List of unsolved problems in biology (English Wikipedia)

Edwards, Aled M.; Isserlin, Ruth; Bader, Gary D.; Frye, Stephen V.; Willson, Timothy M.; Yu, Frank H. (9 February 2011). "Too many roads not taken". Nature. 470 (7333): 163–165. arXiv:1102.0448. Bibcode:2011Natur.470..163E. doi:10.1038/470163a. PMID 21307913. S2CID 4429387.

audubon.org (Global: 7,756^th place; English: 4,711^th place)

"How a Flock of Birds Can Fly and Move Together | Audubon". 16 November 2011.

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

"Why do we have blood types? - BBC Future".

biomedcentral.com (Global: 2,747^th place; English: 7,129^th place)

bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com

Alexandra Kerbl, Nicolas Bekkouche, Wolfgang Sterrer & Katrine Worsaae, "Detailed reconstruction of the nervous and muscular system of Lobatocerebridae with an evaluation of its annelid affinity", BMC Evolutionary Biology volume 15, Article number: 277 (2015), https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-015-0531-x

caltech.edu (Global: 887^th place; English: 714^th place)

authors.library.caltech.edu

"Caltech" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-05-11.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Martínez Giménez, Juan A.; Tabares Seisdedos, Rafael (September 2022). "A Cofactor-Based Mechanism for the Origin of the Genetic Code". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 52 (1–3): 149–163. Bibcode:2022OLEB...52..149M. doi:10.1007/s11084-022-09628-5. PMID 36071304.
Val Danilov, Igor (2023). "Low-Frequency Oscillations for Nonlocal Neuronal Coupling in Shared Intentionality Before and After Birth: Toward the Origin of Perception". OBM Neurobiology. 7 (4): 1–17. doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304192.
Collinet, C., Lecuit, T.(2021) "Programmed and self-organized flow of information during morphogenesis." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.;22(4):245-65.(2021) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-00318-6
Sohlenkamp, C (July 2021). "Crossing the lipid divide". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 297 (1) 100859. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100859. PMC 8220414. PMID 34097872.
Sojo, V (May 2019). "Why the Lipid Divide? Membrane Proteins as Drivers of the Split between the Lipids of the Three Domains of Life". BioEssays. 41 (5) e1800251. doi:10.1002/bies.201800251. PMID 30970170. S2CID 262115221.
Weller, Michael (6 March 2024). "The Mystery of Homochirality on Earth". Life. 14 (3): 341. Bibcode:2024Life...14..341W. doi:10.3390/life14030341. PMC 10971080. PMID 38541666.
Wood, V; Lock, A; Harris, MA; Rutherford, K; Bähler, J; Oliver, SG (28 February 2019). "Hidden in plain sight: what remains to be discovered in the eukaryotic proteome?". Open Biology. 9 (2) 180241. doi:10.1098/rsob.180241. PMC 6395881. PMID 30938578.
Edwards, Aled M.; Isserlin, Ruth; Bader, Gary D.; Frye, Stephen V.; Willson, Timothy M.; Yu, Frank H. (9 February 2011). "Too many roads not taken". Nature. 470 (7333): 163–165. arXiv:1102.0448. Bibcode:2011Natur.470..163E. doi:10.1038/470163a. PMID 21307913. S2CID 4429387.
Stoeger, Thomas; Gerlach, Martin; Morimoto, Richard I.; Nunes Amaral, Luís A.; Freeman, Tom (18 September 2018). "Large-scale investigation of the reasons why potentially important genes are ignored". PLOS Biology. 16 (9) e2006643. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006643. PMC 6143198. PMID 30226837.
Tyler MW, Yourish HB, Ionescu DF, Haggarty SJ (June 2017). "Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ketamine". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 8 (6): 1122–1134. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00074. PMID 28418641.
"So much more to know". Science. 309 (5731): 78–102. July 2005. doi:10.1126/science.309.5731.78b. PMID 15994524. S2CID 33234834.
Callaway, Ewen (2020-11-30). "'It will change everything': DeepMind's AI makes gigantic leap in solving protein structures". Nature. 588 (7837): 203–204. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..203C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03348-4. PMID 33257889. S2CID 227243204.
