Logic (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Logic" in English language version.

Last modified: 10:08:04, 12 September 2026 (UTC)

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Paulson 2018, pp. 1–14; Castaño 2018, p. 2; Wile, Goss & Roesner 2005, p. 447. Paulson, Lawrence C. (February 2018). "Computational Logic: Its Origins and Applications". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 474 (2210): 1–14. arXiv:1712.04375. Bibcode:2018RSPSA.47470872P. doi:10.1098/rspa.2017.0872. PMC 5832843. PMID 29507522. S2CID 3805901. Castaño, Arnaldo Pérez (23 May 2018). Practical Artificial Intelligence: Machine Learning, Bots, and Agent Solutions Using C#. Apress. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4842-3357-3. Wile, Bruce; Goss, John; Roesner, Wolfgang (2005). Comprehensive Functional Verification: The Complete Industry Cycle. Elsevier. p. 447. ISBN 978-0-08-047664-3.

allamaiqbal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Iqbal 2013, pp. 99–115, The Spirit of Muslim Culture. Iqbal, Mohammad (2013). "The Spirit of Muslim Culture". The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Stanford University Press. pp. 99–115. ISBN 978-0-8047-8686-7.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Paulson 2018, pp. 1–14; Castaño 2018, p. 2; Wile, Goss & Roesner 2005, p. 447. Paulson, Lawrence C. (February 2018). "Computational Logic: Its Origins and Applications". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 474 (2210): 1–14. arXiv:1712.04375. Bibcode:2018RSPSA.47470872P. doi:10.1098/rspa.2017.0872. PMC 5832843. PMID 29507522. S2CID 3805901. Castaño, Arnaldo Pérez (23 May 2018). Practical Artificial Intelligence: Machine Learning, Bots, and Agent Solutions Using C#. Apress. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4842-3357-3. Wile, Bruce; Goss, John; Roesner, Wolfgang (2005). Comprehensive Functional Verification: The Complete Industry Cycle. Elsevier. p. 447. ISBN 978-0-08-047664-3.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Craig 1996, Formal and informal logic; Barnes 2007, p. 274; Planty-Bonjour 2012, p. 62; Rini 2010, p. 26. Craig, Edward (1996). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Barnes, Jonathan (25 January 2007). Truth, etc.: Six Lectures on Ancient Logic. Clarendon Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-19-151574-3. Planty-Bonjour, Guy (2012). The Categories of Dialectical Materialism: Contemporary Soviet Ontology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 62. ISBN 978-94-010-3517-0. Rini, Adriane (13 December 2010). Aristotle's Modal Proofs: Prior Analytics A8-22 in Predicate Logic. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 26. ISBN 978-94-007-0050-5.
Olkowski & Pirovolakis 2019, pp. 65–66. Olkowski, Dorothea; Pirovolakis, Eftichis (31 January 2019). Deleuze and Guattari's Philosophy of Freedom: Freedom's Refrains. Routledge. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-429-66352-9.
Magnus 2005, pp. 35–38, 3. Truth tables; Angell 1964, p. 164; Hall & O'Donnell 2000, p. 48. Magnus, P. D. (2005). Forall X: An Introduction to Formal Logic. Victoria, BC, Canada: State University of New York Oer Services. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-64176-026-3. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Angell, Richard B. (1964). Reasoning and Logic. Ardent Media. p. 164. OCLC 375322. Hall, Cordelia; O'Donnell, John (2000). Discrete Mathematics Using a Computer. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-85233-089-7.
Copi, Cohen & Rodych 2019, p. 30. Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl; Rodych, Victor (2019). Introduction to Logic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-38697-5.
Evans 2005, 8. Deductive Reasoning, p. 169. Evans, Jonathan St. B. T. (2005). "8. Deductive Reasoning". In Morrison, Robert (ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-521-82417-0.
Flotyński 2020, p. 39; Berlemann & Mangold 2009, p. 194. Flotyński, Jakub (7 December 2020). Knowledge-Based Explorable Extended Reality Environments. Springer Nature. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-030-59965-2. Berlemann, Lars; Mangold, Stefan (10 July 2009). Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access. John Wiley & Sons. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-470-75443-6.
