Lobotomy (English Wikipedia)

Gallea, Michael (Summer 2017). "A brief reflection on the not-so-brief history of the lobotomy". BCMedical Journal. 59: 302–04. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.

books.google.com

Johnson, Jenell (2014). American Lobotomy: A Rhetorical History. University of Michigan Press. pp. 50–60. ISBN 978-0-472-11944-8. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Kalat, James W. (2007). Biological psychology (9th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-495-09079-3.
Valenstein 1997, pp. 499–516 Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Shutts 1982 Shutts, David (1982). Lobotomy: resort to the knife. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0-442-20252-1.
Maisel 1946; Wright 1947; Deutsch 1948;Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650; Pressman 2002, pp. 148–50 Maisel, Albert Q. (6 May 1946). "Bedlam 1946, Most U.S. Mental Hospitals are a Shame and a Disgrace". Life. Vol. 20. Wright, Frank Leon (1947). Out of Sight, Out of Mind: A Graphic Picture of Present-day Institutional Care of the Mentally Ill in America, Based on More Than Two Thousand Eye-witness Reports. Philadelphia: Mental Health Foundation. Deutsch, Albert (1948). Shame of the States. New York: Harcourt, Brace.^{[permanent dead link]} Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Albert Q. Maisel, "Bedlam 1946, Most U.S. Mental Hospitals are a Shame and a Disgrace", Life 20 (1946), pp. 102–03, quoted in Pressman 2002, p. 149 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Pressman 2002, pp. 148–49. Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Shorter 1997, p. 218. Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24531-3.
Pressman 2002, p. 200 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Shorter 1997, pp. 190–225; Jansson 1998 Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24531-3. Jansson, Bengt (29 October 1998). "Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize". Nobel Media. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
Healy 2000, p. 404; Braslow 1995, pp. 600–05; Braslow 1997, pp. 89, 93 Healy, David (January 2000). "Some continuities and discontinuities in the pharmacotherapy of nervous conditions before and after chlorpromazine and imipramine". History of Psychiatry. 11 (44): 393–412. doi:10.1177/0957154X0001104405. Braslow, Joel T. (May 1995). "Effect of therapeutic innovation on perception of disease and the doctor-patient relationship: a history of general paralysis of the insane and malaria fever therapy, 1910–1950". American Journal of Psychiatry. 152 (2): 660–65. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.5.660. PMID 7726304. Braslow, Joel T. (1997). Mental Ills and Bodily Cures: Psychiatric Treatment in the First Half of the Twentieth Century. University of California. ISBN 0-520-20547-2.
Braslow 1997, p. 3. Braslow, Joel T. (1997). Mental Ills and Bodily Cures: Psychiatric Treatment in the First Half of the Twentieth Century. University of California. ISBN 0-520-20547-2.
Cooter 2012, p. 216 Cooter, Roger (2012). "Neuropatients in Historyland". In Jacyna, Stephen J.; Casper, Stephen T. (eds.). The Neurological Patient in History. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. pp. 215–22. ISBN 978-1-58046-412-3.
Pressman 2002, p. 428; Raz 2009, pp. 116, 129 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Raz, Mical (2009). "Psychosurgery, Industry and Personal Responsibility, 1940–1965". Social History of Medicine. 23 (1): 116–33. doi:10.1093/shm/hkp061.
Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 1; Heller et al. 2006, p. 727; Joanette et al. 1993, pp. 572, 575; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486; Manjila et al. 2008, p. 1; Noll 2007, p. 326; Reevy, Ozer & Ito 2010, p. 485; Steck 2010, pp. 85–89; Stone 2001, pp. 79–92; Suchy 2011, p. 37; Mareke & Fangerau 2010, p. 138; Ford & Henderson 2006, p. 219; Green et al. 2010, p. 208; Sakas et al. 2007, p. 366; Whitaker, Stemmer & Joanette 1996, p. 276 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454. Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J. (2006). "Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution". Neurosurgery. 59 (4): 720–33, discussion 733-9. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27. PMID 17038938. Joanette, Yves; Stemmer, Brigitte; Assal, Gil; Whitaker, Harry (1993). "From theory to practice: the unconventional contribution of Gottlieb Burckhardt to psychosurgery". Brain and Language. 45 (4): 572–87. doi:10.1006/brln.1993.1061. PMID 8118674. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090. Manjila, S.; Rengachary, S.; Xavier, A. R.; Parker, B.; Guthikonda, M. (2008). "Modern psychosurgery before Egas Moniz: a tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt". Neurosurgery Focus. 25 (1): 1–4. doi:10.3171/FOC/2008/25/7/E9. PMID 18590386. Noll, Richard (January 2007). The encyclopedia of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6405-2. Reevy, Gretchen; Ozer, Yvette Malamud; Ito, Yuri (2010). Encyclopedia of Emotion. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34576-0. Steck, A.J. (2010). "Milestones in the development of neurology and psychiatry in Europe". Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 161 (3): 85–89. doi:10.4414/sanp.2010.02153 (inactive 1 July 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) Stone, James L. (2001). "Gottlieb Burckhardt – The Pioneer of Psychosurgery". