprotein(a) Levels: The ARIC Study". Circulation. 150 (3): 250–252. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069582. PMID 39008561.
White AL, Lanford RE (November 1994). "Cell surface assembly of lipoprotein(a) in primary cultures of baboon hepatocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (46): 28716–28723. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61964-2. PMID 7961823.
Rader DJ, Cain W, Zech LA, Usher D, Brewer HB (February 1993). "Variation in lipoprotein(a) concentrations among individuals with the same apolipoprotein (a) isoform is determined by the rate of lipoprotein(a) production". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 91 (2): 443–447. doi:10.1172/JCI116221. PMC 287951. PMID 8432853.
Dieplinger H, Utermann G (June 1999). "The seventh myth of lipoprotein(a): where and how is it assembled?". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 10 (3): 275–283. doi:10.1097/00041433-199906000-00010. PMID 10431664.
Koschinsky ML, Marcovina SM (April 2004). "Structure-function relationships in apolipoprotein(a): insights into lipoprotein(a) assembly and pathogenicity". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 15 (2): 167–174. doi:10.1097/00041433-200404000-00009. PMID 15017359. S2CID 45103589.
Romagnuolo R, Scipione CA, Bazzi ZA, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML (August 2018). "Inhibition of pericellular plasminogen activation by apolipoprotein(a): Roles of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and integrins α_Mβ₂ and α_Vβ₃". Atherosclerosis. 275: 11–21. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.029. PMID 29852400.
Romagnuolo R, DeMarco K, Scipione CA, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML (September 2018). "Apolipoprotein(a) inhibits the conversion of Glu-plasminogen to Lys-plasminogen on the surface of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells". Thrombosis Research. 169: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.002. PMID 29990619.
Banach M, Aronow WS, Serban C, Sahabkar A, Rysz J, Voroneanu L, et al. (2015). "Lipids, blood pressure and kidney update 2014". Pharmacological Research. 95–96: 111–125. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.009. PMC 4696333. PMID 25819754.
Romagnuolo R, Scipione CA, Boffa MB, Marcovina SM, Seidah NG, Koschinsky ML (May 2015). "Lipoprotein(a) catabolism is regulated by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 through the low density lipoprotein receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (18): 11649–11662. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.611988. PMC 4416867. PMID 25778403.
Pan S, Kleppe LS, Witt TA, Mueske CS, Simari RD (September 2004). "The effect of vascular smooth muscle cell-targeted expression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in a murine model of arterial thrombosis". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 92 (3): 495–502. doi:10.1160/TH04-01-0006. PMID 15351845. S2CID 1212821.
Tsimikas S, Brilakis ES, Miller ER, McConnell JP, Lennon RJ, Kornman KS, et al. (July 2005). "Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (1): 46–57. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043175. PMID 16000355.
Banach M (April 2016). "Lipoprotein (a)-We Know So Much Yet Still Have Much to Learn ..." Journal of the American Heart Association. 5 (4) e003597. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.003597. PMC 4859302. PMID 27108250.
Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK (November 2011). "Lipoprotein(a): current perspectives". Current Vascular Pharmacology. 9 (6): 682–692. doi:10.2174/157016111797484071. PMID 21529331.
Tsimikas S, Witztum JL (August 2008). "The role of oxidized phospholipids in mediating lipoprotein(a) atherogenicity". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 19 (4): 369–377. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e328308b622. PMID 18607184. S2CID 24081304.
Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1987). "Plasma lipoproteins: teaching old dogmas new tricks". Nature. 330 (6144): 113–114. doi:10.1038/330113a0. PMID 3670399. S2CID 4322332.
Kostner GM, Bihari-Varga M (August 1990). "Is the atherogenicity of Lp(a) caused by its reactivity with proteoglycans?". European Heart Journal. 11 Suppl E (Suppl E): 184–189. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/11.suppl_e.184. PMID 2146124.
Salonen EM, Jauhiainen M, Zardi L, Vaheri A, Ehnholm C (December 1989). "Lipoprotein(a) binds to fibronectin and has serine proteinase activity capable of cleaving it". The EMBO Journal. 8 (13): 4035–4040. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08586.x. PMC 401578. PMID 2531657.
Knight BL, Perombelon YF, Soutar AK, Wade DP, Seed M (April 1991). "Catabolism of lipoprotein(a) in familial hypercholesterolaemic subjects". Atherosclerosis. 87 (2–3): 227–237. doi:10.1016/0021-9150(91)90025-X. PMID 1830206.
Rader DJ, Mann WA, Cain W, Kraft HG, Usher D, Zech LA, et al. (March 1995). "The low density lipoprotein receptor is not required for normal catabolism of Lp(a) in humans". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 95 (3): 1403–1408. doi:10.1172/JCI117794. PMC 441483. PMID 7883987.
Albers JJ, Koschinsky ML, Marcovina SM (May 2007). "Evidence mounts for a role of the kidney in lipoprotein(a) catabolism". Kidney International. 71 (10): 961–962. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002240. PMID 17495935.
Takagi H, Umemoto T (January 2012). "Atorvastatin decreases lipoprotein(a): a meta-analysis of randomized trials". International Journal of Cardiology. 154 (2): 183–186. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.09.060. PMID 21996415.
Sahebkar A, Reiner Ž, Simental-Mendía LE, Ferretti G, Cicero AF (November 2016). "Effect of extended-release niacin on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials". Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 65 (11): 1664–1678. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.08.007. PMID 27733255.
Artemeva NV, Safarova MS, Ezhov MV, Afanasieva OI, Dmitrieva OA, Pokrovsky SN (May 2015). "Lowering of lipoprotein(a) level under niacin treatment is dependent on apolipoprotein(a) phenotype". Atherosclerosis. Supplements. 18: 53–58. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2015.02.008. PMID 25936305.
Caplice NM, Panetta C, Peterson TE, Kleppe LS, Mueske CS, Kostner GM, et al. (November 2001). "Lipoprotein (a) binds and inactivates tissue factor pathway inhibitor: a novel link between lipoproteins and thrombosis". Blood. 98 (10): 2980–2987. doi:10.1182/blood.V98.10.2980. PMID 11698280.
Kamstrup PR, Nordestgaard BG (October 2009). "Lipoprotein(a) should be taken much more seriously". Biomarkers in Medicine. 3 (5): 439–441. doi:10.2217/bmm.09.57. PMID 20477514.
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Paultre F, Pearson TA, Weil HF, Tuck CH, Myerson M, Rubin J, et al. (December 2000). "High levels of Lp(a) with a small apo(a) isoform are associated with coronary artery disease in African American and white men". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 20 (12): 2619–2624. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.20.12.2619. PMID 11116062. S2CID 12507462.
Helmhold M, Bigge J, Muche R, Mainoo J, Thiery J, Seidel D, et al. (December 1991). "Contribution of the apo[a] phenotype to plasma Lp[a] concentrations shows considerable ethnic variation". Journal of Lipid Research. 32 (12): 1919–1928. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41895-4. PMID 1840066.
Cobbaert C, Mulder P, Lindemans J, Kesteloot H (September 1997). "Serum LP(a) levels in African aboriginal Pygmies and Bantus, compared with Caucasian and Asian population samples". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 50 (9): 1045–1053. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00129-7. hdl:1765/68815. PMID 9363039. S2CID 2188933. Archived from the original on 2024-06-11. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
Schmidt K, Kraft HG, Parson W, Utermann G (February 2006). "Genetics of the Lp(a)/apo(a) system in an autochthonous Black African population from the Gabon". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (2): 190–201. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201512. PMID 16267501.
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ensembl.org (Global: 1,626^th place; English: 1,007^th place)

