List of Chinese monarchs (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "List of Chinese monarchs" in English language version.

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de Crespigny 2007, pp. 772–774; Dien & Knapp 2019, p. 52; Moule 1957, p. 15. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Xiong 2009, p. 554; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 79–92. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Xiong 2009, p. 232; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 92–93. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Xiong 2009, p. 222; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 92–93. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Xiong 2009, p. 362; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 92–93. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Xiong 2009, p. 645; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 93–104; Moule 1957, p. 18. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Xiong 2009, p. 362; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 104–105; Moule 1957, p. 18. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Xiong 2009, p. 87; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 105–106; Moule 1957, p. 18. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Xiong 2009, p. 199; Dien & Knapp 2019, p. 111; Moule 1957, p. 18. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Xiong 2009, p. 248; Dien & Knapp 2019, p. 111; Moule 1957, p. 19. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Xiong 2009, p. 575; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 111–114; Moule 1957, p. 19. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Xiong 2009, p. 42; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 114–117; Moule 1957, p. 19. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Xiong 2009, p. 309; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 150–153. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Xiong 2009, p. 292; Dien & Knapp 2019, p. 153. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Xiong 2009, pp. 301–302; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 153–154. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Adamek 2017, p. 341; Dien & Knapp 2019, p. xix. Adamek, Piotr (2017). "Chronological Index". Good Son is Sad If He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Values. Monumenta Serica Monograph Series. Vol. LXVI. London: Routledge. pp. 337–359. ISBN 978-1-351-56521-9. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Xiong 2009, pp. 449–452; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 127–130. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Xiong 2009, pp. 663–668; Dien & Knapp 2019, p. 133. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Xiong 2009, pp. 368–369; Dien & Knapp 2019, p. 130–133. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Xiong 2009, pp. 163–164; Dien & Knapp 2019, p. 134–137. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Xiong 2009, pp. 617–618; Dien & Knapp 2019, p. 137–138. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
Adamek 2017, p. 343; Dien & Knapp 2019, p. xix. Adamek, Piotr (2017). "Chronological Index". Good Son is Sad If He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Values. Monumenta Serica Monograph Series. Vol. LXVI. London: Routledge. pp. 337–359. ISBN 978-1-351-56521-9. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.

