Lotus 1-2-3 (English Wikipedia)

Balaban, Bob (2001). "Multi-Language Character Sets - What They Are, How To Use Them" (PDF). Looseleaf Software, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.

books.google.com

McMullen, Barbara E.; McMullen, John F. (21 February 1984). "Apple Charts the Course for IBM". PC Magazine. 3 (3): 122–129. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (2000). Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-135892-7.
van Gelder, Lindsy (August 1983). "On The Road To Software Stardom". PC Magazine. p. 156. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
Springer, P. Gregory (3 June 1985). "Tandy's Magnificent Concession". InfoWorld. Vol. 7, no. 22. p. 72. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
Alsop, Stewart (31 January 1994). "A public Windows pane to make compatibility clearer". InfoWorld. Vol. 16, no. 5. p. 102. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
Dvorak, John C. (12 May 1986). "Springtime in Atlanta Beats Fall in Las Vegas". InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 19. p. 66. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
Satchell, Stephen (27 January 1986). "The Corona ATP Is Faster Than The IBM PC AT, But It Has Flaws". InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 4. pp. 47, 50. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
Mace, Scott; Sorensen, Karen (5 May 1986). "Amiga, Atari Ready PC Emulators". InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 18. p. 5. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
Satchell, Stephen (14 January 1985). "AT&T 6300 Personal Computer". InfoWorld. Vol. 7, no. 1 & 2. pp. 49, 53–54. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
Clapp, Doug (27 February 1984). "PC compatibility". InfoWorld. Vol. 6, no. 9. p. 22. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Stinson, Craig (16 April 1991). "Building the Perfect Spreadsheet". PC. pp. 101–164. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
Barr, Christopher (August 1986). "The Twin: Slow Lotus for Less". PC Magazine. Vol. 5, no. 14. pp. 59–60. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
O'Connor, Rory J. (19 August 1985). "Osborne's 1-2-3 Clone: VP Planner". InfoWorld. Vol. 7, no. 33. p. 42.
Graham, Lawrence D. (1999). "Keyboard Commands and Menu Arrangements". Legal Battles that Shaped the Computer Industry. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 63–68. ISBN 9781567201789. LCCN 99-13620. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
Schemenaur, P. J. (27 October 1986). "Firm to Debut Clone Version of Lotus 1-2-3 - Program Offers 2.0 Compatibility". InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 43. Retrieved 29 November 2016. […] Twin Release 2 keeps the IBM extended character set of Version 1A, rather than Release 2.0's Lotus International Character Set, which […] causes problems with commercial templates designed for Lotus 1-2-3, Release 1A. […]
Cobb, Douglas; Cobb, Steven (31 October 1988). "Spreadsheet clinic: How to adjust SuperCalc's financial functions to analyze annuities due, create flashing screen messages in 1-2-3, and access upper-level ASCII characters in Quattro and 1-2-3". PC Magazine: 411. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016. […] Unlike 1-2-3, Quattro uses the ASCII character set. By default, 1-2-3, Release 2.01, uses the Lotus International Character Set (LICS) — the same character set that Release 2.0 always uses […] you can command Release 2.01 to use the ASCII character set, just as Quattro does. […] load the install program, and select Advanced Options […] select TextDisplay […] choose Universal Text Display – ASCII-No LICS […] Now, when you load 1-2-3 using the modified driver set, the @CHAR function will produce upper-level ASCII characters […] (NB. By "Upper-level ASCII", the authors actually meant the 8-bit OEM character set.)
Lee, Yvonne (3 May 1993). "HP 100LX rolled out as successor to palmtop". InfoWorld. Vol. 15, no. 18. p. 27. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
Edward Warner (8 September 1986). "Lotus Perseveres to Unveil Japanese Version of 1-2-3". InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 36. p. 9. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
Walkenbach, John (1 June 1992). "Lotus Dresses Up 1-2-3 with Smart Icons". InfoWorld. Vol. 14, no. 22. pp. 73, 76. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
Walkenbach, John (15 October 1990). "Lotus 1-2-3, Release 3.1 Has Publishing-Quality Output". InfoWorld. Vol. 12, no. 42. pp. 91–92, 96. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Walkenbach, John (15 February 1993). "Lotus updates, accelerates 1-2-3 for DOS". InfoWorld. Vol. 15, no. 7. pp. 57, 60–61. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Singh, Jai (16 May 1994). "Lotus Readies 1-2-3 Upgrade". InfoWorld. Vol. 16, no. 20. p. 10. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
Strehlo, Kevin (24 May 1993). "Lotus significantly improves usability in 1-2-3, Release 4". InfoWorld. Vol. 15, no. 21. p. 172. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
Conatser, Kelly (3 October 1994). "Lotus navigates steady course with 1-2-3". InfoWorld. Vol. 16, no. 40. pp. 85–86, 88, 90. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
"Lotus to Ship One 1-2-3 For Unix V/386 Systems". InfoWorld. Vol. 12, no. 25. 18 June 1990. p. 45. ISSN 0199-6649.
Gates, Bill; Manzi, Jim; Esber, Ed (2 November 1987). "The great software debate". Computerworld (Interview). Vol. XXI, no. 44. Interviewed by Paul Gillin. p. SR7. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
Barney, Douglas (4 May 1987). "Lotus celebrates with IBM pact". Computerworld. Vol. 21, no. 18. IDG Enterprise. pp. 1, 100. ISSN 0010-4841.
Barney, Douglas (4 May 1987). "Debate over host 1-2-3". Computerworld. Vol. 21, no. 18. IDG Enterprise. p. 100. ISSN 0010-4841.
Derfler, Frank J. Jr. (March 1983). "A Program You Can Count On". PC Magazine. Vol. 1, no. 10. p. 187. Retrieved 21 October 2013.