May2017.archive.ensembl.org

GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198670 – Ensembl, May 2017

eur.nl (Global: low place; English: 9,966^th place)

pure.eur.nl

Cobbaert C, Mulder P, Lindemans J, Kesteloot H (September 1997). "Serum LP(a) levels in African aboriginal Pygmies and Bantus, compared with Caucasian and Asian population samples". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 50 (9): 1045–1053. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00129-7. hdl:1765/68815. PMID 9363039. S2CID 2188933. Archived from the original on 2024-06-11. Retrieved 2023-11-30.

genenames.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Symbol report for LPA". HGNC. Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Cobbaert C, Mulder P, Lindemans J, Kesteloot H (September 1997). "Serum LP(a) levels in African aboriginal Pygmies and Bantus, compared with Caucasian and Asian population samples". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 50 (9): 1045–1053. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00129-7. hdl:1765/68815. PMID 9363039. S2CID 2188933. Archived from the original on 2024-06-11. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
Anagnostis P, Galanis P, Chatzistergiou V, Stevenson JC, Godsland IF, Lambrinoudaki I, et al. (May 2017). "The effect of hormone replacement therapy and tibolone on lipoprotein (a) concentrations in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Maturitas. 99: 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.02.009. hdl:10044/1/48763. PMID 28364865.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