Abramson, Josh; Adler, Jonas; Dunger, Jack; Evans, Richard; Green, Tim; Pritzel, Alexander; Ronneberger, Olaf; Willmore, Lindsay; Ballard, Andrew J.; Bambrick, Joshua; Bodenstein, Sebastian W.; Evans, David A.; Hung, Chia-Chun; O'Neill, Michael; Reiman, David (2024-05-08). "Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3". Nature. 630 (8016): 493–500. Bibcode:2024Natur.630..493A. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07487-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11168924. PMID 38718835.
Kuhlman B, Dantas G, Ireton GC, Varani G, Stoddard BL, Baker D (November 2003). "Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy". Science. 302 (5649): 1364–1368. Bibcode:2003Sci...302.1364K. doi:10.1126/science.1089427. PMID 14631033. S2CID 262269297.
Watson JL, Juergens D, Bennett NR, Trippe BL, Yim J, Eisenach HE, et al. (August 2023). "De novo design of protein structure and function with RFdiffusion". Nature. 620 (7976): 1089–1100. Bibcode:2023Natur.620.1089W. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06415-8. PMC 10468394. PMID 37433327.
Ruffolo, Jeffrey A.; Madani, Ali (February 2024). "Designing proteins with language models". Nature Biotechnology. 42 (2): 200–202. doi:10.1038/s41587-024-02123-4.
Eaton, William A. (15 April 2021). "Modern Kinetics and Mechanism of Protein Folding: A Retrospective". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 125 (14): 3452–3467. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00206. PMC 8054241.
Hsieh M, Brenowitz M (August 1997). "Comparison of the DNA association kinetics of the Lac repressor tetramer, its dimeric mutant LacIadi, and the native dimeric Gal repressor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (35): 22092–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.22092. PMID 9268351.
Peralta-Yahya PP, Zhang F, del Cardayre SB, Keasling JD (August 2012). "Microbial engineering for the production of advanced biofuels". Nature. 488 (7411): 320–8. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..320P. doi:10.1038/nature11478. PMID 22895337. S2CID 4423203.
Saunders TE, Ingham PW (February 2019). "Open questions: how to get developmental biology into shape?". BMC Biology. 17 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/s12915-019-0636-6. PMC 6387480. PMID 30795745.
Gupta, Sharat; Mittal, Shallu (2013). "Yawning and its physiological significance". International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research. 3 (1): 11–15. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.112230. PMC 3678674. PMID 23776833.
Jeffery, Austin (2021), "Homosexuality Paradox, the", in Shackelford, Todd K.; Weekes-Shackelford, Viviana A. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3808–3817, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_40, ISBN 978-3-319-19650-3, S2CID 242263021
Kilchevsky, Amichai; Vardi, Yoram; Lowenstein, Lior; Gruenwald, Ilan (March 2012). "Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 9 (3): 719–726. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x. PMID 22240236.
Timmermann, Axel (15 June 2020). "Quantifying the potential causes of Neanderthal extinction: Abrupt climate change versus competition and interbreeding". Quaternary Science Reviews. 238 106331. Bibcode:2020QSRv..23806331T. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106331. ISSN 0277-3791.
Bode, Adam (2023-10-17). "Romantic love evolved by co-opting mother-infant bonding". Frontiers in Psychology. 14. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176067. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 10616966.
Tononi G, Koch C (May 2015). "Consciousness: here, there and everywhere?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 370 (1668) 20140167. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0167. PMC 4387509. PMID 25823865.

evolutionnews.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bradley, Walter; Luskin, Casey (25 September 2022). "Origin of the First Self-Replicating Molecules". Evolution News.

frontiersin.org (Global: 4,679^th place; English: low place)