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 10 (1): 79–92. doi:10.1076/jhin.10.1.79.5634. PMID 11446267. Suchy, Yana (2011). Clinical Neuropsychology of Emotion. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-60918-072-0. Mareke, Arends; Fangerau, Heiner (2010). "Deep brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders". In Fangerau, Heiner; Jörg, Fegert; Mareke, Arends (eds.). Implanted Minds: The Neuroethics of Intracerebral Stem Cell Transplantation and Deep Brain Stimulation. Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8376-1433-6. Ford, Paul J.; Henderson, Jaimie M. (2006). "Functional neurosurgical intervention: neuroethics in the operating rooms". In Illes, Judy (ed.). Neuroethics: defining the issues in theory, practice, and policy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856721-9. Green, Alexander; Astradsson, A.; Stacey, R.J.; Aziz, T.Z. (2010). "Functional and epilepsy neurosurgery". In Johnson, Reuben; Green, Alexander (eds.). Landmark Papers in Neurosurgery. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959125-1. Sakas, Damianos E.; Panourias, L.G.; Singounas, E.; Simpson, B.A. (2007). "Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders: from the excision of brain tissue to the chronic electrical stimulation of neural networks". In Sakas, D.E.; Simpson, B.A. (eds.). Operative Neuromodulation. Functional Neuroprosthetic Surgery. Volume II: Neural Networks Surgery. Vol. 2. Springer. pp. 365–74. ISBN 978-3-211-33081-4. Whitaker, H.A.; Stemmer, B.; Joanette, Y. (1996). "A psychosurgical chapter in the history of cerebral localization: the six cases of Gottlieb Burkhardt". In Code, Christopher; Wallesch, C.-W.; Joanette Y.; Roch A. (eds.). Classic Cases in Neuropsychology. Hove: Psychology Press. pp. 275–304. ISBN 978-0-86377-395-2.
Whitaker, Stemmer & Joanette 1996, p. 276; Berrios 1997, p. 69 Whitaker, H.A.; Stemmer, B.; Joanette, Y. (1996). "A psychosurgical chapter in the history of cerebral localization: the six cases of Gottlieb Burkhardt". In Code, Christopher; Wallesch, C.-W.; Joanette Y.; Roch A. (eds.). Classic Cases in Neuropsychology. Hove: Psychology Press. pp. 275–304. ISBN 978-0-86377-395-2. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Shorter 1997, p. 226; Tierney 2000, pp. 25 Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24531-3. Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345.
Pressman 2002, pp. 13–14, 48–51, 54–55; Berrios 1997, pp. 72–73; Shorter 1997, p. 226; Heller et al. 2006, p. 721 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24531-3. Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J. (2006). "Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution". Neurosurgery. 59 (4): 720–33, discussion 733-9. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27. PMID 17038938.
Pressman 2002, p. 48. Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Pressman 2002, p. 48; Heller et al. 2006, p. 721 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J. (2006). "Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution". Neurosurgery. 59 (4): 720–33, discussion 733-9. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27. PMID 17038938.
Pressman 2002, p. 48; Berrios 1997, p. 73 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Pressman 2002, pp. 48–50 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Pressman 2002, p. 50 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Pressman 2002, pp. 48–55; Valenstein 1997, p. 541 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Pressman 2002, pp. 51, 55 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Pressman 2002, p. 51 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Bianchi 1922; Pressman 2002, p. 51; Levin & Eisenberg 1991, p. 14 Bianchi, Leonardo (1922). The Mechanism of the Brain and the Function of the Frontal Lobes. translated by James Hogg MacDonald. New York & Edinburgh: William Wood & Co; E.S Livingstone. Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Levin, Harvey S.; Eisenberg, Howard M. (1991). Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506284-7.
Pressman 2002, p. 52; Kotowicz 2005, p. 84 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Quoted in Pressman 2002, p. 52 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Pressman 2002, p. 52 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Pressman 2002, p. 53 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Valenstein 1990, p. 541 Valenstein, Elliot S. (1990). "The Prefrontal Area and Psychosurgery". In Uylings, H.B.M.; Van Eden, C.G.; De Bruin, J.P.C.; Corner, M.A.; Feenstra, M.G.P. (eds.). The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Function and Pathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 85. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier. pp. 539–54. ISBN 978-0-444-81124-0.
Valenstein 1997, p. 503 Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Quoted in Valenstein 1990, p. 541 Valenstein, Elliot S. (1990). "The Prefrontal Area and Psychosurgery". In Uylings, H.B.M.; Van Eden, C.G.; De Bruin, J.P.C.; Corner, M.A.; Feenstra, M.G.P. (eds.). The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Function and Pathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 85. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier. pp. 539–54. ISBN 978-0-444-81124-0.