cbr-online.com

"New Lotus 1-2-3 Edition for SPARC systems supports real-time working". Computer Business Review. 1 July 1991. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.

cnet.com

news.cnet.com

"Full text of Judge Jackson's findings of fact". CNet. January 2007. Section 116. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
"Full text of Judge Jackson's findings of fact". CNet. January 2007. Section 125. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2014.

cnet.com

"Full text of Judge Jackson's findings of fact". CNET. Retrieved 14 July 2023.

crn.com

Darrow, Barbara (1 February 2002), "Whatever Happened To Lotus 1-2-3?", CRN, archived from the original on 9 January 2009, retrieved 31 October 2007.

danielsays.com

Rose, Daniel. "Windows 1.x, 2.x, 3.x - Lotus SmartSuite Release 3.1". Daniel's Legacy Computer Collections. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.

deseret.com

"LOTUS UNVEILS ITS VERSION OF POPULAR SPREADSHEET FOR IBM MAINFRAME USERS". DeseretNews.com. 28 February 1990. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.

dssresources.com

Power, D. J. (30 August 2004). "A Brief History of Spreadsheets". DSSResources.com. 3 (6).

emsps.com

"Lotus 1-2-3 Version Information". EMS Professional Software. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

fileinfo.com

"WKS File Extension – Open .WKS files", File info.
"WK1 File Extension – Open .WK1 files", File info.
"WK2 File Extension – Open .WK2 files", File info.
"WK3 File Extension – Open .WK3 files", File info.
"WK4 File Extension – Open .WK4 files", File info.

gesmer.com

Gesmer, Lee T. (1 April 1995). "Perspective: Lotus Development Corp. v. Borland International". Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2019.

guidebookgallery.org

"Splashes 1-2-3". Graphical User Interface Gallery Guidebook. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

ibm.com

"The History of Notes and Domino", Developer Works, IBM, 14 November 2007, archived from the original on 20 January 2021, retrieved 20 December 2005

www-01.ibm.com

"LOTUS 1-2-3/M". IBM Corporation. 27 February 1990. Announcement Letter Number 290-104.

publibfp.dhe.ibm.com

GDDM: General Information: Version 3 Release 2 (PDF). IBM Corporation. December 2001. p. 27. GC33-0866-04. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2017. Lotus 1-2-3M, the System/370 version of Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3, has been developed by Lotus Development Corporation to be exclusively marketed by IBM in the VM/CMS and MVS/TSO/E environments.

justice.gov

"Antitrust Division | U.S. V. Microsoft: Court's Findings Of Fact". www.justice.gov. 14 August 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
"Antitrust Division | U.S. V. Microsoft: Proposed Findings Of Fact". www.justice.gov. 14 August 2015. p. section 208. Retrieved 14 July 2023.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Graham, Lawrence D. (1999). "Keyboard Commands and Menu Arrangements". Legal Battles that Shaped the Computer Industry. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 63–68. ISBN 9781567201789. LCCN 99-13620. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
Walkenbach, John (2007). "Chapter One: Excel 2007: Where It Came From". Excel 2007 Power Programming with VBA. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-470-04401-8. LCCN 2006939606. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.