Moore & Carling 1982, p. 53; Enderton 2001, pp. 12–13, Sentential Logic. Moore, Terence; Carling, Christine (1982). Understanding Language: Towards a Post-Chomskyan Linguistics. Springer. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-349-16895-8. Enderton, Herbert (2001). A Mathematical Introduction to Logic. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-238452-3.
Restall & Standefer 2023, p. 91; Enderton 2001, pp. 131–146, Chapter 2.5; van Dalen 1994, Chapter 1.5. Restall, Greg; Standefer, Shawn (2023). Logical Methods. MIT Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-262-54484-9. Enderton, Herbert (2001). A Mathematical Introduction to Logic. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-238452-3. van Dalen, Dirk (1994). Logic and Structure. Springer. Chapter 1.5. ISBN 978-0-387-57839-2.
Smith 2022; Hurley 2015, 4. Categorical Syllogisms; Copi, Cohen & Rodych 2019, 6. Categorical Syllogisms. Smith, Robin (2022). "Aristotle's Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023. Hurley, Patrick J. (2015). "4. Categorical Syllogisms". Logic: The Essentials. Wadsworth. pp. 189–237. ISBN 978-1-305-59041-0. Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl; Rodych, Victor (2019). Introduction to Logic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-38697-5.
Groarke; Hurley 2015, 4. Categorical Syllogisms; Copi, Cohen & Rodych 2019, 6. Categorical Syllogisms. Groarke, Louis F. "Aristotle: Logic". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. Hurley, Patrick J. (2015). "4. Categorical Syllogisms". Logic: The Essentials. Wadsworth. pp. 189–237. ISBN 978-1-305-59041-0. Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl; Rodych, Victor (2019). Introduction to Logic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-38697-5.
Bunnin & Yu 2009, p. 179; Garson 2023, Introduction. Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (27 January 2009). The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-4051-9112-8. Garson, James (2023). "Modal Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
Janssen & Zimmermann 2021, pp. 3–4; Partee 2016; King 2009, pp. 557–558; Aloni & Dekker 2016, pp. 22–23. Janssen, Theo M. V.; Zimmermann, Thomas Ede (2021). "Montague Semantics". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 10 March 2023. Partee, Barbara H. (2016). Aloni, Maria; Dekker, Paul (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02839-5. King, Jeffrey C. (2 September 2009). "Formal Semantics". The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language. pp. 557–558. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0023. ISBN 978-0-19-955223-8.
Haaparanta 2009, pp. 4–6, 1. Introduction; Hintikka & Spade, Modern logic, Logic since 1900; Klement 1995a. Haaparanta, Leila (2009). "1. Introduction". The Development of Modern Logic. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0-19-513731-6. Hintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. "History of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022. Klement, Kevin C. (1995a). "Frege, Gottlob". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
Dasti, Lead section; 1b. Inference; Mills 2018, p. 121. Dasti, Matthew R. "Nyaya". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 12 March 2023. Mills, Ethan (2018). Three Pillars of Skepticism in Classical India: Nagarjuna, Jayarasi, and Sri Harsa. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4985-5570-8. ... for Nyāya all inference is ultimately rooted in perception ... Naiyāyikas typically accept four means of knowledge: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony.
Groarke; Haaparanta 2009, pp. 3–5, 1. Introduction. Groarke, Louis F. "Aristotle: Logic". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. Haaparanta, Leila (2009). "1. Introduction". The Development of Modern Logic. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0-19-513731-6.
Haaparanta 2009, pp. 4–6, 1. Introduction; Hintikka & Spade, Modern logic, Logic since 1900. Haaparanta, Leila (2009). "1. Introduction". The Development of Modern Logic. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0-19-513731-6. Hintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. "History of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