Valenstein 1990, p. 541; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650; Kotowicz 2008, p. 478 Valenstein, Elliot S. (1990). "The Prefrontal Area and Psychosurgery". In Uylings, H.B.M.; Van Eden, C.G.; De Bruin, J.P.C.; Corner, M.A.; Feenstra, M.G.P. (eds.). The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Function and Pathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 85. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier. pp. 539–54. ISBN 978-0-444-81124-0. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Berrios 1997, p. 77; Valenstein 1990, p. 541; Valenstein 1997, p. 503 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Valenstein, Elliot S. (1990). "The Prefrontal Area and Psychosurgery". In Uylings, H.B.M.; Van Eden, C.G.; De Bruin, J.P.C.; Corner, M.A.; Feenstra, M.G.P. (eds.). The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Function and Pathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 85. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier. pp. 539–54. ISBN 978-0-444-81124-0. Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Quoted in Valenstein 1997, p. 503 Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Moniz 1994, p. 237. Moniz, Egas (1994). "PREFRONTAL LEUCOTOMY IN THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS (1937)". American Journal of Psychiatry 1844–1944. American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 237–39. ISBN 978-0-89042-275-5.
Pressman 2002, p. 54 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Finger 2001, p. 292. Finger, Stanley (2001). Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514694-3.
Jansson 1998; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651. For Moniz's account of the procedure see, Moniz 1994, pp. 237–39 Jansson, Bengt (29 October 1998). "Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize". Nobel Media. Retrieved 24 January 2012. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Moniz, Egas (1994). "PREFRONTAL LEUCOTOMY IN THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS (1937)". American Journal of Psychiatry 1844–1944. American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 237–39. ISBN 978-0-89042-275-5.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 81; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651; Valenstein 1997, p. 504 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Kotowicz 2008, pp. 486 n.1; Sargant & Slater 1963, p. 98 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090. Sargant, William; Slater, Elliot (1963). An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry. Williams & Wilkins.
El-Hai 2005, p. 182; Finger 2001, p. 293; Weiss, Rauch & Price 2007, p. 506 El-Hai, Jack (2005). The Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-23292-0. Finger, Stanley (2001). Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514694-3. Weiss, Anthony P.; Rauch, Scott L.; Price, Bruce H. (2007). "Neurosurgical intervention for psychiatric illness: past, present and future". In Miller, Bruce L.; Cummings, Jeffrey L. (eds.). The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders. Guilford Press. pp. 505–17. ISBN 978-1-59385-329-7.
Shorter 1997, p. 227; Pressman 2002, p. 78 Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24531-3. Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Pressman 2002, p. 76; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 649 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Pressman 2002, p. 76; Kotowicz 2005, p. 94 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Pressman 2002, p. 73 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Pressman 2002, pp. 73–75 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Quoted in Pressman 2002, p. 76 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Pressman 2002, p. 76 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Pressman 2002, p. 77 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Finger 2001, p. 293 Finger, Stanley (2001). Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514694-3.
Shorter 1997, pp. 227–28 Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24531-3.
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britannica.com

"Psychiatry | Mental Health, Treatment & Diagnosis | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 19 July 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.

ccne-ethique.fr

"La neurochirurgie fonctionnelle d'affections psychiatriques sévères" (PDF) (in French). Comité Consultatif National d'Ethique. 25 April 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. (French national consultative committee on ethics, opinion #71: Functional neurosurgery of severe psychiatric conditions)

doi.org

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Berrios 1997, p. 69 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, pp. 69, 77 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Tierney 2000, p. 26 Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345.
Whitaker, Stemmer & Joanette 1996, p. 276; Berrios 1997, p. 69 Whitaker, H.A.; Stemmer, B.; Joanette, Y. (1996). "A psychosurgical chapter in the history of cerebral localization: the six cases of Gottlieb Burkhardt". In Code, Christopher; Wallesch, C.-W.; Joanette Y.; Roch A. (eds.). Classic Cases in Neuropsychology. Hove: Psychology Press. pp. 275–304. ISBN 978-0-86377-395-2. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Stone 2001, p. 80. Stone, James L. (2001). "Gottlieb Burckhardt – The Pioneer of Psychosurgery". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 10 (1): 79–92. doi:10.1076/jhin.10.1.79.5634. PMID 11446267.
Berrios 1997, p. 70 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Manjila et al. 2008, p. 1 Manjila, S.; Rengachary, S.; Xavier, A. R.; Parker, B.; Guthikonda, M. (2008). "Modern psychosurgery before Egas Moniz: a tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt". Neurosurgery Focus. 25 (1): 1–4. doi:10.3171/FOC/2008/25/7/E9. PMID 18590386.