lotus.co.jp

www2.lotus.co.jp

"Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 R2.5J MS-DOS対応版発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 1 October 1999. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
"Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 97 発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください" (in Japanese). Lotus Development Japan. Ltd. Archived from the original on 10 October 1999. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
"Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 98 発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください" (in Japanese). Lotus Development Japan. Ltd. Archived from the original on 17 November 1999. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

lotusmuseum.com

"1-2-3/G for OS/2, Release 1.1". Lotus Museum. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
"1-2-3 for Macintosh, Release 1.0". Lotus Museum. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
"1-2-3 for Macintosh, Release 1.1". Lotus Museum. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2015.

microsoft.com

learn.microsoft.com

"Method to determine whether a year is a leap year - Microsoft 365 Apps". learn.microsoft.com. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
Microsoft Corporation. "Excel incorrectly assumes that the year 1900 is a leap year". Microsoft Corporation.

novell.com

"Novell and Spire Technologies Announce WordPerfect 5.1+ for OpenVMS/Alpha Systems". Novell press release. Retrieved 27 July 2016.

nytimes.com

Markoff, John (29 June 1990). "Lotus Wins Copyright Decision". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
Lewis, Peter H. (13 August 1989). "THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER; Sorting Out Lotus's New 1-2-3's". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
"COMPANY NEWS; Lotus 1-2-3 For I.B.M. Line". The New York Times. Associated Press. 28 February 1990. Retrieved 9 February 2017. The Lotus Development Corporation today introduced a long-promised version of its popular 1-2-3 computer spreadsheet program for I.B.M. mainframe computers. The program, 1-2-3-M, allows personal computer users to pull data from a mainframe computer file and transfer it directly into the 1-2-3 spreadsheet... I.B.M. will be the sole marketer of the program, which is designed for use on I.B.M.'s System-370 computer line.

olemiss.edu

egrove.olemiss.edu

1990 AICPA survey of computer usage (Report). 1990. 561. Retrieved 30 April 2025.

onlinetechstrixes.blogspot.de

Attia, Zayn 'Utbah (11 March 2015). "ASCII graphic characters, range names". Computer Tips. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016. […] Release 1A's capability to use extended graphics characters to dress up a screen was an undocumented feature. These characters allowed you to draw boxes and add special symbols on the screen. With Release 2, Lotus has assigned different meanings to these characters, the Lotus International Character Set, LICS. Any these extended characters must be erased or replaced with regular keyboard characters before the character can appear acceptable on an Release 2 screen. Release 2.01 offers an install option to use extended characters rather than LICS characters. […]

pcmuseum.ca

Perconal Computer Museum. "Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.4". Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2019.

techopedia.com

Techopedia (15 December 2015). "Lotus 1-2-3". Retrieved 12 July 2019.

techradar.com

Fadilpašić, Sead (29 May 2022). "This 40-year-old Microsoft Excel rival is making a surprising comeback". techradar.

ucsd.edu

cseweb.ucsd.edu

Paloma, Cindy (June 1993). "Lotus 1-2-3 Upgraded To Version 1.2". UCSD Computer Science & Engineering Computing Facility Newsletter. Vol. 4, no. 6. CSE Uptime / UCSD. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2016.

umd.edu

cs.umd.edu

"Lotus 1-2-3". University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

umn.edu

purl.umn.edu

Campbell-Kelly, Martin (7 May 2004), Oral history interview with Jonathan Sachs, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.

