List of emperors of the Han dynasty (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "List of emperors of the Han dynasty" in English language version.

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Hymes 2000, p. 36. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4..
Hymes 2000, p. 16. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4..
Hymes 2000, p. 11; Hulsewé 1995, pp. 226–230. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.. Hulsewé, Anthony François Paulus (1995). Remnants of Han Law. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 9. Brill. pp. 226–230.
Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xx; Hymes 2000, p. 12; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D. S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.
Hymes 2000, p. 13; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.

books.google.com

de Crespigny, Rafe (2010). A Biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Brill]]. p. 450. ISBN 978-90-04-18830-3. On 11 December [...] Cao Cao's son and successor Cao Pi received the abdication of the last emperor of Han. [...] Some authorities give the date of abdication as 25 November [...] This is the date upon which Emperor Xian issued an edict calling upon Cao Pi to take the throne, but the ceremonial transfer of sovereignty was carried out two weeks later
de Crespigny 2006, p. 568. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Beck 1990, p. 21. Beck, B. J. Mansvelt (1990). The Treatises of Later Han: Their Author, Sources, Contents, and Place in Chinese Historiography. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-08895-5.
Beck 1990, pp. 354–355. Beck, B. J. Mansvelt (1990). The Treatises of Later Han: Their Author, Sources, Contents, and Place in Chinese Historiography. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-08895-5.
de Crespigny 2006; Bielenstein 1980, p. 143; Hucker 1975, pp. 149–150. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0. Bielenstein, Hans (1980). The Bureaucracy of Han Times. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22510-6. Hucker, Charles O. (1975). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0887-6.
Wang 1949, pp. 141–143; Ch'ü 1972, p. 71; de Crespigny 2006, pp. 1216–1217. Wang, Yu-ch'uan (1949). "An Outline of the Central Government of the Former Han Dynasty". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 12 (1/2): 134–187. JSTOR 2718206. Ch'ü, T'ung-tsu (1972). Han Dynasty China: Volume 1: Han Social Structure. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-95068-6. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. 135; Hansen 2000, pp. 115–116. Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. Hansen, Valerie (2000). The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-97374-7.
Loewe & Twitchett 1986, pp. 136–137; Torday 1997, p. 78. Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. Torday, Laszlo (1997). Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History. Durham Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-900838-03-0.
Loewe & Twitchett 1986, pp. 174–187; Huang 1988, p. 44–46. Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. Huang, Ray (1988). China: A Macro History. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-87332-452-6.
Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, pp. xix–xx; Hulsewé 1995, pp. 226–230. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D. S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Hulsewé, Anthony François Paulus (1995). Remnants of Han Law. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 9. Brill. pp. 226–230.
Grand Scribe's Records, p. 108. Sima, Qian (1994) [c. 91 BC]. The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol. 2. Translated by Nienhauser, William H. Jr.; Cao, W.; Galer, Scott W.; Pankenier, D. W. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34022-1.
Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, pp. xix–xx; Hulsewé 1995, pp. 226–230; Vervoorn 1990, pp. 311–312. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D. S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Hulsewé, Anthony François Paulus (1995). Remnants of Han Law. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 9. Brill. pp. 226–230. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.
Grand Scribe's Records, pp. 114–115. Sima, Qian (1994) [c. 91 BC]. The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol. 2. Translated by Nienhauser, William H. Jr.; Cao, W.; Galer, Scott W.; Pankenier, D. W. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34022-1.
Grand Scribe's Records, p. 122. Sima, Qian (1994) [c. 91 BC]. The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol. 2. Translated by Nienhauser, William H. Jr.; Cao, W.; Galer, Scott W.; Pankenier, D. W. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34022-1.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range come from Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. xxxix Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.
Grand Scribe's Records, p. 136. Sima, Qian (1994) [c. 91 BC]. The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol. 2. Translated by Nienhauser, William H. Jr.; Cao, W.; Galer, Scott W.; Pankenier, D. W. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34022-1.
Vervoorn 1990, p. 312. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.
Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, pp. xix–xx; Vervoorn 1990, p. 312. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D. S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.
Grand Scribe's Records, p. 213. Sima, Qian (1994) [c. 91 BC]. The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol. 2. Translated by Nienhauser, William H. Jr.; Cao, W.; Galer, Scott W.; Pankenier, D. W. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34022-1.
Hymes 2000, p. 11; Hulsewé 1995, pp. 226–230. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.. Hulsewé, Anthony François Paulus (1995). Remnants of Han Law. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 9. Brill. pp. 226–230.
Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. 225. Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.
Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. 225; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313; Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xx. Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D. S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8.
Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. 227; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313. Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.
Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xx; Vervoorn 1990, p. 312. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D. S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.
Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xx; Hymes 2000, p. 12; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D. S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.
Hymes 2000, p. 13; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313. Hymes, Robert (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.
Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. 231; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313. Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.
Loewe & Twitchett 1986, pp. 246–251; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313. Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). "Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods". Men of the Cliffs and Caves. Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-415-2.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from de Crespigny 2006, pp. 558–560. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xx; de Crespigny 2006, p. xxxiii; Loewe & Twitchett 1986, pp. xl–xli. Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; Yates, Robin D. S. (2015). "Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period". Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30053-8. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0. Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.
Loewe & Twitchett 1986, pp. xl–xli; de Crespigny 2006, p. xxxiii. Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998, p. 44 and de Crespigny 2006, pp. 557–566. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998, pp. 44, 49 and de Crespigny 2006, pp. 604–609. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998, pp. 44, 49 and de Crespigny 2006, pp. 495–500. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998, p. 50 and de Crespigny 2006, pp. 588–592. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998, p. 50 and de Crespigny 2006, p. 531. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998, p. 50 and de Crespigny 2006, pp. 580–583. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. xl. Loewe, Michael; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998, pp. 50–51 and de Crespigny 2006, pp. 473–478. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998, pp. 50–51 and de Crespigny 2006, pp. 595–603. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998, pp. 50, 52 and de Crespigny 2006, pp. 511–517. Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.