Bode, Adam (2023-10-17). "Romantic love evolved by co-opting mother-infant bonding". Frontiers in Psychology. 14. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176067. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 10616966.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Martínez Giménez, Juan A.; Tabares Seisdedos, Rafael (September 2022). "A Cofactor-Based Mechanism for the Origin of the Genetic Code". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 52 (1–3): 149–163. Bibcode:2022OLEB...52..149M. doi:10.1007/s11084-022-09628-5. PMID 36071304.
Weller, Michael (6 March 2024). "The Mystery of Homochirality on Earth". Life. 14 (3): 341. Bibcode:2024Life...14..341W. doi:10.3390/life14030341. PMC 10971080. PMID 38541666.
Edwards, Aled M.; Isserlin, Ruth; Bader, Gary D.; Frye, Stephen V.; Willson, Timothy M.; Yu, Frank H. (9 February 2011). "Too many roads not taken". Nature. 470 (7333): 163–165. arXiv:1102.0448. Bibcode:2011Natur.470..163E. doi:10.1038/470163a. PMID 21307913. S2CID 4429387.
Callaway, Ewen (2020-11-30). "'It will change everything': DeepMind's AI makes gigantic leap in solving protein structures". Nature. 588 (7837): 203–204. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..203C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03348-4. PMID 33257889. S2CID 227243204.
Abramson, Josh; Adler, Jonas; Dunger, Jack; Evans, Richard; Green, Tim; Pritzel, Alexander; Ronneberger, Olaf; Willmore, Lindsay; Ballard, Andrew J.; Bambrick, Joshua; Bodenstein, Sebastian W.; Evans, David A.; Hung, Chia-Chun; O'Neill, Michael; Reiman, David (2024-05-08). "Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3". Nature. 630 (8016): 493–500. Bibcode:2024Natur.630..493A. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07487-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11168924. PMID 38718835.
Kuhlman B, Dantas G, Ireton GC, Varani G, Stoddard BL, Baker D (November 2003). "Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy". Science. 302 (5649): 1364–1368. Bibcode:2003Sci...302.1364K. doi:10.1126/science.1089427. PMID 14631033. S2CID 262269297.
Watson JL, Juergens D, Bennett NR, Trippe BL, Yim J, Eisenach HE, et al. (August 2023). "De novo design of protein structure and function with RFdiffusion". Nature. 620 (7976): 1089–1100. Bibcode:2023Natur.620.1089W. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06415-8. PMC 10468394. PMID 37433327.
Peralta-Yahya PP, Zhang F, del Cardayre SB, Keasling JD (August 2012). "Microbial engineering for the production of advanced biofuels". Nature. 488 (7411): 320–8. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..320P. doi:10.1038/nature11478. PMID 22895337. S2CID 4423203.
Timmermann, Axel (15 June 2020). "Quantifying the potential causes of Neanderthal extinction: Abrupt climate change versus competition and interbreeding". Quaternary Science Reviews. 238 106331. Bibcode:2020QSRv..23806331T. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106331. ISSN 0277-3791.

libarynth.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Libarynth". Retrieved 2015-05-11.

lidsen.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Val Danilov, Igor (2023). "Low-Frequency Oscillations for Nonlocal Neuronal Coupling in Shared Intentionality Before and After Birth: Toward the Origin of Perception". OBM Neurobiology. 7 (4): 1–17. doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304192.

