Literal and figurative language (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Literal and figurative language" in English language version.

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Glucksberg, Sam (26 July 2001). Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphor to Idioms. Oxford Psychology Series. New York: Oxford University Press. p. v. ISBN 9780198027126. Retrieved 5 February 2025. In figurative language, the intended meaning does not coincide with the literal meanings of the words and sentences that are used.
M.H. Abrams; Geoffrey Harpham (2011). A Glossary of Literary Terms (10 ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0495898023.
Nuessel, F. (2009). "Figurative Language: Semiotics". In Barber, Alex; Stainton, Robert J. (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier. pp. 230–242. ISBN 978-0080965000. Retrieved 23 December 2012. Traditional scholars maintain a strict dichotomy between figurative language and ordinary or literal language. This conventional aesthetic sense of figurative language no longer reflects current usage. Today, the term 'metaphor' has replace 'figurative language' with the special sense of a cognitive device used to explain how people categorize reality and store abstractions of that physical existence in their brain. [...] The essence of the literal-figurative debate revolves around whether or not metaphor is a deviation from some pristine ordinary language or whether it is a basic form of linguistic expression.
Jaszczolt, Katarzyna M.; Turner, Ken (2003). Meaning Through Language Contrast. Volume 2. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 141–. ISBN 978-1588112071. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Glucksberg, Sam (2001). Understanding Figurative Language:From Metaphor to Idioms: From Metaphor to Idioms. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195111095. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Harley, Trevor A. (2001). The Psychology of Language: From Data to Theory. Taylor & Francis. pp. 293–. ISBN 978-0863778674. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Montgomery, Mar; Durant, Alan; Fabb, Nigel; Tom Furniss; Sara Mills (2007). Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature. Taylor & Francis. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-0415346337. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
Montgomery, Martin; Durant, Alan; Fabb, Nigel; Tom Furniss; Sara Mills (2007). Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature. Routledge. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-0203597118. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
Merriam-Webster, inc. (1995). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster. p. 415. ISBN 978-0877790426. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
Terban, Marvin; joi, Giulio Maestro (1993). It Figures!: Fun Figures of Speech. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-0395665916. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
Miller, Carol Rawlings (2001). Irresistible Shakespeare: 6 Sensational Scenes from Favorite Plays and Dozens of Fun Ideas That Introduce Students to the Wonderful Works of Shakespeare. Scholastic Inc. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0439098441. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
Fandel, Jennifer (2005). Metaphors, Similes, And Other Word Pictures. The Creative Company. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1583413401. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
Oliver, Mary (1994). Poetry Handbook. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0156724005. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
Liddell, Gordon F.; Gifford, Anne (2001). New Scottish poetry. Heinemann. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-0435150983. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
Moustaki, Nikki (2001). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Writing Poetry. Penguin. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-1440695636. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
Katz, Albert N. (1998). Figurative Language and Thought. Oxford University Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0195109634. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Eysenck, Michael William; Keane, Mark T. (2005). Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook. Taylor & Francis. pp. 369–. ISBN 978-1841693590. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Ortony, Andrew (1993). Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–. ISBN 978-0521405614. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
For example: Steen, Gerard J.; Dorst, Aletta G.; Herrmann, J. Berenike; Kaal, Anna; Krennmayr, Tina; Pasma, Tryntje (2010). A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification: From MIP to MIPVU. Converging evidence in language and communication research, ISSN 1566-7774, volume 14. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 9789027239044. Retrieved 2 May 2025.

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Origin: 1350–1400; Middle English < Latin: image, likeness, comparison, noun use of neuter of similis similar. "Simile". simile, n. Oxford English Dictionary.
Origin: 1525–35; < Latin metaphora < Greek metaphorá a transfer, akin to metaphérein to transfer. See meta-, -phore"Metaphor". metaphor, n. Oxford English Dictionary.
Origin: 1570–80; < Late Latin < Greek onomatopoiía making of words = onomato- (combining form of ónoma name) + poi- (stem of poieîn to make; see poet) + -ia -ia"Onomatopoeia". onomatopoeia, n. Oxford English Dictionary.
Origin: 1745–55; personi(fy) + -fication"Personification". personification, n. Oxford English Dictionary.
Origin: < post-classical Latin oxymoron, figure of speech in which a pair of opposed or markedly contradictory terms are placed in conjunction for emphasis (5th cent.; also oxymorum) < ancient Greek ὀξυ-oxy- comb. form1+ μωρόςdull, stupid, foolish (see moron n.2)."Oxymoron". Oxford English Dictionary.
Origin: < Middle French, French paradoxe (1495 as noun; 1372–74 in plural paradoxesas the title of a work by Cicero; paradoxon (noun) philosophical paradox in post-classical Latin also a figure of speech < ancient Greek παράδοξον, especially in plural παράδοξαStoical paradoxes, use as noun of neuter singular of παράδοξος (adjective) contrary to received opinion or expectation < παρα-para- prefix1+ δόξαopinion (see doxology n.), after ancient Greek παρὰ δόξαν contrary to expectation"Paradox". paradox, n. Oxford English Dictionary.
Origin: < Greek ὑπερβολήexcess (compare hyperbola n.), exaggeration; the latter sense is first found in Isocrates and Aristotle. Compare French hyperbole (earlier yperbole)."Hyperbole". hyperbol e, n. Oxford English Dictionary.

merriam-webster.com

"Figurative language refers to words or phrases that are meaningful, but not literally true."
"Figure of speech." Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2015 "figure of speech [...]: a form of expression (such as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener".

Literal and figurative language (English Wikipedia)

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