archive.org

Moule 1957, p. 3 gives 18 July 210 BCE as the exact date for the end of Qin Shi Huang's reign, but also notes the issues surrounding this chronology. The date is accepted by Vervoorn 1990, p. 311, but it's not used by modern scholars.^[82]^[83] Hymes 2000, p. 8 gives July–August 210 BCE, the seventh lunar month. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.
Sources vary on the exact month of Qin Er Shi's accession, though they agree it was in late 210. Vervoorn 1990, p. 311 gives August 210 while Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xix and Moule 1957, p. 3 give September–October 210 Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xix–xx. doi:10.1163/9789004300538_001. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Though most modern sources agree that Emperor Wu died on 29 March 87 BCE, Vervoorn 1990, p. 312 gives 2 March; Moule 1957, p. 5 gives 27 March. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Moule 1957, p. 34 gives 30 May 618 as the date for the end of Yang You's reign, but modern sources usually give 12 June.^[240] Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Moule 1957, p. 62 gives 1 June 907 as the date for the end of Emperor Ai's reign, but Kroll 2019, p. 1 gives 5 June. Other sources give 12 May. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908. Kroll, Paul W. (2019). "Tang Emperors' Accession Dates and Reign Titles". Critical Readings on Tang China. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xi–xiii. ISBN 978-90-04-38015-8.
For Taizu's alternate posthumous names, see Moule 1957, p. 94 Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Some sources differ over the dates for Taizong's Datong era, see Moule 1957, p. 95 Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Moule 1957, p. 101 notes that there is uncertainty concerning Wanyan Yongji's death date Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Moule 1957, pp. 4–5. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Wu 1982, pp. 110–117; Imperial China 2020, pp. 30, 314. Wu Kuo-Chen (1982). The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-0-517-54475-4. Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History. New York: DK and Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. 2020. ISBN 978-0-7440-2047-2.
Wu 1982, pp. 117–119; Imperial China 2020, p. 314. Wu Kuo-Chen (1982). The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-0-517-54475-4. Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History. New York: DK and Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. 2020. ISBN 978-0-7440-2047-2.
Wu 1982, pp. 119–121; Imperial China 2020, p. 314. Wu Kuo-Chen (1982). The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-0-517-54475-4. Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History. New York: DK and Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. 2020. ISBN 978-0-7440-2047-2.
Wu 1982, pp. 121–122; Imperial China 2020, p. 314. Wu Kuo-Chen (1982). The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-0-517-54475-4. Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History. New York: DK and Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. 2020. ISBN 978-0-7440-2047-2.
Wu 1982, pp. 122–123; Imperial China 2020, p. 315. Wu Kuo-Chen (1982). The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-0-517-54475-4. Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History. New York: DK and Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. 2020. ISBN 978-0-7440-2047-2.
Wu 1982, pp. 123–125; Imperial China 2020, p. 315. Wu Kuo-Chen (1982). The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-0-517-54475-4. Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History. New York: DK and Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. 2020. ISBN 978-0-7440-2047-2.
Wu 1982, pp. 125–126; Imperial China 2020, p. 315. Wu Kuo-Chen (1982). The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-0-517-54475-4. Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History. New York: DK and Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. 2020. ISBN 978-0-7440-2047-2.
Wu 1982, pp. 126–127; Imperial China 2020, p. 315. Wu Kuo-Chen (1982). The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-0-517-54475-4. Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History. New York: DK and Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. 2020. ISBN 978-0-7440-2047-2.
Wu 1982, pp. 129–143; Imperial China 2020, p. 315. Wu Kuo-Chen (1982). The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-0-517-54475-4. Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History. New York: DK and Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. 2020. ISBN 978-0-7440-2047-2.
Moule 1957, p. xiv. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Marshall 2001, p. 157. Marshall, S.J. (2001). The Mandate of Heaven: Hidden History in the I Ching. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12299-3.
Marshall 2001, pp. 157–158. Marshall, S.J. (2001). The Mandate of Heaven: Hidden History in the I Ching. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12299-3.
Moule 1957, pp. xvii–xviii. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Wright 2001, p. 49. Wright, David Curtis (2001). The History of China. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30940-3.
Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, pp. xix–xx; Vervoorn 1990, pp. 311–315; Twitchett & Loewe 1986, pp. xxxix–xli; Moule 1957, pp. 4–11. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xix–xx. doi:10.1163/9789004300538_001. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Twitchett, Dennis; Loewe, Michael, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.
- de Crespigny 2007, p. 452; Moule 1957, p. 12. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- de Crespigny 2007, p. 47; Moule 1957, p. 13. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- de Crespigny 1991, p. 33; Moule 1957, p. 13. de Crespigny, Rafe (1991). "The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD ~ I" (PDF). East Asian History. 1 (1): 1–36. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- de Crespigny 1991, pp. 34–35; Moule 1957, p. 13. de Crespigny, Rafe (1991). "The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD ~ I" (PDF). East Asian History. 1 (1): 1–36. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- de Crespigny 1991, p. 35; Moule 1957, p. 13. de Crespigny, Rafe (1991). "The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD ~ I" (PDF). East Asian History. 1 (1): 1–36. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- de Crespigny 2007, pp. 478–483; Moule 1957, p. 14. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- de Crespigny 2007, pp. 541–542; Moule 1957, p. 14. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- de Crespigny 2007, pp. 772–774; Dien & Knapp 2019, p. 52; Moule 1957, p. 15. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- de Crespigny 1991, p. 17; Moule 1957, p. 15. de Crespigny, Rafe (1991). "The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD ~ I" (PDF). East Asian History. 1 (1): 1–36. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- Xiong 2009, p. 645; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 93–104; Moule 1957, p. 18. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- Xiong 2009, p. 362; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 104–105; Moule 1957, p. 18. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- Xiong 2009, p. 87; Dien & Knapp 2019, pp. 105–106; Moule 1957, p. 18. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Dien, Alfred E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- Xiong 2009, p. 276; Moule 1957, p. 18. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
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- Fang 1943i, pp. 733–734; Paludan 1998, pp. 213, 216–217; Moule 1957, p. 112; Wilkinson 2018, p. 907. Fang, Chao-ying (1943). "Tsai-t'ien" . In Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. Vol. 2. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 731–734. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908. Wilkinson, Endymion (2018). Chinese History: A New Manual (5th ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-9988883-0-9.