Kotowicz 2005, pp. 77–101 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Bechterev & Puusepp 1912; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486 Bechterev, V.; Puusepp, L. (1912). "La chirugie des aliénes" [Surgery of the Insane]. Archives Internationales de Neurologie. 34: 1–17, 69–89. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 80; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Quoted in Berrios 1997, p. 71 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 149 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 80; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486; Berrios 1997, p. 71 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 649 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Kotowicz 2008, p. 486 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, p. 477 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Tierney 2000, p. 23 Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345.
Tierney 2000, p. 25; Tierney 2000, pp. 22–23; Kotowicz 2005, pp. 78 Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345. Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Shorter 1997, p. 226; Tierney 2000, pp. 25 Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24531-3. Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345.
Doby 1992, p. 2; Tierney 2000, pp. 25 Doby, T (1992). "Cerebral Angiography and Egas Moniz" (PDF). American Journal of Roentgenology. 359 (2): 364. doi:10.2214/ajr.159.2.1632357. PMID 1632357.^{[permanent dead link]} Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345.
Berrios 1997, p. 72 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Pressman 2002, pp. 13–14, 48–51, 54–55; Berrios 1997, pp. 72–73; Shorter 1997, p. 226; Heller et al. 2006, p. 721 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24531-3. Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J. (2006). "Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution". Neurosurgery. 59 (4): 720–33, discussion 733-9. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27. PMID 17038938.
Heller et al. 2006, p. 721 Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J. (2006). "Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution". Neurosurgery. 59 (4): 720–33, discussion 733-9. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27. PMID 17038938.
Pressman 2002, p. 48; Heller et al. 2006, p. 721 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J. (2006). "Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution". Neurosurgery. 59 (4): 720–33, discussion 733-9. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27. PMID 17038938.
Pressman 2002, p. 48; Berrios 1997, p. 73 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, p. 73 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, pp. 72–73 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Pressman 2002, p. 52; Kotowicz 2005, p. 84 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 84 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Quoted in Freeman & Watts 1944, p. 532 Freeman, Walter; Watts, James W. (1944). "Psychosurgery: An Evaluation of Two Hundred Cases over Seven Years". Journal of Mental Science. 90 (379): 532–37. doi:10.1192/bjp.90.379.532.
Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Valenstein 1990, p. 541; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650; Kotowicz 2008, p. 478 Valenstein, Elliot S. (1990). "The Prefrontal Area and Psychosurgery". In Uylings, H.B.M.; Van Eden, C.G.; De Bruin, J.P.C.; Corner, M.A.; Feenstra, M.G.P. (eds.). The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Function and Pathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 85. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier. pp. 539–54. ISBN 978-0-444-81124-0. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Berrios 1997, p. 77; Valenstein 1990, p. 541; Valenstein 1997, p. 503 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Valenstein, Elliot S. (1990). "The Prefrontal Area and Psychosurgery". In Uylings, H.B.M.; Van Eden, C.G.; De Bruin, J.P.C.; Corner, M.A.; Feenstra, M.G.P. (eds.). The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Function and Pathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 85. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier. pp. 539–54. ISBN 978-0-444-81124-0. Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 1 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Quoted in Berrios 1997, p. 74 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 99; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 1 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Quoted in Kotowicz 2005, p. 88 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Quoted in Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Berrios 1997, p. 74 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 89 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, pp. 80–81; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2; Kotowicz 2008, p. 482 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
, Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Tierney 2000, p. 29; Kotowicz 2005, pp. 80–81; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2 Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 81 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Jansson 1998; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651. For Moniz's account of the procedure see, Moniz 1994, pp. 237–39 Jansson, Bengt (29 October 1998). "Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize". Nobel Media. Retrieved 24 January 2012. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Moniz, Egas (1994). "PREFRONTAL LEUCOTOMY IN THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS (1937)". American Journal of Psychiatry 1844–1944. American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 237–39. ISBN 978-0-89042-275-5.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 81; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651; Valenstein 1997, p. 504 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Berrios 1997, p. 75 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 92 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, p. 75; Kotowicz 2005, p. 92 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 3 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Berrios 1997, p. 74; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 3 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Kotowicz 2008, p. 482 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Quoted in Kotowicz 2008, p. 482 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, pp. 482–83 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
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Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 652; Kotowicz 2005, p. 81 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2008, pp. 486 n.1; Sargant & Slater 1963, p. 98 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090. Sargant, William; Slater, Elliot (1963). An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry. Williams & Wilkins.
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Puusepp 1937; Kotowicz 2008, pp. 477, 486 Puusepp, L. (1937). "Alcune considerazioni sugli interventi chirurgici nelle malattie mentali" [Some Considerations about Surgery in Mental Illness]. G Accad Med Torino. 100: 3–16. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, pp. 477, 487 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
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Pressman 2002, p. 76; Kotowicz 2005, p. 94 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
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Kotowicz 2005, pp. 77–101 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 80; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 80; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486; Berrios 1997, p. 71 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Tierney 2000, p. 25; Tierney 2000, pp. 22–23; Kotowicz 2005, pp. 78 Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345. Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Pressman 2002, p. 52; Kotowicz 2005, p. 84 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 84 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 99; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 1 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Quoted in Kotowicz 2005, p. 88 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 89 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, pp. 80–81; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Tierney 2000, p. 29; Kotowicz 2005, pp. 80–81; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2 Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 81 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 81; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651; Valenstein 1997, p. 504 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 92 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, p. 75; Kotowicz 2005, p. 92 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 652; Kotowicz 2005, p. 81 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Pressman 2002, p. 76; Kotowicz 2005, p. 94 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.