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

ocw.mit.edu

King, Jonathan (2007). "MIT OpenCourseWare - 7.88J / 5.48J / 7.24J / 10.543J Protein Folding Problem, Fall 2007 Lecture Notes - 1". MIT OpenCourseWare. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2013.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Martínez Giménez, Juan A.; Tabares Seisdedos, Rafael (September 2022). "A Cofactor-Based Mechanism for the Origin of the Genetic Code". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 52 (1–3): 149–163. Bibcode:2022OLEB...52..149M. doi:10.1007/s11084-022-09628-5. PMID 36071304.
Sohlenkamp, C (July 2021). "Crossing the lipid divide". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 297 (1) 100859. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100859. PMC 8220414. PMID 34097872.
Sojo, V (May 2019). "Why the Lipid Divide? Membrane Proteins as Drivers of the Split between the Lipids of the Three Domains of Life". BioEssays. 41 (5) e1800251. doi:10.1002/bies.201800251. PMID 30970170. S2CID 262115221.
Weller, Michael (6 March 2024). "The Mystery of Homochirality on Earth". Life. 14 (3): 341. Bibcode:2024Life...14..341W. doi:10.3390/life14030341. PMC 10971080. PMID 38541666.
Wood, V; Lock, A; Harris, MA; Rutherford, K; Bähler, J; Oliver, SG (28 February 2019). "Hidden in plain sight: what remains to be discovered in the eukaryotic proteome?". Open Biology. 9 (2) 180241. doi:10.1098/rsob.180241. PMC 6395881. PMID 30938578.
Edwards, Aled M.; Isserlin, Ruth; Bader, Gary D.; Frye, Stephen V.; Willson, Timothy M.; Yu, Frank H. (9 February 2011). "Too many roads not taken". Nature. 470 (7333): 163–165. arXiv:1102.0448. Bibcode:2011Natur.470..163E. doi:10.1038/470163a. PMID 21307913. S2CID 4429387.
Stoeger, Thomas; Gerlach, Martin; Morimoto, Richard I.; Nunes Amaral, Luís A.; Freeman, Tom (18 September 2018). "Large-scale investigation of the reasons why potentially important genes are ignored". PLOS Biology. 16 (9) e2006643. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006643. PMC 6143198. PMID 30226837.
Tyler MW, Yourish HB, Ionescu DF, Haggarty SJ (June 2017). "Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ketamine". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 8 (6): 1122–1134. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00074. PMID 28418641.
"So much more to know". Science. 309 (5731): 78–102. July 2005. doi:10.1126/science.309.5731.78b. PMID 15994524. S2CID 33234834.
Callaway, Ewen (2020-11-30). "'It will change everything': DeepMind's AI makes gigantic leap in solving protein structures". Nature. 588 (7837): 203–204. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..203C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03348-4. PMID 33257889. S2CID 227243204.
Abramson, Josh; Adler, Jonas; Dunger, Jack; Evans, Richard; Green, Tim; Pritzel, Alexander; Ronneberger, Olaf; Willmore, Lindsay; Ballard, Andrew J.; Bambrick, Joshua; Bodenstein, Sebastian W.; Evans, David A.; Hung, Chia-Chun; O'Neill, Michael; Reiman, David (2024-05-08). "Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3". Nature. 630 (8016): 493–500. Bibcode:2024Natur.630..493A. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07487-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11168924. PMID 38718835.
Kuhlman B, Dantas G, Ireton GC, Varani G, Stoddard BL, Baker D (November 2003). "Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy". Science. 302 (5649): 1364–1368. Bibcode:2003Sci...302.1364K. doi:10.1126/science.1089427. PMID 14631033. S2CID 262269297.
Watson JL, Juergens D, Bennett NR, Trippe BL, Yim J, Eisenach HE, et al. (August 2023). "De novo design of protein structure and function with RFdiffusion". Nature. 620 (7976): 1089–1100. Bibcode:2023Natur.620.1089W. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06415-8. PMC 10468394. PMID 37433327.
Hsieh M, Brenowitz M (August 1997). "Comparison of the DNA association kinetics of the Lac repressor tetramer, its dimeric mutant LacIadi, and the native dimeric Gal repressor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (35): 22092–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.22092. PMID 9268351.