books.google.com

Moule 1957, p. 3 gives 18 July 210 BCE as the exact date for the end of Qin Shi Huang's reign, but also notes the issues surrounding this chronology. The date is accepted by Vervoorn 1990, p. 311, but it's not used by modern scholars.^[82]^[83] Hymes 2000, p. 8 gives July–August 210 BCE, the seventh lunar month. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.
Sources vary on the exact month of Qin Er Shi's accession, though they agree it was in late 210. Vervoorn 1990, p. 311 gives August 210 while Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xix and Moule 1957, p. 3 give September–October 210 Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xix–xx. doi:10.1163/9789004300538_001. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Though most modern sources agree that Emperor Wu died on 29 March 87 BCE, Vervoorn 1990, p. 312 gives 2 March; Moule 1957, p. 5 gives 27 March. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Moule 1957, p. 62 gives 1 June 907 as the date for the end of Emperor Ai's reign, but Kroll 2019, p. 1 gives 5 June. Other sources give 12 May. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908. Kroll, Paul W. (2019). "Tang Emperors' Accession Dates and Reign Titles". Critical Readings on Tang China. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xi–xiii. ISBN 978-90-04-38015-8.
Xiong 2009, pp. 1–32. Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7.
Biran 2017, p. 130. Biran, Michal (2017). "Periods of Non-Han Rule". In Szonyi, Michael (ed.). A Companion to Chinese History. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-62460-9.
Keightley 1999, p. 232. Keightley, David N. (1999). "The Shang: China's First Historical Dynasty". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–291. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.006. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
Loewe & Shaughnessy 1999, p. 25. Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L., eds. (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
- Loewe & Shaughnessy 1999, p. 2. Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L., eds. (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
  - Loewe & Shaughnessy 1999, pp. 25–28. Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L., eds. (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
    - Loewe 2000, p. 823; Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, pp. XIX–XX. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xix–xx. doi:10.1163/9789004300538_001. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8.
    - Vervoorn 1990, p. 311. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.
    - Loewe 2000, p. 823. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
    - Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xix. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xix–xx. doi:10.1163/9789004300538_001. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8.
    - Loewe 2000, pp. 654–655. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
    - Loewe 2004, p. 575. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
    - Loewe 2000, pp. 652–653. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
    - Xiong & Hammond 2019, p. 23. Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth J. (2019). Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-58051-3.
    - Loewe 2000, p. 752. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
    - Xiong & Hammond 2019, p. 24. Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth J. (2019). Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-58051-3.
    - Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, pp. xix–xx; Vervoorn 1990, pp. 311–315; Twitchett & Loewe 1986, pp. xxxix–xli; Moule 1957, pp. 4–11. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xix–xx. doi:10.1163/9789004300538_001. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Twitchett, Dennis; Loewe, Michael, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 28–31; Loewe 2000, pp. 253–259. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 31; Loewe 2000, pp. 397–399. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
      - Loewe 2000, p. 468. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
      - Loewe 2000, p. 468; Paludan 1998, p. 31. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3.
      - Loewe 2000, p. 394. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
      - Loewe 2000, p. 394; Paludan 1998, p. 31. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 33; Loewe 2004. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 33; Loewe 2004, pp. 338–344. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 36–39; Loewe 2004, pp. 273–282; Hymes 2000, p. 11. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 40; Loewe 2004, pp. 298–301. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 40; Loewe 2004, pp. 305–306. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 40; Loewe 2004, pp. 260–267. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 42; Loewe 2004, pp. 355–360. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 42; Loewe 2004, pp. 245–252. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 42; Loewe 2004, pp. 378–383. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 42; Loewe 2004, pp. 322–326. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 42; Loewe 2004, pp. 396–397. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 42–43; Loewe 2000, pp. 536–545. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
      - de Crespigny 2007, pp. 567–569. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 44–45; Loewe 2004, p. 389; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 557–569. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 48–49; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 604–609. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 48–49; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 495–500. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 50–51; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 588–593. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 50–51; de Crespigny 2007, p. 531. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 50–51; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 580–583. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - de Crespigny 2007, p. 576. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 51; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 473–478. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 51; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 486–487. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 51; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 610–611. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
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The traditional dating method (beginning the Shang in 1766) is not included in this table. See Liu et al. 2021, pp. 165, 169 for another, more recent, method of dating Liu, Kexin; Wu, Xiaohong; Guo, Zhiyu; Yuan, Sixun; Ding, Xingfang; Fu, Dongpo; Pan, Yan (2021). "Radiocarbon Dating of Oracle Bones of Late Shang Period in Ancient China". Radiocarbon. 63 (1): 155–175. Bibcode:2021Radcb..63..155L. doi:10.1017/RDC.2020.90.