jstor.org

Wang 1949, pp. 141–142. Wang, Yu-ch'uan (1949). "An Outline of the Central Government of the Former Han Dynasty". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 12 (1/2): 134–187. JSTOR 2718206.
Wang 1949, pp. 141–143; Ch'ü 1972, p. 71; de Crespigny 2006, pp. 1216–1217. Wang, Yu-ch'uan (1949). "An Outline of the Central Government of the Former Han Dynasty". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 12 (1/2): 134–187. JSTOR 2718206. Ch'ü, T'ung-tsu (1972). Han Dynasty China: Volume 1: Han Social Structure. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-95068-6. de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). "Chronology Part II: Later Han". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Wilkinson 1998, p. 177; Sato 1991, p. 278. Wilkinson, Endymion (1998). Chinese History: A Manual. Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-12378-6. Sato, Masayuki (1991). "Comparative Ideas of Chronology". History and Theory. 30 (2): 275–301. JSTOR 2505559.
Wilkinson 1998, p. 177; Sato 1991, pp. 278–279. Wilkinson, Endymion (1998). Chinese History: A Manual. Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-12378-6. Sato, Masayuki (1991). "Comparative Ideas of Chronology". History and Theory. 30 (2): 275–301. JSTOR 2505559.
Dubs 1945, p. 29. Dubs, Homer H. (1945). "Chinese Imperial Designations". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 65 (1): 26–33. JSTOR 594743.

wikipedia.org

zh.wikipedia.org

Bo 1977, p. 495. While traditional sources do not give an exact date when the Yuanshi era was announced, it was implied that the first year of Yuanshi did not start until the first month of the lunar calendar – i.e., in 1 AD. See, e.g., Ban Gu, Book of Han, vol. 12. Bo, Yang (1977). 中國歷史年表 [Timeline of Chinese History]. Sing-Kuang.