Lisp (programming language) (English Wikipedia)

Edwin D. Reilly (2003). Milestones in computer science and information technology. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-1-57356-521-9.
Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1999) [1979], Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid (Twentieth Anniversary Edition), Basic Books, p. 292, ISBN 0-465-02656-7, One of the most important and fascinating of all computer languages is LISP (standing for "List Processing"), which was invented by John McCarthy around the time Algol was invented. Subsequently, LISP has enjoyed great popularity with workers in Artificial Intelligence.

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"Maclisp Reference Manual". March 3, 1979. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14.

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Clasp is a Common Lisp implementation that interoperates with C++ and uses LLVM for just-in-time compilation (JIT) to native code.
Comparison of actively developed Common Lisp implementations

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"Clojure - Differences with other Lisps". clojure.org. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
"Clojure rational". Retrieved 27 August 2019. Clojure is a Lisp not constrained by backwards compatibility

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Steele, Guy L. Jr. (1990). "Purpose". Common Lisp the Language (2nd ed.). Digital Press. ISBN 0-13-152414-3.
Kantrowitz, Mark; Margolin, Barry (20 February 1996). "History: Where did Lisp come from?". FAQ: Lisp Frequently Asked Questions 2/7.

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Weinreb, Daniel. "Common Lisp Implementations: A Survey". Archived from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
"Armed Bear Common Lisp (ABCL) is a full implementation of the Common Lisp language featuring both an interpreter and a compiler, running in the JVM"
Archived 2018-06-22 at the Wayback Machine Common Lisp Implementations: A Survey

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Stoyan, Herbert (1984-08-06). Early LISP history (1956–1959). LFP '84: Proceedings of the 1984 ACM Symposium on LISP and functional programming. Association for Computing Machinery. p. 307. doi:10.1145/800055.802047.
McCarthy, John (1960). "Recursive functions of symbolic expressions and their computation by machine, Part I". Communications of the ACM. 3 (4). Association for computer machinery: 184–195. doi:10.1145/367177.367199. Retrieved 28 February 2025.
Steele, Guy L.; Gabriel, Richard P. (January 1996), "The evolution of Lisp", in Bergin, Thomas J.; Gibson, Richard G. (eds.), History of programming languages---II, New York, NY, US: ACM, pp. 233–330, doi:10.1145/234286.1057818, ISBN 978-0-201-89502-5
Lieberman, Henry; Hewitt, Carl (June 1983), "A Real-Time Garbage Collector Based on the Lifetimes of Objects", Communications of the ACM, 26 (6): 419–429, doi:10.1145/358141.358147, hdl:1721.1/6335, S2CID 14161480

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"Meaning of 'Object-Oriented Programming' According to Dr. Alan Kay". 2003-07-23. I didn't understand the monster LISP idea of tangible metalanguage then, but got kind of close with ideas about extensible languages ... The second phase of this was to finally understand LISP and then using this understanding to make much nicer and smaller and more powerful and more late bound understructures ... OOP to me means only messaging, local retention and protection and hiding of state-process, and extreme late-binding of all things. It can be done in Smalltalk and in LISP. There are possibly other systems in which this is possible, but I'm not aware of them.

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Script-fu In GIMP 2.4, Retrieved 2009-10-29

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"Interlisp Medley". GitHub. March 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
froggey (1 August 2021). "Mezzano". GitHub. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
Hartmann, Lukas F. (11 June 2021). "Interim". GitHub. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
Hinsley, Chris (23 February 2022). "ChrysaLisp". GitHub. Retrieved 2022-02-02.

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"Time of Evaluation (Common Lisp Extensions)". GNU. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.

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The 36-bit word size of the PDP-6/PDP-10 was influenced by the usefulness of having two Lisp 18-bit pointers in a single word. Peter J. Hurley (18 October 1990). "The History of TOPS or Life in the Fast ACs". Newsgroup: alt.folklore.computers. Usenet: 84950@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu. The PDP-6 project started in early 1963, as a 24-bit machine. It grew to 36 bits for LISP, a design goal.

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Steele, Guy Lewis; Sussman, Gerald Jay (May 1978). "The Art of the Interpreter, or the Modularity Complex (Parts Zero, One, and Two), Part Zero, P. 4". MIT Libraries. hdl:1721.1/6094. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
Lieberman, Henry; Hewitt, Carl (June 1983), "A Real-Time Garbage Collector Based on the Lifetimes of Objects", Communications of the ACM, 26 (6): 419–429, doi:10.1145/358141.358147, hdl:1721.1/6335, S2CID 14161480

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"IEEE Scheme". IEEE 1178-1990 - IEEE Standard for the Scheme Programming Language. Retrieved 27 August 2019.

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An In-Depth Look at Clojure Collections, Retrieved 2012-06-24

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Chisnall, David (2011-01-12). Influential Programming Languages, Part 4: Lisp.

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"ISO/IEC 13816:2007". Iso.org. 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2013-11-15.

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Steele, Jr., Guy L.; et al. (1983), The Hacker's Dictionary

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"A Look at Clojure and the Lisp Resurgence".

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"LispForum". Retrieved 2023-10-12.

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"Lispjobs". Retrieved 2023-10-12.

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3.2.2.3 Semantic Constraints in Common Lisp HyperSpec

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Steele, Guy Lewis; Sussman, Gerald Jay (May 1978). "The Art of the Interpreter, or the Modularity Complex (Parts Zero, One, and Two), Part Zero, P. 4". MIT Libraries. hdl:1721.1/6094. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
Gerald Jay Sussman & Guy Lewis Steele Jr. (December 1975). "Scheme: An Interpreter for Extended Lambda Calculus" (PDF). MIT AI Lab. AIM-349. Retrieved 23 December 2021.