Sources vary on the exact month of Qin Er Shi's accession, though they agree it was in late 210. Vervoorn 1990, p. 311 gives August 210 while Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xix and Moule 1957, p. 3 give September–October 210 Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xix–xx. doi:10.1163/9789004300538_001. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
de Crespigny 2010, p. 450 notes that "On 11 December [...] Cao Cao's son and successor Cao Pi received the abdication of the last emperor of Han. [...] Some authorities give the date of abdication as 25 November [...] This is the date upon which Emperor Xian issued an edict calling upon Cao Pi to take the throne, but the ceremonial transfer of sovereignty was carried out two weeks later" de Crespigny, Rafe (2010). Imperial Warlord: A Biography of Cao Cao 155–220 AD. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 99. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004185227.i-554. ISBN 978-90-04-18830-3.
Chen 2014, pp. 325–326. Chen, Yuan (2014). "Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China". Journal of Song-Yuan Studies. 44: 325–364. doi:10.1353/sys.2014.0000. JSTOR 44511246.
Wright & Fagan 1951, p. 113. Wright, Arthur F.; Fagan, Edward (1951). "Era names and Zeitgeist". Asiatische Studien. 5: 131–121. doi:10.5169/seals-145321.
Wright & Fagan 1951, pp. 113–114. Wright, Arthur F.; Fagan, Edward (1951). "Era names and Zeitgeist". Asiatische Studien. 5: 131–121. doi:10.5169/seals-145321.
Keightley 1999, p. 232. Keightley, David N. (1999). "The Shang: China's First Historical Dynasty". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–291. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.006. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
Loewe & Shaughnessy 1999, p. 25. Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L., eds. (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
- Loewe & Shaughnessy 1999, p. 2. Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L., eds. (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
  - Loewe & Shaughnessy 1999, pp. 25–28. Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L., eds. (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
    - Loewe 2000, p. 823; Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, pp. XIX–XX. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xix–xx. doi:10.1163/9789004300538_001. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8.
    - Loewe 2000, p. 823. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
    - Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xix. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xix–xx. doi:10.1163/9789004300538_001. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8.
    - Loewe 2000, pp. 654–655. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
    - Loewe 2004, p. 575. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
    - Loewe 2000, pp. 652–653. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
    - Loewe 2000, p. 752. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
    - Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, pp. xix–xx; Vervoorn 1990, pp. 311–315; Twitchett & Loewe 1986, pp. xxxix–xli; Moule 1957, pp. 4–11. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xix–xx. doi:10.1163/9789004300538_001. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Twitchett, Dennis; Loewe, Michael, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 28–31; Loewe 2000, pp. 253–259. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 31; Loewe 2000, pp. 397–399. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
      - Loewe 2000, p. 468. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
      - Loewe 2000, p. 468; Paludan 1998, p. 31. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3.
      - Loewe 2000, p. 394. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
      - Loewe 2000, p. 394; Paludan 1998, p. 31. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 33; Loewe 2004. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 33; Loewe 2004, pp. 338–344. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 36–39; Loewe 2004, pp. 273–282; Hymes 2000, p. 11. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 40; Loewe 2004, pp. 298–301. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 40; Loewe 2004, pp. 305–306. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 40; Loewe 2004, pp. 260–267. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 42; Loewe 2004, pp. 355–360. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 42; Loewe 2004, pp. 245–252. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 42; Loewe 2004, pp. 378–383. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 42; Loewe 2004, pp. 322–326. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 42; Loewe 2004, pp. 396–397. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 42–43; Loewe 2000, pp. 536–545. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 16. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004490253. ISBN 978-90-04-10364-1.
      - de Crespigny 2007, pp. 567–569. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 44–45; Loewe 2004, p. 389; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 557–569. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. Loewe, Michael (2004). The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789047413363. ISBN 978-90-04-13845-2. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 48–49; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 604–609. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 48–49; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 495–500. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 50–51; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 588–593. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 50–51; de Crespigny 2007, p. 531. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, pp. 50–51; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 580–583. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - de Crespigny 2007, p. 576. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 51; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 473–478. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 51; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 486–487. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 51; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 610–611. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 51; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 595–603. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
      - Paludan 1998, p. 52, 54–55; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 510–517. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
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      - Beck 1986, p. 352; de Crespigny 2007, p. 37. Beck, B.J. Mansvelt (1986). "The fall of Han". In Twitchett, Dennis; Loewe, Michael (eds.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 317–376. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243278.007. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China. Vol. 19. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
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eastasianhistory.org