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Cooper 2014, pp. 143–54. Cooper, Rachel (2014). "On deciding to have a lobotomy: either lobotomies were justified or decisions under risk should not always seek to maximise expected utility" (PDF). Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 17 (1): 143–54. doi:10.1007/s11019-013-9519-8. PMID 24449251.

livescience.com

"Lobotomy: Definition, Procedure & History". Live Science. Retrieved 28 June 2018.

mises.org

Grenander 1978, pp. 42–44 Grenander, M.E. (1978). "Of Graver Import Than History: Psychiatry in Fiction" (PDF). Journal of Libertarian Studies. 2 (1): 29–44. PMID 11614766. Retrieved 22 January 2008.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Zajicek, Benjamin (2017). "Banning the Soviet Lobotomy: Psychiatry, Ethics, and Professional Politics during Late Stalinism". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 91 (1): 33–61. doi:10.1353/bhm.2017.0002. ISSN 1086-3176. PMID 28366896. S2CID 46563971.
Zajicek, Benjamin (2017). "Banning the Soviet Lobotomy: Psychiatry, Ethics, and Professional Politics during Late Stalinism". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 91 (1): 38–51. doi:10.1353/bhm.2017.0002. ISSN 1086-3176. PMID 28366896.
Pippard, J.S. (1 August 2001). "Leucotomy: a qualified defence of 'then'". QJM. 94 (8): 451. doi:10.1093/qjmed/94.8.451. PMID 11493724.
Cooper 2014, pp. 143–54. Cooper, Rachel (2014). "On deciding to have a lobotomy: either lobotomies were justified or decisions under risk should not always seek to maximise expected utility" (PDF). Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 17 (1): 143–54. doi:10.1007/s11019-013-9519-8. PMID 24449251.
Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650; Mashour, Walker & Martuza 2005, p. 411 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Mashour, George A.; Walker, Erin E.; Martuza, Robert L. (2005). "Psychosurgery: Past, Present, and Future" (PDF). Brain Research Reviews. 48 (3): 409–19. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.09.002. PMID 15914249. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2013.
Maisel 1946; Wright 1947; Deutsch 1948;Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650; Pressman 2002, pp. 148–50 Maisel, Albert Q. (6 May 1946). "Bedlam 1946, Most U.S. Mental Hospitals are a Shame and a Disgrace". Life. Vol. 20. Wright, Frank Leon (1947). Out of Sight, Out of Mind: A Graphic Picture of Present-day Institutional Care of the Mentally Ill in America, Based on More Than Two Thousand Eye-witness Reports. Philadelphia: Mental Health Foundation. Deutsch, Albert (1948). Shame of the States. New York: Harcourt, Brace.^{[permanent dead link]} Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8.
Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 5 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Swayze 1995, pp. 505–15;Hoenig 1995, p. 337; Meduna 1985, p. 53 Swayze, V.W. (1995). "Frontal leukotomy and related psychosurgical procedures in the era before antipsychotics (1935–1954): a historical overview". American Journal of Psychiatry. 152 (4): 505–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.505. PMID 7900928. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2010. Hoenig, J. (1995). "Schizophrenia". In Berrios, German E.; Porter, Roy (eds.). A History of Clinical Psychiatry: The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders. Athlone. ISBN 0-485-24011-4. Meduna, L.J. (1985). "Autobiography of L.J. Meduna". Convulsive Therapy. 1 (1): 43–57. PMID 11940805.
Healy 2000, p. 404; Braslow 1995, pp. 600–05; Braslow 1997, pp. 89, 93 Healy, David (January 2000). "Some continuities and discontinuities in the pharmacotherapy of nervous conditions before and after chlorpromazine and imipramine". History of Psychiatry. 11 (44): 393–412. doi:10.1177/0957154X0001104405. Braslow, Joel T. (May 1995). "Effect of therapeutic innovation on perception of disease and the doctor-patient relationship: a history of general paralysis of the insane and malaria fever therapy, 1910–1950". American Journal of Psychiatry. 152 (2): 660–65. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.5.660. PMID 7726304. Braslow, Joel T. (1997). Mental Ills and Bodily Cures: Psychiatric Treatment in the First Half of the Twentieth Century. University of California. ISBN 0-520-20547-2.
Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 1; Heller et al. 2006, p. 727; Joanette et al. 1993, pp. 572, 575; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486; Manjila et al. 2008, p. 1; Noll 2007, p. 326; Reevy, Ozer & Ito 2010, p. 485; Steck 2010, pp. 85–89; Stone 2001, pp. 79–92; Suchy 2011, p. 37; Mareke & Fangerau 2010, p. 138; Ford & Henderson 2006, p. 219; Green et al. 2010, p. 208; Sakas et al. 2007, p. 366; Whitaker, Stemmer & Joanette 1996, p. 276 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454. Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J. (2006). "Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution". Neurosurgery. 59 (4): 720–33, discussion 733-9. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27. PMID 17038938. Joanette, Yves; Stemmer, Brigitte; Assal, Gil; Whitaker, Harry (1993). "From theory to practice: the unconventional contribution of Gottlieb Burckhardt to psychosurgery". Brain and Language. 45 (4): 572–87. doi:10.1006/brln.1993.1061. PMID 8118674. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090. Manjila, S.; Rengachary, S.; Xavier, A. R.; Parker, B.; Guthikonda, M. (2008). "Modern psychosurgery before Egas Moniz: a tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt". Neurosurgery Focus. 25 (1): 1–4. doi:10.3171/FOC/2008/25/7/E9. PMID 18590386. Noll, Richard (January 2007). The encyclopedia of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6405-2. Reevy, Gretchen; Ozer, Yvette Malamud; Ito, Yuri (2010). Encyclopedia of Emotion. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34576-0. Steck, A.J. (2010). "Milestones in the development of neurology and psychiatry in Europe". Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 161 (3): 85–89. doi:10.4414/sanp.2010.02153 (inactive 1 July 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) Stone, James L. (2001). "Gottlieb Burckhardt – The Pioneer of Psychosurgery". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 10 (1): 79–92. doi:10.1076/jhin.10.1.79.5634. PMID 11446267. Suchy, Yana (2011). Clinical Neuropsychology of Emotion. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-60918-072-0. Mareke, Arends; Fangerau, Heiner (2010). "Deep brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders". In Fangerau, Heiner; Jörg, Fegert; Mareke, Arends (eds.). Implanted Minds: The Neuroethics of Intracerebral Stem Cell Transplantation and Deep Brain Stimulation. Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8376-1433-6. Ford, Paul J.; Henderson, Jaimie M. (2006). "Functional neurosurgical intervention: neuroethics in the operating rooms". In Illes, Judy (ed.). Neuroethics: defining the issues in theory, practice, and policy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856721-9. Green, Alexander; Astradsson, A.; Stacey, R.J.; Aziz, T.Z. (2010). "Functional and epilepsy neurosurgery". In Johnson, Reuben; Green, Alexander (eds.). Landmark Papers in Neurosurgery. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959125-1. Sakas, Damianos E.; Panourias, L.G.; Singounas, E.; Simpson, B.A. (2007). "Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders: from the excision of brain tissue to the chronic electrical stimulation of neural networks". In Sakas, D.E.; Simpson, B.A. (eds.). Operative Neuromodulation. Functional Neuroprosthetic Surgery. Volume II: Neural Networks Surgery. Vol. 2. Springer. pp. 365–74. ISBN 978-3-211-33081-4. Whitaker, H.A.; Stemmer, B.; Joanette, Y. (1996). "A psychosurgical chapter in the history of cerebral localization: the six cases of Gottlieb Burkhardt". In Code, Christopher; Wallesch, C.-W.; Joanette Y.; Roch A. (eds.). Classic Cases in Neuropsychology. Hove: Psychology Press. pp. 275–304. ISBN 978-0-86377-395-2.
Berrios 1997, p. 68 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, p. 69 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, pp. 69, 77 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Tierney 2000, p. 26 Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345.
Whitaker, Stemmer & Joanette 1996, p. 276; Berrios 1997, p. 69 Whitaker, H.A.; Stemmer, B.; Joanette, Y. (1996). "A psychosurgical chapter in the history of cerebral localization: the six cases of Gottlieb Burkhardt". In Code, Christopher; Wallesch, C.-W.; Joanette Y.; Roch A. (eds.). Classic Cases in Neuropsychology. Hove: Psychology Press. pp. 275–304. ISBN 978-0-86377-395-2. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Stone 2001, p. 80. Stone, James L. (2001). "Gottlieb Burckhardt – The Pioneer of Psychosurgery". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 10 (1): 79–92. doi:10.1076/jhin.10.1.79.5634. PMID 11446267.
Berrios 1997, p. 70 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Manjila et al. 2008, p. 1 Manjila, S.; Rengachary, S.; Xavier, A. R.; Parker, B.; Guthikonda, M. (2008). "Modern psychosurgery before Egas Moniz: a tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt". Neurosurgery Focus. 25 (1): 1–4. doi:10.3171/FOC/2008/25/7/E9. PMID 18590386.