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"MITx introductory Python course hits 1.2 million enrollments". MIT EECS. MIT Electrical Engineering & Computer Science. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

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"SICP: Foreword". Archived from the original on 2001-07-27. Lisp is a survivor, having been in use for about a quarter of a century. Among the active programming languages only Fortran has had a longer life.

web.media.mit.edu

Lieberman, Henry; Hewitt, Carl (June 1983), "A Real-Time Garbage Collector Based on the Lifetimes of Objects", Communications of the ACM, 26 (6): 419–429, doi:10.1145/358141.358147, hdl:1721.1/6335, S2CID 14161480

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Broder, Evan (January 8, 2008). "The End of an Era". mitadmissions.org. Retrieved November 10, 2013.

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Felleisen, Matthias; Findler, Robert; Flatt, Matthew; Krishnamurthi, Shriram; Barzilay, Eli; McCarthy, Jay; Tobin-Hochstadt, Sam (2015). ""The Racket Manifesto"" (PDF).

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"X3J13 Charter".

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Paul Graham (May 2002). "What Made Lisp Different".

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Sebesta, Robert W. (2012). ""2.4 Functional Programming: LISP";"6.9 List Types";"15.4 The First Functional Programming Language: LISP"". Concepts of Programming Languages (print) (10th ed.). Boston, MA, US: Addison-Wesley. pp. 47–52, 281–284, 677–680. ISBN 978-0-13-139531-2.

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"Quicklisp". Retrieved 2023-10-12.

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"Introduction". The Julia Manual. Read the Docs. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2016-12-10.

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Lieberman, Henry; Hewitt, Carl (June 1983), "A Real-Time Garbage Collector Based on the Lifetimes of Objects", Communications of the ACM, 26 (6): 419–429, doi:10.1145/358141.358147, hdl:1721.1/6335, S2CID 14161480

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McCarthy, J.; Brayton, R.; Edwards, D.; Fox, P.; Hodes, L.; Luckham, D.; Maling, K.; Park, D.; Russell, S. (March 1960). LISP I Programmers Manual (PDF). Boston: Artificial Intelligence Group, M.I.T. Computation Center and Research Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-17. Accessed May 11, 2010.

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Smith, David Canfield. MLISP Users Manual (PDF). Retrieved 2006-10-13.
McCarthy, John; Abrahams, Paul W.; Edwards, Daniel J.; Hart, Timothy P.; Levin, Michael I. (1985) [1962]. LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual (PDF). 15th printing (2nd ed.). p. Preface.
McCarthy, John; Abrahams, Paul W.; Edwards, Daniel J.; Hart, Timothy P.; Levin, Michael I. (1985) [1962]. LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual (PDF) (2nd ed.). MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13011-4.
Quam, Lynn H.; Diffle, Whitfield. Stanford LISP 1.6 Manual (PDF).

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"Conclusions". Archived from the original on 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
McCarthy, John. "LISP prehistory - Summer 1956 through Summer 1958". Retrieved 2010-03-14.
McCarthy, John. "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I". Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2006-10-13.
"LISP prehistory - Summer 1956 through Summer 1958". I invented conditional expressions in connection with a set of chess legal move routines I wrote in FORTRAN for the IBM 704 at M.I.T. during 1957–58 ... A paper defining conditional expressions and proposing their use in Algol was sent to the Communications of the ACM but was arbitrarily demoted to a letter to the editor, because it was very short.

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McCarthy, John (12 February 1979). "History of Lisp: Artificial Intelligence Laboratory" (PDF).

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4.3. Control Abstraction (Recursion vs. Iteration) in Tutorial on Good Lisp Programming Style by Kent Pitman and Peter Norvig, August, 1993.

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"Introduction". The Julia Manual. Read the Docs. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
"SICP: Foreword". Archived from the original on 2001-07-27. Lisp is a survivor, having been in use for about a quarter of a century. Among the active programming languages only Fortran has had a longer life.
"Conclusions". Archived from the original on 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
McCarthy, John. "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I". Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2006-10-13.
Hart, Tim; Levin, Mike. "AI Memo 39-The new compiler" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2019-03-18.
McCarthy, J.; Brayton, R.; Edwards, D.; Fox, P.; Hodes, L.; Luckham, D.; Maling, K.; Park, D.; Russell, S. (March 1960). LISP I Programmers Manual (PDF). Boston: Artificial Intelligence Group, M.I.T. Computation Center and Research Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-17. Accessed May 11, 2010.
"Maclisp Reference Manual". March 3, 1979. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14.
Teitelman, Warren (1974). InterLisp Reference Manual (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-02. Retrieved 2006-08-19.
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"Trends for the Future". Faqs.org. Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2013-11-15.
Weinreb, Daniel. "Common Lisp Implementations: A Survey". Archived from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
"Why MIT now uses python instead of scheme for its undergraduate CS program". cemerick.com. March 24, 2009. Archived from the original on September 17, 2010. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
"MITx introductory Python course hits 1.2 million enrollments". MIT EECS. MIT Electrical Engineering & Computer Science. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
Archived 2018-06-22 at the Wayback Machine Common Lisp Implementations: A Survey
Bawden, Alan. "Quasiquotation in Lisp" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-03.

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Steele, Guy L. (1990). Common Lisp: the language (2nd ed.). Bedford, MA: Digital Press. ISBN 1-55558-041-6. OCLC 20631879.

Lisp (programming language) (English Wikipedia)

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