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handle.net

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harvard.edu

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The traditional dating method (beginning the Shang in 1766) is not included in this table. See Liu et al. 2021, pp. 165, 169 for another, more recent, method of dating Liu, Kexin; Wu, Xiaohong; Guo, Zhiyu; Yuan, Sixun; Ding, Xingfang; Fu, Dongpo; Pan, Yan (2021). "Radiocarbon Dating of Oracle Bones of Late Shang Period in Ancient China". Radiocarbon. 63 (1): 155–175. Bibcode:2021Radcb..63..155L. doi:10.1017/RDC.2020.90.

indiana.edu

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Indiana University 2006. Eno, Robert (2006). "Shang Kingship and Shang Kinship" (PDF). Indiana University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008.
Indiana University 2006, p. 3; Theobald 2018b. Eno, Robert (2006). "Shang Kingship and Shang Kinship" (PDF). Indiana University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008. Theobald, Ulrich (2018b). "Shang Dynasty Rulers". Chinaknowledge.

jstor.org

Chen 2014, pp. 325–326. Chen, Yuan (2014). "Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China". Journal of Song-Yuan Studies. 44: 325–364. doi:10.1353/sys.2014.0000. JSTOR 44511246.
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semanticscholar.org

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Schneider 2011, p. 403. Schneider, Julia (2011). "The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors". Journal of Song-Yuan Studies. 41 (41): 343–404. doi:10.1353/sys.2011.0030. hdl:1854/LU-2045182. JSTOR 23496214. S2CID 162237648.

ugent.be

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Schneider 2011, p. 403. Schneider, Julia (2011). "The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors". Journal of Song-Yuan Studies. 41 (41): 343–404. doi:10.1353/sys.2011.0030. hdl:1854/LU-2045182. JSTOR 23496214. S2CID 162237648.

web.archive.org

Indiana University 2006, pp. 2–3. Eno, Robert (2006). "Shang Kingship and Shang Kinship" (PDF). Indiana University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008.
Indiana University 2006. Eno, Robert (2006). "Shang Kingship and Shang Kinship" (PDF). Indiana University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008.
Indiana University 2006, p. 3; Theobald 2018b. Eno, Robert (2006). "Shang Kingship and Shang Kinship" (PDF). Indiana University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008. Theobald, Ulrich (2018b). "Shang Dynasty Rulers". Chinaknowledge.

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worldcat.org

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Moule 1957, p. 3 gives 18 July 210 BCE as the exact date for the end of Qin Shi Huang's reign, but also notes the issues surrounding this chronology. The date is accepted by Vervoorn 1990, p. 311, but it's not used by modern scholars.^[82]^[83] Hymes 2000, p. 8 gives July–August 210 BCE, the seventh lunar month. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.
Sources vary on the exact month of Qin Er Shi's accession, though they agree it was in late 210. Vervoorn 1990, p. 311 gives August 210 while Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xix and Moule 1957, p. 3 give September–October 210 Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D.S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xix–xx. doi:10.1163/9789004300538_001. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Though most modern sources agree that Emperor Wu died on 29 March 87 BCE, Vervoorn 1990, p. 312 gives 2 March; Moule 1957, p. 5 gives 27 March. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Moule 1957, p. 34 gives 30 May 618 as the date for the end of Yang You's reign, but modern sources usually give 12 June.^[240] Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Moule 1957, p. 62 gives 1 June 907 as the date for the end of Emperor Ai's reign, but Kroll 2019, p. 1 gives 5 June. Other sources give 12 May. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908. Kroll, Paul W. (2019). "Tang Emperors' Accession Dates and Reign Titles". Critical Readings on Tang China. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. xi–xiii. ISBN 978-90-04-38015-8.
For Taizu's alternate posthumous names, see Moule 1957, p. 94 Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Some sources differ over the dates for Taizong's Datong era, see Moule 1957, p. 95 Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Moule 1957, p. 101 notes that there is uncertainty concerning Wanyan Yongji's death date Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Moule 1957, pp. 4–5. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Moule 1957, p. xiv. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
Moule 1957, pp. xvii–xviii. Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
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See Cui & Wen 2007 for further information on the complexities surrounding the names of the Western Xia rulers Cui, Hongfen; Wen, Zhiyong (2007). "Xixia huangdi zunhao kao lue" 西夏皇帝尊号考略 [A Brief Study on the Titles of the Western Xia Emperors]. 宁夏大学学报 [Journal of Ningxia University] (1).