web.archive.org

Darrow, Barbara (1 February 2002), "Whatever Happened To Lotus 1-2-3?", CRN, archived from the original on 9 January 2009, retrieved 31 October 2007.
"The History of Notes and Domino", Developer Works, IBM, 14 November 2007, archived from the original on 20 January 2021, retrieved 20 December 2005
Perconal Computer Museum. "Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.4". Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
Gesmer, Lee T. (1 April 1995). "Perspective: Lotus Development Corp. v. Borland International". Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
"Full text of Judge Jackson's findings of fact". CNet. January 2007. Section 116. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
"Full text of Judge Jackson's findings of fact". CNet. January 2007. Section 125. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
Walkenbach, John (2007). "Chapter One: Excel 2007: Where It Came From". Excel 2007 Power Programming with VBA. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-470-04401-8. LCCN 2006939606. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
"Lotus 1-2-3". University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Attia, Zayn 'Utbah (11 March 2015). "ASCII graphic characters, range names". Computer Tips. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016. […] Release 1A's capability to use extended graphics characters to dress up a screen was an undocumented feature. These characters allowed you to draw boxes and add special symbols on the screen. With Release 2, Lotus has assigned different meanings to these characters, the Lotus International Character Set, LICS. Any these extended characters must be erased or replaced with regular keyboard characters before the character can appear acceptable on an Release 2 screen. Release 2.01 offers an install option to use extended characters rather than LICS characters. […]
Cobb, Douglas; Cobb, Steven (31 October 1988). "Spreadsheet clinic: How to adjust SuperCalc's financial functions to analyze annuities due, create flashing screen messages in 1-2-3, and access upper-level ASCII characters in Quattro and 1-2-3". PC Magazine: 411. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016. […] Unlike 1-2-3, Quattro uses the ASCII character set. By default, 1-2-3, Release 2.01, uses the Lotus International Character Set (LICS) — the same character set that Release 2.0 always uses […] you can command Release 2.01 to use the ASCII character set, just as Quattro does. […] load the install program, and select Advanced Options […] select TextDisplay […] choose Universal Text Display – ASCII-No LICS […] Now, when you load 1-2-3 using the modified driver set, the @CHAR function will produce upper-level ASCII characters […] (NB. By "Upper-level ASCII", the authors actually meant the 8-bit OEM character set.)
"Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 R2.5J MS-DOS対応版発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 1 October 1999. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
Balaban, Bob (2001). "Multi-Language Character Sets - What They Are, How To Use Them" (PDF). Looseleaf Software, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
"1-2-3/G for OS/2, Release 1.1". Lotus Museum. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Rose, Daniel. "Windows 1.x, 2.x, 3.x - Lotus SmartSuite Release 3.1". Daniel's Legacy Computer Collections. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
"Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 97 発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください" (in Japanese). Lotus Development Japan. Ltd. Archived from the original on 10 October 1999. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
"Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 98 発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください" (in Japanese). Lotus Development Japan. Ltd. Archived from the original on 17 November 1999. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
Paloma, Cindy (June 1993). "Lotus 1-2-3 Upgraded To Version 1.2". UCSD Computer Science & Engineering Computing Facility Newsletter. Vol. 4, no. 6. CSE Uptime / UCSD. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
"1-2-3 for Macintosh, Release 1.0". Lotus Museum. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
"1-2-3 for Macintosh, Release 1.1". Lotus Museum. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
GDDM: General Information: Version 3 Release 2 (PDF). IBM Corporation. December 2001. p. 27. GC33-0866-04. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2017. Lotus 1-2-3M, the System/370 version of Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3, has been developed by Lotus Development Corporation to be exclusively marketed by IBM in the VM/CMS and MVS/TSO/E environments.
"LOTUS UNVEILS ITS VERSION OF POPULAR SPREADSHEET FOR IBM MAINFRAME USERS". DeseretNews.com. 28 February 1990. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.

wired.com

Spence, Kristin (1 June 1996). "Lotus v. Borland: Deadlock on the Electronic Frontier". Wired. Retrieved 12 July 2019.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

"VIP Professional". inCider (advertisement). Vol. 4, no. 12. December 1986. p. 171. ISSN 0740-0101. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
"Lotus to Ship One 1-2-3 For Unix V/386 Systems". InfoWorld. Vol. 12, no. 25. 18 June 1990. p. 45. ISSN 0199-6649.
Barney, Douglas (4 May 1987). "Lotus celebrates with IBM pact". Computerworld. Vol. 21, no. 18. IDG Enterprise. pp. 1, 100. ISSN 0010-4841.
Barney, Douglas (4 May 1987). "Debate over host 1-2-3". Computerworld. Vol. 21, no. 18. IDG Enterprise. p. 100. ISSN 0010-4841.

worldcat.org

Walkenbach, John (2007). "Chapter One: Excel 2007: Where It Came From". Excel 2007 Power Programming with VBA. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-470-04401-8. LCCN 2006939606. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.

zdnet.com

Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. "Goodbye, Lotus 1-2-3". ZDNet ZDNet.