List of first human settlements (English Wikipedia)

Simmons, Alan H. (2001). "The first humans and last pygmy hippopotami of Cyprus" (PDF). In Swiny, Stuart (ed.). The earliest prehistory of Cyprus: From colonization to exploitation. Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute Monograph Series. Vol. 2. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research. pp. 1–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2012.

auckland.ac.nz

jps.auckland.ac.nz

Green, Roger C.; Leach, Helen M. (1989). "New Information for the Ferry Berth Site, Mulifanua, Western Samoa". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 98 (3): 319–330.

australianmuseum.net.au

Anderson, Atholl; White, Peter (2001). "Prehistoric Settlement on Norfolk Island and its Oceanic Context" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 27 (Supplement 27): 135–141. doi:10.3853/j.0812-7387.27.2001.1348. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2012.

barents.fi

"Health, science and education, history and trade among others – news review from the Arkhangelsk region". Barents.fi. 3 August 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2012.

barentsobserver.com

Atle Staalesen (17 September 2013). "In remotest Russian Arctic, a new Navy base". Barents Observer.

bbc.co.uk

Ghosh, Pallab (2018). "Modern humans left Africa much earlier". BBC News. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
Benazzi, Stefano; et al. (24 November 2011). "Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour". Nature. 479 (7374): 525–528. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..525B. doi:10.1038/nature10617. PMID 22048311. S2CID 205226924.
- Jonathan Amos (2 November 2011). "Teeth and jaw are from 'earliest Europeans'". BBC News.
- Higham, Tom; Compton, Tim; Stringer, Chris; Jacobi, Roger; Shapiro, Beth; Trinkaus, Eric; Chandler, Barry; Gröning, Flora; Collins, Chris; Hillson, Simon; O'Higgins, Paul; FitzGerald, Charles; Fagan, Michael (24 November 2011). "The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe". Nature. 479 (7374): 521–524. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..521H. doi:10.1038/nature10484. PMID 22048314. S2CID 4374023.
  - Jonathan Amos (2 November 2011). "Teeth and jaw are from 'earliest Europeans'". BBC News.
  - "Earliest evidence of humans in Ireland". BBC Online. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  news.bbc.co.uk
  - Whitehouse, David (9 June 2003). "When humans faced extinction". BBC Online. Retrieved 27 July 2010.

books.google.com

Norton, Christopher J.; David R. Braun (2010). Asian Paleoanthropology: From Africa to China and Beyond. Springer. p. 194. ISBN 9789048190942.
Poska, Anneli; Leili Saarse (1996). "Prehistoric human disturbance of the environment induced from Estonian pollen records: a pilot study". Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology. 45 (3). Estonian Academy Publishers: 152. doi:10.3176/geol.1996.3.03. S2CID 127324500. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
Bedford, Stuart (2006). Pieces of the Vanuatu Puzzle: Archaeology of the North, South and Centre. Canberra: Pandanus Books. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-74076-093-5.
Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1997). Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. University of Hawaii Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8248-1938-5.
Logan, F. Donald (2005). The Vikings in history. Taylor & Francis. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0415327565. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
Dervenn, Claude (1957). Madeira. Translated by Hogarth-Gaute, Frances. London: George G. Harrap and Co. p. 20. OCLC 645870163. Retrieved 7 June 2016. And when he returned in May 1420 to take possession of "his" island, it was with his wife and the sons and daughters that the virtuous Constanga had given him.
Newitt, M. D. D. (2005). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668. Psychology Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780415239806.
de Wulf, Valérie (2014). Histoire de l'île d'Annobon (Guinée Equatoriale) et de ses habitants: du XVè au XIXè siècle, Volume 1. Editions L'Harmattan. p. 338. ISBN 9782343033976.
Goebel, Julius (August 1971). The struggle for the Falkland Islands: a study in legal and diplomatic history. Kennikat Press. ISBN 978-0-8046-1390-3. Retrieved 17 March 2011. pp. 226
McAteer, William (1991). Rivals in Eden: a history of the French settlement and British conquest of the Seychelles Islands, 1742–1818. Book Guild. ISBN 978-0863324963. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
"Tristan d'Acunha, etc.: Jonathan Lambert, late Sovereign thereof". Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. 4 (21): 280–285. December 1818.
Grebnitsky, N. A. (1902). Commander Islands. Translated by Woehlcke, Louise. St. Petersburg, Russia: W. Kirshbaum. p. 40.
Gleanings in Science, Volume 2. Baptist Mission Press. 1830.
"Chronique Geographique". Bulletin de Géographie d'Aix-Marseille. 17. Société de Géographie de Marseille: 184. 1893. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
Headland, R. K. (1989). Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9780521309035.
Mills, William J. (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 531. ISBN 978-1576074220.