Kotowicz 2005, pp. 77–101 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Bechterev & Puusepp 1912; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486 Bechterev, V.; Puusepp, L. (1912). "La chirugie des aliénes" [Surgery of the Insane]. Archives Internationales de Neurologie. 34: 1–17, 69–89. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 80; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Quoted in Berrios 1997, p. 71 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 149 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 80; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486; Berrios 1997, p. 71 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 649 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Kotowicz 2008, p. 486 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, p. 477 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Tierney 2000, p. 23 Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345.
Tierney 2000, p. 25; Tierney 2000, pp. 22–23; Kotowicz 2005, pp. 78 Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345. Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Shorter 1997, p. 226; Tierney 2000, pp. 25 Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24531-3. Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345.
Doby 1992, p. 2; Tierney 2000, pp. 25 Doby, T (1992). "Cerebral Angiography and Egas Moniz" (PDF). American Journal of Roentgenology. 359 (2): 364. doi:10.2214/ajr.159.2.1632357. PMID 1632357.^{[permanent dead link]} Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345.
Berrios 1997, p. 72 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Pressman 2002, pp. 13–14, 48–51, 54–55; Berrios 1997, pp. 72–73; Shorter 1997, p. 226; Heller et al. 2006, p. 721 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24531-3. Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J. (2006). "Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution". Neurosurgery. 59 (4): 720–33, discussion 733-9. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27. PMID 17038938.
Heller et al. 2006, p. 721 Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J. (2006). "Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution". Neurosurgery. 59 (4): 720–33, discussion 733-9. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27. PMID 17038938.
Pressman 2002, p. 48; Heller et al. 2006, p. 721 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J. (2006). "Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution". Neurosurgery. 59 (4): 720–33, discussion 733-9. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27. PMID 17038938.
Pressman 2002, p. 48; Berrios 1997, p. 73 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, p. 73 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, pp. 72–73 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Pressman 2002, p. 52; Kotowicz 2005, p. 84 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 84 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Valenstein 1990, p. 541; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650; Kotowicz 2008, p. 478 Valenstein, Elliot S. (1990). "The Prefrontal Area and Psychosurgery". In Uylings, H.B.M.; Van Eden, C.G.; De Bruin, J.P.C.; Corner, M.A.; Feenstra, M.G.P. (eds.). The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Function and Pathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 85. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier. pp. 539–54. ISBN 978-0-444-81124-0. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Berrios 1997, p. 77; Valenstein 1990, p. 541; Valenstein 1997, p. 503 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Valenstein, Elliot S. (1990). "The Prefrontal Area and Psychosurgery". In Uylings, H.B.M.; Van Eden, C.G.; De Bruin, J.P.C.; Corner, M.A.; Feenstra, M.G.P. (eds.). The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Function and Pathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 85. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier. pp. 539–54. ISBN 978-0-444-81124-0. Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 1 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Quoted in Berrios 1997, p. 74 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 99; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 1 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Quoted in Kotowicz 2005, p. 88 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Quoted in Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Berrios 1997, p. 74 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 89 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, pp. 80–81; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2; Kotowicz 2008, p. 482 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
, Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Tierney 2000, p. 29; Kotowicz 2005, pp. 80–81; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2 Tierney, Ann Jane (April 2000). "Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery: A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT022. PMID 11232345. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 81 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651 Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
Jansson 1998; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651. For Moniz's account of the procedure see, Moniz 1994, pp. 237–39 Jansson, Bengt (29 October 1998). "Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize". Nobel Media. Retrieved 24 January 2012. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Moniz, Egas (1994). "PREFRONTAL LEUCOTOMY IN THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS (1937)". American Journal of Psychiatry 1844–1944. American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 237–39. ISBN 978-0-89042-275-5.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 81; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651; Valenstein 1997, p. 504 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Berrios 1997, p. 75 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 92 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, p. 75; Kotowicz 2005, p. 92 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 3 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Berrios 1997, p. 74; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 3 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454.
Kotowicz 2008, p. 482 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Quoted in Kotowicz 2008, p. 482 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, pp. 482–83 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
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Pressman 2002, p. 76; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 649 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556.
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Jansson 1998; Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 651. For Moniz's account of the procedure see, Moniz 1994, pp. 237–39 Jansson, Bengt (29 October 1998). "Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize". Nobel Media. Retrieved 24 January 2012. Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Moniz, Egas (1994). "PREFRONTAL LEUCOTOMY IN THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS (1937)". American Journal of Psychiatry 1844–1944. American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 237–39. ISBN 978-0-89042-275-5.
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Berrios 1997, p. 69 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, pp. 69, 77 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Whitaker, Stemmer & Joanette 1996, p. 276; Berrios 1997, p. 69 Whitaker, H.A.; Stemmer, B.; Joanette, Y. (1996). "A psychosurgical chapter in the history of cerebral localization: the six cases of Gottlieb Burkhardt". In Code, Christopher; Wallesch, C.-W.; Joanette Y.; Roch A. (eds.). Classic Cases in Neuropsychology. Hove: Psychology Press. pp. 275–304. ISBN 978-0-86377-395-2. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, p. 70 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Quoted in Berrios 1997, p. 71 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 80; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486; Berrios 1997, p. 71 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, p. 72 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Pressman 2002, pp. 13–14, 48–51, 54–55; Berrios 1997, pp. 72–73; Shorter 1997, p. 226; Heller et al. 2006, p. 721 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24531-3. Heller, A. C.; Amar, A.P.; Liu, C.Y.; Apuzzo, M.L.J. (2006). "Surgery of the mind and mood: A mosaic of issues in time and evolution". Neurosurgery. 59 (4): 720–33, discussion 733-9. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27. PMID 17038938.