Peralta-Yahya PP, Zhang F, del Cardayre SB, Keasling JD (August 2012). "Microbial engineering for the production of advanced biofuels". Nature. 488 (7411): 320–8. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..320P. doi:10.1038/nature11478. PMID 22895337. S2CID 4423203.
Saunders TE, Ingham PW (February 2019). "Open questions: how to get developmental biology into shape?". BMC Biology. 17 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/s12915-019-0636-6. PMC 6387480. PMID 30795745.
Gupta, Sharat; Mittal, Shallu (2013). "Yawning and its physiological significance". International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research. 3 (1): 11–15. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.112230. PMC 3678674. PMID 23776833.
Kilchevsky, Amichai; Vardi, Yoram; Lowenstein, Lior; Gruenwald, Ilan (March 2012). "Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 9 (3): 719–726. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x. PMID 22240236.
Tononi G, Koch C (May 2015). "Consciousness: here, there and everywhere?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 370 (1668) 20140167. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0167. PMC 4387509. PMID 25823865.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sohlenkamp, C (July 2021). "Crossing the lipid divide". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 297 (1) 100859. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100859. PMC 8220414. PMID 34097872.
Weller, Michael (6 March 2024). "The Mystery of Homochirality on Earth". Life. 14 (3): 341. Bibcode:2024Life...14..341W. doi:10.3390/life14030341. PMC 10971080. PMID 38541666.
Wood, V; Lock, A; Harris, MA; Rutherford, K; Bähler, J; Oliver, SG (28 February 2019). "Hidden in plain sight: what remains to be discovered in the eukaryotic proteome?". Open Biology. 9 (2) 180241. doi:10.1098/rsob.180241. PMC 6395881. PMID 30938578.
Stoeger, Thomas; Gerlach, Martin; Morimoto, Richard I.; Nunes Amaral, Luís A.; Freeman, Tom (18 September 2018). "Large-scale investigation of the reasons why potentially important genes are ignored". PLOS Biology. 16 (9) e2006643. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006643. PMC 6143198. PMID 30226837.
Abramson, Josh; Adler, Jonas; Dunger, Jack; Evans, Richard; Green, Tim; Pritzel, Alexander; Ronneberger, Olaf; Willmore, Lindsay; Ballard, Andrew J.; Bambrick, Joshua; Bodenstein, Sebastian W.; Evans, David A.; Hung, Chia-Chun; O'Neill, Michael; Reiman, David (2024-05-08). "Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3". Nature. 630 (8016): 493–500. Bibcode:2024Natur.630..493A. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07487-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11168924. PMID 38718835.
Watson JL, Juergens D, Bennett NR, Trippe BL, Yim J, Eisenach HE, et al. (August 2023). "De novo design of protein structure and function with RFdiffusion". Nature. 620 (7976): 1089–1100. Bibcode:2023Natur.620.1089W. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06415-8. PMC 10468394. PMID 37433327.
Eaton, William A. (15 April 2021). "Modern Kinetics and Mechanism of Protein Folding: A Retrospective". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 125 (14): 3452–3467. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00206. PMC 8054241.
Saunders TE, Ingham PW (February 2019). "Open questions: how to get developmental biology into shape?". BMC Biology. 17 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/s12915-019-0636-6. PMC 6387480. PMID 30795745.
Gupta, Sharat; Mittal, Shallu (2013). "Yawning and its physiological significance". International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research. 3 (1): 11–15. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.112230. PMC 3678674. PMID 23776833.
Bode, Adam (2023-10-17). "Romantic love evolved by co-opting mother-infant bonding". Frontiers in Psychology. 14. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176067. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 10616966.
Tononi G, Koch C (May 2015). "Consciousness: here, there and everywhere?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 370 (1668) 20140167. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0167. PMC 4387509. PMID 25823865.