McLean JW, Tomlinson JE, Kuang WJ, Eaton DL, Chen EY, Fless GM, et al. (1987). "cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein(a) is homologous to plasminogen". Nature. 330 (6144): 132–137. Bibcode:1987Natur.330..132M. doi:10.1038/330132a0. PMID 3670400. S2CID 4344313.
Dumitrescu L, Glenn K, Brown-Gentry K, Shephard C, Wong M, Rieder MJ, et al. (January 2011). Kloss-Brandstaetter A (ed.). "Variation in LPA is associated with Lp(a) levels in three populations from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey". PLOS ONE. 6 (1) e16604. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...616604D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016604. PMC 3030597. PMID 21305047.
Serban MC, Sahebkar A, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Jones SR, Muntner P, et al. (January 2016). "Impact of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Scientific Reports. 6 19188. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619188S. doi:10.1038/srep19188. PMC 4709689. PMID 26754058.

hcplive.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"FDA Grants Breakthrough Device Designation to Blood Test Measuring Lp(a)". HCP Live. 2024-05-22. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-06-11.

lpaforum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Lp(a) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Guidlines - Lp(a) Forum". 2024-03-20. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
"About Trials - Lp(a) Forum". 2024-03-13. Retrieved 2025-07-09.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, Borén J, Andreotti F, Watts GF, et al. (December 2010). "Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status". European Heart Journal. 31 (23): 2844–2853. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq386. PMC 3295201. PMID 20965889.
Kamstrup PR, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG (April 2011). "Lipoprotein(a) and risk of myocardial infarction--genetic epidemiologic evidence of causality". Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 71 (2): 87–93. doi:10.3109/00365513.2010.550311. PMID 21231777. S2CID 23045050.
Smolders B, Lemmens R, Thijs V (June 2007). "Lipoprotein (a) and stroke: a meta-analysis of observational studies". Stroke. 38 (6): 1959–1966. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.480657. PMID 17478739.
Amiri M, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Verkaar AJ, Wu Y, van Westing AC, Berk KA, et al. (May 2023). "Circulating lipoprotein (a) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis". European Journal of Epidemiology. 38 (5): 485–499. doi:10.1007/s10654-022-00956-4. PMC 10164031. PMID 36708412.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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Dumitrescu L, Glenn K, Brown-Gentry K, Shephard C, Wong M, Rieder MJ, et al. (January 2011). Kloss-Brandstaetter A (ed.). "Variation in LPA is associated with Lp(a) levels in three populations from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey". PLOS ONE. 6 (1) e16604. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...616604D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016604. PMC 3030597. PMID 21305047.
Virani SS, Brautbar A, Davis BC, Nambi V, Hoogeveen RC, Sharrett AR, et al. (January 2012). "Associations between lipoprotein(a) levels and cardiovascular outcomes in black and white subjects: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study". Circulation. 125 (2): 241–249. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.045120. PMC 3760720. PMID 22128224.
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Sahebkar A, Serban MC, Penson P, Gurban C, Ursoniu S, Toth PP, et al. (July 2017). "The Effects of Tamoxifen on Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Drugs. 77 (11): 1187–1197. doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0767-4. PMC 5501893. PMID 28573436.
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"Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report". Pediatrics. 128 Suppl 5 (Suppl 5): S213 – S256. December 2011. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2107C. PMC 4536582. PMID 22084329.
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semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

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Scipione CA, Koschinsky ML, Boffa MB (2018-01-02). "Lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice: New perspectives from basic and translational science". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 55 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1080/10408363.2017.1415866. ISSN 1040-8363. PMID 29262744.

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Cobbaert C, Mulder P, Lindemans J, Kesteloot H (September 1997). "Serum LP(a) levels in African aboriginal Pygmies and Bantus, compared with Caucasian and Asian population samples". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 50 (9): 1045–1053. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00129-7. hdl:1765/68815. PMID 9363039. S2CID 2188933. Archived from the original on 2024-06-11. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
"FDA Grants Breakthrough Device Designation to Blood Test Measuring Lp(a)". HCP Live. 2024-05-22. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-06-11.

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Scipione CA, Koschinsky ML, Boffa MB (2018-01-02). "Lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice: New perspectives from basic and translational science". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 55 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1080/10408363.2017.1415866. ISSN 1040-8363. PMID 29262744.

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