Pressman 2002, p. 48; Berrios 1997, p. 73 Pressman, Jack D. (2002). Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52459-8. Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, p. 73 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, pp. 72–73 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Berrios 1997, p. 77; Valenstein 1990, p. 541; Valenstein 1997, p. 503 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Valenstein, Elliot S. (1990). "The Prefrontal Area and Psychosurgery". In Uylings, H.B.M.; Van Eden, C.G.; De Bruin, J.P.C.; Corner, M.A.; Feenstra, M.G.P. (eds.). The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Function and Pathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 85. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier. pp. 539–54. ISBN 978-0-444-81124-0. Valenstein, Elliot A. (1997). "History of Psychosurgery". In Greenblatt, Samuel H. (ed.). A History of Neurosurgery: In Its Scientific and Professional Contexts. Contributing editors Dagi, T. Forcht; Epstein, Mel H. Park Ridge, IL: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 499–516. ISBN 978-1-879284-17-3.
Quoted in Berrios 1997, p. 74 Berrios, German E. (1997). "The Origins of Psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz". History of Psychiatry. 8 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0957154X9700802905. PMID 11619209. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
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Bechterev & Puusepp 1912; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486 Bechterev, V.; Puusepp, L. (1912). "La chirugie des aliénes" [Surgery of the Insane]. Archives Internationales de Neurologie. 34: 1–17, 69–89. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2005, p. 80; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005). "Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz – Two Beginnings of Psychosugery" (PDF). Gesnerus. 62 (1/2): 77–101. doi:10.1163/22977953-0620102004. PMID 16201322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
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Kotowicz 2008, p. 486 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, p. 477 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Valenstein 1990, p. 541; Feldman & Goodrich 2001, p. 650; Kotowicz 2008, p. 478 Valenstein, Elliot S. (1990). "The Prefrontal Area and Psychosurgery". In Uylings, H.B.M.; Van Eden, C.G.; De Bruin, J.P.C.; Corner, M.A.; Feenstra, M.G.P. (eds.). The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Function and Pathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 85. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier. pp. 539–54. ISBN 978-0-444-81124-0. Feldman, Robert P.; Goodrich, James T. (March 2001). "Psychosurgery: A Historical Overview". Neurosurgery. 48 (3): 647–57, discussion 657–59. doi:10.1097/00006123-200103000-00041. PMID 11270556. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Gross & Schäfer 2011, p. 2; Kotowicz 2008, p. 482 Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Neurosurgical Focus. 30 (2): 8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, p. 482 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Quoted in Kotowicz 2008, p. 482 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, pp. 482–83 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, p. 483 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, pp. 486 n.1; Sargant & Slater 1963, p. 98 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090. Sargant, William; Slater, Elliot (1963). An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry. Williams & Wilkins.
Kotowicz 2008, pp. 476–77 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Puusepp 1937; Kotowicz 2008, pp. 477, 486 Puusepp, L. (1937). "Alcune considerazioni sugli interventi chirurgici nelle malattie mentali" [Some Considerations about Surgery in Mental Illness]. G Accad Med Torino. 100: 3–16. Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, pp. 477, 487 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Kotowicz 2008, p. 478 Kotowicz, Zbigniew (December 2008). "Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936–39". History of Psychiatry. 19 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1177/0957154X07087345. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19397090.
Caruso, James P.; Sheehan, Jason P. (1 September 2017). "Psychosurgery, ethics, and media: a history of Walter Freeman and the lobotomy". Neurosurgical Focus. 43 (3): E6. doi:10.3171/2017.6.FOCUS17257. ISSN 1092-0684. PMID 28859561.
Zajicek, Benjamin (2017). "Banning the Soviet Lobotomy: Psychiatry, Ethics, and Professional Politics during Late Stalinism". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 91 (1): 38. doi:10.1353/bhm.2017.0002. ISSN 1086-3176. PMID 28366896. Reports about leucotomy and lobotomy began to appear in Soviet journals in 1936 and 1937,26 followed in 1939 by longer reviews of Freeman and Watts's early publications. Soviet reviewers were disturbed by the serious complications and high rate of mortality (5 percent) that Freeman and Watts reported, and they questioned lobotomy's effectiveness, noting that the symptoms it eliminated, such as fear, depression, and agitation, often went away on their own. They concluded that these were "insurmountable obstacles" to recommending lobotomy for use in the Soviet Union.