Hintikka 2019, lead section, §Nature and varieties of logic. Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
Hintikka 2019, §Nature and varieties of logic; Haack 1978, pp. 1–10, Philosophy of logics; Schlesinger, Keren-Portnoy & Parush 2001, p. 220. Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021. Haack, Susan (1978). "1. 'Philosophy of logics'". Philosophy of Logics. London and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0-521-29329-7. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) Schlesinger, I. M.; Keren-Portnoy, Tamar; Parush, Tamar (1 January 2001). The Structure of Arguments. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 220. ISBN 978-90-272-2359-3.
Hintikka 2019, §Nature and varieties of logic; MacFarlane 2017. Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021. MacFarlane, John (2017). "Logical Constants". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
Hintikka 2019, lead section, §Nature and varieties of logic; Audi 1999b, Philosophy of logic. Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021. Audi, Robert (1999b). "Philosophy of logic". The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 679–681. ISBN 978-1-107-64379-6. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Sternberg; Stone 2012, pp. 327–356. Sternberg, Robert J. "Thought". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021. Stone, Mark A. (2012). "Denying the Antecedent: Its Effective Use in Argumentation". Informal Logic. 32 (3): 327–356. doi:10.22329/il.v32i3.3681. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 20; Pedemonte 2018, pp. 1–17; Hintikka 2023. Hintikka, Jaakko; Sandu, Gabriel (2006). "What is Logic?". In Jacquette, D. (ed.). Philosophy of Logic. North Holland. pp. 13–39. ISBN 978-0-444-51541-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Pedemonte, Bettina (25 June 2018). "Strategic vs Definitory Rules: Their Role in Abductive Argumentation and their Relationship with Deductive Proof". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. 14 (9): 1–17. doi:10.29333/ejmste/92562. ISSN 1305-8215. S2CID 126245285. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022. Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2023). "Logical systems". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
Smith 2022; Bobzien 2020; Hintikka & Spade, Aristotle. Smith, Robin (2022). "Aristotle's Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023. Bobzien, Susanne (2020). "Ancient Logic: 2. Aristotle". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2022. Hintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. "History of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
Hintikka 2019, §Nature and varieties of logic, §Alternative logics; Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 27–28; Bäck 2016, p. 317. Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021. Hintikka, Jaakko; Sandu, Gabriel (2006). "What is Logic?". In Jacquette, D. (ed.). Philosophy of Logic. North Holland. pp. 13–39. ISBN 978-0-444-51541-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Bäck, Allan T. (2016). Aristotle's Theory of Predication. Brill. p. 317. ISBN 978-90-04-32109-0.
Hintikka 2019, §Logic and other disciplines; Haack 1978, pp. 1–10, Philosophy of logics. Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021. Haack, Susan (1978). "1. 'Philosophy of logics'". Philosophy of Logics. London and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0-521-29329-7. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Hintikka 2019, lead section, §Features and problems of logic; Gödel 1984, pp. 447–469, Russell's mathematical logic; Monk 1976, pp. 1–9, Introduction. Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021. Gödel, Kurt (1984). "Russell's mathematical logic". In Benacerraf, Paul; Putnam, Hilary (eds.). Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–469. ISBN 978-0-521-29648-9. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022. Monk, J. Donald (1976). "Introduction". Mathematical Logic. Springer. pp. 1–9. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9452-5_1. ISBN 978-1-4684-9452-5. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Hintikka 2019, §Problems of ontology. Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
Gensler 2006, pp. xliii–xliv; Sider 2010, pp. 4–6; Schagrin. Gensler, Harry J. (2006). The A to Z of Logic. Scarecrow Press. pp. xliii–xliv. ISBN 978-1-4617-3182-5. Sider, Theodore (2010). Logic for Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957558-9. Schagrin, Morton L. "Metalogic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
Hintikka & Spade, Gödel's incompleteness theorems; Linsky 2011, p. 4; Richardson 1998, p. 15. Hintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. "History of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022. Linsky, Bernard (2011). The Evolution of Principia Mathematica: Bertrand Russell's Manuscripts and Notes (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-139-49733-6. Richardson, Alan W. (1998). Carnap's Construction of the World: The Aufbau and the Emergence of Logical Empiricism. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521-43008-1.
Haaparanta 2009, pp. 4–6, 1. Introduction; Hintikka & Spade, Modern logic, Logic since 1900; Klement 1995a. Haaparanta, Leila (2009). "1. Introduction". The Development of Modern Logic. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0-19-513731-6. Hintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. "History of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022. Klement, Kevin C. (1995a). "Frege, Gottlob". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
Hintikka & Spade, Arabic Logic. Hintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. "History of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
Marenbon 2021, Introduction; 3. The Logical Text-Books; Hintikka & Spade. Marenbon, John (2021). "Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Hintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. "History of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
Hintikka & Spade; Hasse 2008; Spade & Panaccio 2019. Hintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. "History of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022. Hasse, Dag Nikolaus (2008). "Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 19 July 2023. Spade, Paul Vincent; Panaccio, Claude (2019). "William of Ockham". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
Haaparanta 2009, pp. 4–6, 1. Introduction; Hintikka & Spade, Modern logic, Logic since 1900. Haaparanta, Leila (2009). "1. Introduction". The Development of Modern Logic. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0-19-513731-6. Hintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. "History of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2022.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Hintikka 2019, lead section, §Features and problems of logic; Gödel 1984, pp. 447–469, Russell's mathematical logic; Monk 1976, pp. 1–9, Introduction. Hintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021. Gödel, Kurt (1984). "Russell's mathematical logic". In Benacerraf, Paul; Putnam, Hilary (eds.). Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–469. ISBN 978-0-521-29648-9. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022. Monk, J. Donald (1976). "Introduction". Mathematical Logic. Springer. pp. 1–9. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9452-5_1. ISBN 978-1-4684-9452-5. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.