cgiar.org

iwmi.cgiar.org

Teeb'aki in Scott, Derek A. (1993): Republic of Kiribati Archived 30 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. A Directory of Wetlands in Oceania, pp. 199–228. International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau, Slimbridge, U.K. and Asian Wetland Bureau, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

civilization.ca

Cinq-Mars, Jacques. "Significance of the Bluefish Caves in Beringian Prehistory". Canadian Museum of Civilization. Retrieved 19 June 2012.

culture.tw

taiwanpedia.culture.tw

Liu, Yichang (2009). "Zuozhen Man". Encyclopedia of Taiwan. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012.

doi.org

David Richter; et al. (8 June 2017). "The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age". Nature. 546 (7657): 293–296. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..293R. doi:10.1038/nature22335. PMID 28593967. S2CID 205255853.
Posth, Cosimo; et al. (4 July 2017). "Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals". Nature Communications. 8: 16046. Bibcode:2017NatCo...816046P. doi:10.1038/ncomms16046. PMC 5500885. PMID 28675384.; a related citation is: Zimmer, Carl (4 July 2017). "In Neanderthal DNA, Signs of a Mysterious Human Migration". New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
Mcdougall, Ian; Brown, FH; Fleagle, JG (2005). "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia" (PDF). Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.
Hershkovitz, Israel; et al. (2018). "The earliest modern humans outside Africa". Science Magazine. 359 (6374): 456–459. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369. hdl:10072/372670. PMID 29371468.
Rito, T; Richards, MB; Fernandes, V; Alshamali, F; Cerny, V; Pereira, L; et al. (2013). "The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80031. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880031R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. PMC 3827445. PMID 24236171.
point estimate 168.5 ka (136.3–201.1 ka 95% CI) according to Heinz, Tanja; et al. (2017). "Updating the African human mitochondrial DNA tree: Relevance to forensic and population genetics". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 27: 156–159. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.016. PMID 28086175. (table 2). 150 ka suggested in:Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen; MacAulay, Vincent (2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 740–59. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC 2694979. PMID 19500773.. Age estimates (ka, 95% CI in angular brackets): ML whole-mtDNA age estimate: 128.2 [95% CI: 107.9–148.9], ρ whole-mtDNA age estimate: 121.3 [99.2;143.7], ρ synonymous age estimate (ka): 131.0 [97.8;164.2]: Rito, T; Richards, MB; Fernandes, V; Alshamali, F; Cerny, V; Pereira, L; Soares, P (2013). "The first modern human dispersals across Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80031. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880031R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. PMC 3827445. PMID 24236171.
Churchill, SE; Pearson, OM; Grine, FE; Trinkaus, Erik; Holliday, TW (1996). "Morphological affinities of the proximal ulna from Klasies River main site: archaic or modern?". Journal of Human Evolution. 31 (3): 213. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0058.
Spoor, Fred; Stringer, Chris; Zonneveld, Frans (1998). "Rare Temporal Bone Pathology of the Singa Calvaria From Sudan" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 107 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199809)107:1<41::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-G. PMID 9740300.
Armitage, S.; Jasim, S.; Marks, A.; Parker, A.; Usik, V.; Uerpmann, H. (2011). "The Southern Route "Out of Africa": Evidence for an Early Expansion of Modern Humans into Arabia". Science. 331 (6016): 453–456. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..453A. doi:10.1126/science.1199113. PMID 21273486. S2CID 20296624.
Yellen, JE; Brooks, AS; Cornelissen, E; Mehlman, MJ; Stewart, K (28 April 1995). "A middle stone age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire". Science. 268 (5210): 553–556. Bibcode:1995Sci...268..553Y. doi:10.1126/science.7725100. PMID 7725100.
Clarkson, Chris; Harris, Clair; Li, Bo; Neudorf, Christina M.; Roberts, Richard G.; Lane, Christine; Norman, Kasih; Pal, Jagannath; Jones, Sacha; Shipton, Ceri; Koshy, Jinu; Gupta, M. C.; Mishra, D. P.; Dubey, A. K.; Boivin, Nicole; Petraglia, Michael (2020). "Human occupation of northern India spans the Toba super-eruption ~74,000 years ago". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 961. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..961C. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14668-4. PMC 7042215. PMID 32098950.
Douka, Katerina; Jacobs, Zenobia; Lane, Christine; Grün, Rainer; Farr, Lucy; Hunt, Chris; Inglis, Robyn H.; Reynolds, Tim; Albert, Paul; Aubert, Maxime; Cullen, Victoria; Hill, Evan; Kinsley, Leslie; Roberts, Richard G.; Tomlinson, Emma L.; Wulf, Sabine; Barker, Graeme (January 2014). "The chronostratigraphy of the Haua Fteah cave (Cyrenaica, northeast Libya)". Journal of Human Evolution. 66: 39–63. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.10.001. PMID 24331954.
Stanyon, Roscoe; Marco Sazzini; Donata Luiselli (2009). "Timing the first human migration into eastern Asia". Journal of Biology. 8 (2): 18. doi:10.1186/jbiol115. ISSN 1475-4924. PMC 2687770. PMID 19232059.
Balter, Michael (2010). "Of Two Minds About Toba's Impact". Science. 327 (5970): 1187–1188. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1187B. doi:10.1126/science.327.5970.1187-a. PMID 20203021. "Genetic diversity in present-day India is second only to that in Africa and implies settlement soon after humans left Africa. Dispersal across Eurasia from Africa to India was often previously estimated to have occurred between 45,000 and 59,000 years ago, but a recent proposal [Kumar et al. 2008] of 66,000 to 70,000 years ago" Kumar, S; Padmanabham, PB; Ravuri, RR; Uttaravalli, K; Koneru, P; Mukherjee, PA; Das, B; Kotal, M; Xaviour, D; Saheb, SY; Rao, VR (2008). "The earliest settlers' antiquity and evolutionary history of Indian populations: evidence from M2 mtDNA lineage". BMC Evol. Biol. 8 (1): 230. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8..230K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-230. PMC 2528015. PMID 18691441. Kennedy, KA; Deraniyagala, SU; Roertgen, WJ; Chiment, J; Disotell, T (1987). "Upper pleistocene fossil hominids from Sri Lanka". Am J Phys Anthropol. 72 (4): 441–61. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330720405. PMID 3111269.
