In the book Reasoning About Program Transformations, Jean-Francois Collard discusses in depth the general question of representing executions of programs rather than program text in the context of static optimization.
David F. Bacon, Susan L. Graham, and Oliver J. Sharp. Compiler transformations for high-performance computing. Report No. UCB/CSD 93/781, Computer Science Division-EECS, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, November 1993 (available at CiteSeer). Introduces compiler analysis such as data dependence analysis and interprocedural analysis, as well as a very complete list of loop transformations