degruyter.com (Global: 927^th place; English: 757^th place)

Falikowski & Mills 2022, p. 98; Weddle 2011, pp. 383–388, 36. Informal logic and the eductive-inductive distinction; Blair 2011, p. 47. Falikowski, Anthony; Mills, Susan (2022). Experiencing Philosophy (2nd ed.). Broadview Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-77048-841-0. Weddle, Perry (2011). "Chapter 36. Informal logic and the eductive-inductive distinction". Across the Lines of Disciplines. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 383–388. doi:10.1515/9783110867718.383. ISBN 978-3-11-086771-8. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022. Blair, J. Anthony (20 October 2011). Groundwork in the Theory of Argumentation: Selected Papers of J. Anthony Blair. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 47. ISBN 978-94-007-2363-4.
Groarke 2021, 1.1 Formal and Informal Logic; Weddle 2011, pp. 383–388, 36. Informal logic and the eductive-inductive distinction; van Eemeren & Garssen 2009, p. 191. Groarke, Leo (2021). "Informal Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021. Weddle, Perry (2011). "Chapter 36. Informal logic and the eductive-inductive distinction". Across the Lines of Disciplines. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 383–388. doi:10.1515/9783110867718.383. ISBN 978-3-11-086771-8. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022. van Eemeren, Frans H.; Garssen, Bart (2009). Pondering on Problems of Argumentation: Twenty Essays on Theoretical Issues. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-4020-9165-0.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Blair & Johnson 2000, pp. 93–95; Craig 1996, Formal and informal logic. Blair, J. Anthony; Johnson, Ralph H. (2000). "Informal Logic: An Overview". Informal Logic. 20 (2): 93–107. doi:10.22329/il.v20i2.2262. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Craig, Edward (1996). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
MacFarlane 2017; Corkum 2015, pp. 753–767; Blair & Johnson 2000, pp. 93–95; Magnus 2005, pp. 12–14, 1.6 Formal languages. MacFarlane, John (2017). "Logical Constants". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2021. Corkum, Philip (2015). "Generality and Logical Constancy". Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia. 71 (4): 753–767. doi:10.17990/rpf/2015_71_4_0753. ISSN 0870-5283. JSTOR 43744657. Blair, J. Anthony; Johnson, Ralph H. (2000). "Informal Logic: An Overview". Informal Logic. 20 (2): 93–107. doi:10.22329/il.v20i2.2262. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Magnus, P. D. (2005). Forall X: An Introduction to Formal Logic. Victoria, BC, Canada: State University of New York Oer Services. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-64176-026-3. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
Honderich 2005, logic, informal; Craig 1996, Formal and informal logic; Johnson 1999, pp. 265–268. Honderich, Ted (2005). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022. Craig, Edward (1996). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Johnson, Ralph H. (1999). "The Relation Between Formal and Informal Logic". Argumentation. 13 (3): 265–274. doi:10.1023/A:1007789101256. S2CID 141283158. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 22–23; Magnus 2005, pp. 8–9, 1.4 Deductive validity; Johnson 1999, p. 267. Hintikka, Jaakko; Sandu, Gabriel (2006). "What is Logic?". In Jacquette, D. (ed.). Philosophy of Logic. North Holland. pp. 13–39. ISBN 978-0-444-51541-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Magnus, P. D. (2005). Forall X: An Introduction to Formal Logic. Victoria, BC, Canada: State University of New York Oer Services. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-64176-026-3. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Johnson, Ralph H. (1999). "The Relation Between Formal and Informal Logic". Argumentation. 13 (3): 265–274. doi:10.1023/A:1007789101256. S2CID 141283158. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
Groarke 2021, lead section; 1. History; Audi 1999a, Informal logic; Johnson 1999, pp. 265–274. Groarke, Leo (2021). "Informal Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021. Audi, Robert (1999a). "Informal logic". The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. p. 435. ISBN 978-1-107-64379-6. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Johnson, Ralph H. (1999). "The Relation Between Formal and Informal Logic". Argumentation. 13 (3): 265–274. doi:10.1023/A:1007789101256. S2CID 141283158. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
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etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

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hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

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jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

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mtu.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,348^th place)

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nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

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