K. E. Westaway; J. Louys; R. Due Awe; M. J. Morwood; G. J. Price; J.-x. Zhao; M. Aubert; R. Joannes-Boyau; T. M. Smith; M. M. Skinner; T. Compton; R. M. Bailey; G. D. van den Bergh; J. de Vos; A. W. G. Pike; C. Stringer; E. W. Saptomo; Y. Rizal; J. Zaim; W. D. Santoso; A. Trihascaryo; L. Kinsley; B. Sulistyanto (2017). "An early modern human presence in Sumatra 73,000–63,000 years ago" (PDF). Nature. 548 (7667): 322–325. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..322W. doi:10.1038/nature23452. PMID 28792933. S2CID 4398895.
Rainer Grün, Chris Stringer, Direct dating of human fossils and the ever-changing story of human evolution. Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 322, 2023, 108379, ISSN 0277-3791
Vermeersch, P.M.; Paulissen, E.; Stokes, S.; Charlier, C.; Van Peer, P.; Stringer, C.; Lindsay, W. (1998). "A Middle Palaeolithic burial of a modern human at Taramsa Hill, Egypt" (PDF). Antiquity. 72 (277): 475–484. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00086919. S2CID 53615140.
Chris Clarkson; Zenobia Jacobs; Ben Marwick; Richard Fullagar; Lynley Wallis; Mike Smith; Richard G. Roberts; Elspeth Hayes; Kelsey Lowe; Xavier Carah; S. Anna Florin; Jessica McNeil; Delyth Cox; Lee J. Arnold; Quan Hua; Jillian Huntley; Helen E. A. Brand; Tiina Manne; Andrew Fairbairn; James Shulmeister; Lindsey Lyle; Makiah Salinas; Mara Page; Kate Connell; Gayoung Park; Kasih Norman; Tessa Murphy; Colin Pardoe (2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago". Nature. 547 (7663): 306–310. Bibcode:2017Natur.547..306C. doi:10.1038/nature22968. hdl:2440/107043. PMID 28726833. S2CID 205257212. "settlement of Madjedbebe around 65 ka (conservatively 59.3 ka, calculated as 65.0 ka minus the age uncertainty of 5.7 kyr at 95.4%)" While the age of 50,000 years has been widely accepted since the 1990s, this latter estimate has, as of 2017, not found general acceptance among experts, e.g. Wood, Rachel (2 September 2017). "Comments on the chronology of Madjedbebe". Australian Archaeology. 83 (3): 172–174. doi:10.1080/03122417.2017.1408545. ISSN 0312-2417. S2CID 148777016.
Bowler JM, Johnston H, Olley JM, Prescott JR, Roberts RG, Shawcross W, Spooner NA (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia". Nature. 421 (6925): 837–40. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..837B. doi:10.1038/nature01383. PMID 12594511. S2CID 4365526.
Turney CS, Bird MI, Fifield LK, Roberts RG, Smith M, Dortch CE, Grun R, Lawson E, Ayliffe LK, Miller GH, Dortch J, Cresswell RG (2001). "Early Human Occupation at Devil's Lair, Southwestern Australia 50,000 Years Ago". Quaternary Research. 55 (1): 3–13. Bibcode:2001QuRes..55....3T. doi:10.1006/qres.2000.2195. S2CID 140134337.
Chris Clarkson; Zenobia Jacobs; Ben Marwick; Richard Fullagar; Lynley Wallis; Mike Smith; Richard G. Roberts; Elspeth Hayes; Kelsey Lowe; Xavier Carah; S. Anna Florin; Jessica McNeil; Delyth Cox; Lee J. Arnold; Quan Hua; Jillian Huntley; Helen E. A. Brand; Tiina Manne; Andrew Fairbairn; James Shulmeister; Lindsey Lyle; Makiah Salinas; Mara Page; Kate Connell; Gayoung Park; Kasih Norman; Tessa Murphy; Colin Pardoe (2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago". Nature. 547 (7663): 306–310. Bibcode:2017Natur.547..306C. doi:10.1038/nature22968. hdl:2440/107043. PMID 28726833. S2CID 205257212.
Santos, G.M.; et al. (2003). "A revised chronology of the lowest occupation layer of Pedra Furada Rock Shelter, Piauı́, Brazil: the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas". Quaternary Science Reviews. 22 (21–22): 2303–2310. Bibcode:2003QSRv...22.2303S. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00205-1.
Benazzi, S.; Douka, K.; Fornai, C.; Bauer, C. C.; Kullmer, O.; Svoboda, J. Í.; Pap, I.; Mallegni, F.; Bayle, P.; Coquerelle, M.; Condemi, S.; Ronchitelli, A.; Harvati, K.; Weber, G. W. (2011). "Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour". Nature. 479 (7374): 525–8. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..525B. doi:10.1038/nature10617. PMID 22048311. S2CID 205226924.
Higham, T.; Compton, T.; Stringer, C.; Jacobi, R.; Shapiro, B.; Trinkaus, E.; Chandler, B.; Gröning, F.; Collins, C.; Hillson, S.; o'Higgins, P.; Fitzgerald, C.; Fagan, M. (2011). "The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe". Nature. 479 (7374): 521–4. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..521H. doi:10.1038/nature10484. PMID 22048314. S2CID 4374023.
Hublin, Jean-Jacques; et al. (11 May 2020). "Initial Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria" (PDF). Nature. 581 (7808): 299–302. Bibcode:2020Natur.581..299H. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2259-z. PMID 32433609. S2CID 218592678.
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    - O'Connor, Sue; Rintaro Ono; Chris Clarkson (25 November 2011). "Pelagic Fishing at 42,000 Years Before the Present and the Maritime Skills of Modern Humans" (PDF). Science Magazine. 334 (6059): 1117–1121. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1117O. doi:10.1126/science.1207703. hdl:1885/35424. PMID 22116883. S2CID 20791703.
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    - Pavlov, Pavel; John Inge Svendsen; Svein Indrelid (6 September 2001). "Human presence in the European Arctic nearly 40,000 years ago". Nature. 413 (6851): 64–67. Bibcode:2001Natur.413...64P. doi:10.1038/35092552. PMID 11544525. S2CID 1986562.
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List of first human settlements (English Wikipedia)