ornithology.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Mysteries of Eggs – Ornithology". 25 June 2019.

salk.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

papers.cnl.salk.edu

Sejnowski, Terrence J.; Hemmen, J. L. van (2006). 23 problems in systems neuroscience (PDF). Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514822-0.

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

"Do human pheromones actually exist? | Science | AAAS".

scientificamerican.com (Global: 896^th place; English: 674^th place)

"Are Human Body Temperatures Cooling Down?". Scientific American. April 2020.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Sojo, V (May 2019). "Why the Lipid Divide? Membrane Proteins as Drivers of the Split between the Lipids of the Three Domains of Life". BioEssays. 41 (5) e1800251. doi:10.1002/bies.201800251. PMID 30970170. S2CID 262115221.
Edwards, Aled M.; Isserlin, Ruth; Bader, Gary D.; Frye, Stephen V.; Willson, Timothy M.; Yu, Frank H. (9 February 2011). "Too many roads not taken". Nature. 470 (7333): 163–165. arXiv:1102.0448. Bibcode:2011Natur.470..163E. doi:10.1038/470163a. PMID 21307913. S2CID 4429387.
"So much more to know". Science. 309 (5731): 78–102. July 2005. doi:10.1126/science.309.5731.78b. PMID 15994524. S2CID 33234834.
Callaway, Ewen (2020-11-30). "'It will change everything': DeepMind's AI makes gigantic leap in solving protein structures". Nature. 588 (7837): 203–204. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..203C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03348-4. PMID 33257889. S2CID 227243204.
Kuhlman B, Dantas G, Ireton GC, Varani G, Stoddard BL, Baker D (November 2003). "Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy". Science. 302 (5649): 1364–1368. Bibcode:2003Sci...302.1364K. doi:10.1126/science.1089427. PMID 14631033. S2CID 262269297.
Peralta-Yahya PP, Zhang F, del Cardayre SB, Keasling JD (August 2012). "Microbial engineering for the production of advanced biofuels". Nature. 488 (7411): 320–8. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..320P. doi:10.1038/nature11478. PMID 22895337. S2CID 4423203.
Jeffery, Austin (2021), "Homosexuality Paradox, the", in Shackelford, Todd K.; Weekes-Shackelford, Viviana A. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3808–3817, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_40, ISBN 978-3-319-19650-3, S2CID 242263021

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 503^rd place; English: 364^th place)

Sedbrook, Danielle (28 July 2016). "Must the Molecules of Life Always be Left-Handed or Right-Handed?". Smithsonian Magazine.

washington.edu (Global: 1,067^th place; English: 749^th place)

depts.washington.edu

"Principles for designing ideal protein structures. | the Baker Laboratory". Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2012-12-19.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

King, Jonathan (2007). "MIT OpenCourseWare - 7.88J / 5.48J / 7.24J / 10.543J Protein Folding Problem, Fall 2007 Lecture Notes - 1". MIT OpenCourseWare. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
"Principles for designing ideal protein structures. | the Baker Laboratory". Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2012-12-19.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Abramson, Josh; Adler, Jonas; Dunger, Jack; Evans, Richard; Green, Tim; Pritzel, Alexander; Ronneberger, Olaf; Willmore, Lindsay; Ballard, Andrew J.; Bambrick, Joshua; Bodenstein, Sebastian W.; Evans, David A.; Hung, Chia-Chun; O'Neill, Michael; Reiman, David (2024-05-08). "Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3". Nature. 630 (8016): 493–500. Bibcode:2024Natur.630..493A. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07487-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11168924. PMID 38718835.
Timmermann, Axel (15 June 2020). "Quantifying the potential causes of Neanderthal extinction: Abrupt climate change versus competition and interbreeding". Quaternary Science Reviews. 238 106331. Bibcode:2020QSRv..23806331T. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106331. ISSN 0277-3791.
Bode, Adam (2023-10-17). "Romantic love evolved by co-opting mother-infant bonding". Frontiers in Psychology. 14. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176067. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 10616966.

List of unsolved problems in biology (English Wikipedia)

americanoceans.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

articleworld.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69th place; English: 59th place)

audubon.org (Global: 7,756th place; English: 4,711th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20th place; English: 30th place)

biomedcentral.com (Global: 2,747th place; English: 7,129th place)

bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com

caltech.edu (Global: 887th place; English: 714th place)

authors.library.caltech.edu

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

evolutionnews.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

frontiersin.org (Global: 4,679th place; English: low place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

libarynth.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

lidsen.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mit.edu (Global: 415th place; English: 327th place)

ocw.mit.edu

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ornithology.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

salk.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

papers.cnl.salk.edu

science.org (Global: 1,160th place; English: 737th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 896th place; English: 674th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 503rd place; English: 364th place)

washington.edu (Global: 1,067th place; English: 749th place)

depts.washington.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

audubon.org (Global: 7,756^th place; English: 4,711^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

biomedcentral.com (Global: 2,747^th place; English: 7,129^th place)

caltech.edu (Global: 887^th place; English: 714^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

frontiersin.org (Global: 4,679^th place; English: low place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 896^th place; English: 674^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 503^rd place; English: 364^th place)

washington.edu (Global: 1,067^th place; English: 749^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)