about.com

archaeology.about.com

antiquity.ac.uk

archive.org

archive.today

asor.org

auckland.ac.nz

jps.auckland.ac.nz

australianmuseum.net.au

barents.fi

barentsobserver.com

bbc.co.uk

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

books.google.com

cgiar.org

iwmi.cgiar.org

civilization.ca

culture.tw

taiwanpedia.culture.tw

doi.org

ec-arctic.ru

ehu.es

didac.ehu.es

forskning.no

galapagos.org

gob.mx

gov.mu

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

hawaii.edu

scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu

anthropology.hawaii.edu

heinzhistorycenter.org

hkarch.org

imphscience.wordpress.com

in-africa.org

jan-mayen.com

jstor.org

kent.ac.uk

kar.kent.ac.uk

kildarestreet.com

lankalibrary.com

loc.gov

lcweb2.loc.gov

lzinios.lt

maltavoyager.com

molossia.org

naa.gov.au

nationalgeographic.com

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

nature.com

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nytimes.com

omanobserver.om

main.omanobserver.om

pacificarchaeology.org

pbs.org

rero.ch

doc.rero.ch

sainthelenaisland.info

sanger.ac.uk

scielo.cl

science.org

sciencedaily.com

sciencedirect.com

sciencemag.org

sciencenews.org

scientificamerican.com

scotland.gov.uk

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

smithsonianmag.com

soton.ac.uk