References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Low back pain" in the English version

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

da C Menezes Costa L, Maher CG, Hancock MJ, McAuley JH, Herbert RD, Costa LO (August 2012). "The prognosis of acute and persistent low-back pain: a meta-analysis". CMAJ. 184 (11): E613–E624. doi:10.1503/cmaj.111271. PMC 3414626. PMID 22586331.

Koes BW, van Tulder M, Lin CW, Macedo LG, McAuley J, Maher C (December 2010). "An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care". European Spine Journal. 19 (12): 2075–2094. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1502-y. PMC 2997201. PMID 20602122.

Manusov EG (September 2012). "Evaluation and diagnosis of low back pain". Primary Care. 39 (3): 471–479. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.003. PMID 22958556.

Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA, Denberg TD, Barry MJ, et al. (April 2017). "Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 166 (7): 514–530. doi:10.7326/M16-2367. PMID 28192789.

Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, et al. (June 2012). "A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 64 (6): 2028–2037. doi:10.1002/art.34347. PMID 22231424.

Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (December 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–2196. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607.

Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Turner JA, Martin BI (2009). "Overtreating chronic back pain: time to back off?". Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 22 (1): 62–68. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2009.01.080102. PMC 2729142. PMID 19124635.

Salzberg L (September 2012). "The physiology of low back pain". Primary Care. 39 (3): 487–498. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.014. PMID 22958558.

Herrero P, Val P, Lapuente-Hernández D, Cuenca-Zaldívar JN, Calvo S, Gómez-Trullén EM (20 February 2024). "Effects of Lifestyle Interventions on the Improvement of Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis". Healthcare. 12 (5): 505. doi:10.3390/healthcare12050505. ISSN 2227-9032. PMC 10931043. PMID 38470617.

Cashin AG, Wand BM, O'Connell NE, Lee H, Rizzo RR, Bagg MK, O'Hagan E, Maher CG, Furlan AD, van Tulder MW, McAuley JH (4 April 2023). "Pharmacological treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (4) CD013815. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013815.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10072849. PMID 37014979.

Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R (November 2022). "CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain – United States, 2022". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 71 (3): 1–95. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7103a1. PMC 9639433. PMID 36327391.

Deyo RA, Von Korff M, Duhrkoop D (January 2015). "Opioids for low back pain". BMJ. 350 (jan05 10) g6380. doi:10.1136/bmj.g6380. PMC 6882374. PMID 25561513.

Manusov EG (September 2012). "Surgical treatment of low back pain". Primary Care. 39 (3): 525–531. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.010. PMID 22958562.

Chou R, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, Resnick DK, Shaffer WO, Loeser JD (May 2009). "Surgery for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline". Spine. 34 (10): 1094–1109. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a105fc. PMID 19363455. S2CID 1504909.

Miller SM (September 2012). "Low back pain: pharmacologic management". Primary Care. 39 (3): 499–510. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.005. PMID 22958559.

Henschke N, Ostelo RW, van Tulder MW, Vlaeyen JW, Morley S, Assendelft WJ, Main CJ (July 2010). "Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011 (7) CD002014. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002014.pub3. PMC 7065591. PMID 20614428.

Marlowe D (September 2012). "Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for low back pain". Primary Care. 39 (3): 533–546. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.008. PMID 22958563.

Walker BF, French SD, Grant W, Green S (February 2011). "A Cochrane review of combined chiropractic interventions for low-back pain". Spine. 36 (3): 230–242. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318202ac73. PMID 21248591. S2CID 26310171.

Dagenais S, Gay RE, Tricco AC, Freeman MD, Mayer JM (October 2010). "NASS Contemporary Concepts in Spine Care: spinal manipulation therapy for acute low back pain". The Spine Journal. 10 (10): 918–940. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2010.07.389. PMID 20869008.

Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW (February 2011). Rubinstein SM (ed.). "Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (2) CD008112. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub2. hdl:1887/117578. PMC 12009663. PMID 21328304.

Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW (September 2012). "Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9) CD008880. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2. hdl:1871/48563. PMC 6885055. PMID 22972127.

Ferreira ML, de Luca K, Haile LM, Steinmetz JD, Culbreth GT, Cross M, et al. (GBD 2021 Low Back Pain Collaborators) (June 2023). "Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990-2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021". The Lancet. Rheumatology. 5 (6): e316–e329. doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00098-X. PMC 10234592. PMID 37273833.

Stanton TR, Latimer J, Maher CG, Hancock MJ (April 2010). "How do we define the condition 'recurrent low back pain'? A systematic review". European Spine Journal. 19 (4): 533–539. doi:10.1007/s00586-009-1214-3. PMC 2899839. PMID 19921522.

Kelly GA, Blake C, Power CK, O'keeffe D, Fullen BM (February 2011). "The association between chronic low back pain and sleep: a systematic review". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 27 (2): 169–181. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181f3bdd5. PMID 20842008. S2CID 19569862.

Swain CT, Pan F, Owen PJ, Schmidt H, Belavy DL (March 2020). "No consensus on causality of spine postures or physical exposure and low back pain: A systematic review of systematic reviews". Journal of Biomechanics. 102: 109312. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.08.006. PMID 31451200. S2CID 201756091.

Lane DR, Takhar SS (August 2011). "Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 29 (3): 539–552. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2011.04.001. PMID 21782073.

Freeman MD, Woodham MA, Woodham AW (February 2010). "The role of the lumbar multifidus in chronic low back pain: a review". PM & R. 2 (2): 142–6, quiz 1 p following 167. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.11.006. PMID 20193941. S2CID 22246810.

Hughes SP, Freemont AJ, Hukins DW, McGregor AH, Roberts S (October 2012). "The pathogenesis of degeneration of the intervertebral disc and emerging therapies in the management of back pain" (PDF). The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 94 (10): 1298–1304. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.94B10.28986. PMID 23015552. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.

Cohen SP, Argoff CE, Carragee EJ (December 2008). "Management of low back pain". BMJ. 337 a2718. doi:10.1136/bmj.a2718. PMID 19103627. S2CID 78716905.

North American Spine Society (February 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, North American Spine Society, retrieved 25 March 2013, which cites

Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, Owens DK, et al. (Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Pain Society Low Back Pain Guidelines Panel) (October 2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society". Annals of Internal Medicine. 147 (7): 478–491. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006. PMID 17909209.
Williams CM, Henschke N, Maher CG, van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Macaskill P, Irwig L (28 November 2023). "Red flags to screen for vertebral fracture in patients presenting with low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11) CD008643. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008643.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10683370. PMID 38014846.
Henschke N, Maher CG, Ostelo RW, de Vet HC, Macaskill P, Irwig L (February 2013). "Red flags to screen for malignancy in patients with low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (2) CD008686. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008686.pub2. PMC 10631455. PMID 23450586.
Downie A, Williams CM, Henschke N, Hancock MJ, Ostelo RW, de Vet HC, et al. (December 2013). "Red flags to screen for malignancy and fracture in patients with low back pain: systematic review". BMJ. 347 (dec11 1) f7095. doi:10.1136/bmj.f7095. PMC 3898572. PMID 24335669.
Manchikanti L, Glaser SE, Wolfer L, Derby R, Cohen SP (2009). "Systematic review of lumbar discography as a diagnostic test for chronic low back pain". Pain Physician. 12 (3): 541–559. doi:10.36076/ppj.2009/12/541. PMID 19461822.
Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA (February 2009). "Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet. 373 (9662): 463–472. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60172-0. PMID 19200918. S2CID 31602395.
Chou R, Qaseem A, Owens DK, Shekelle P, et al. (Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians) (February 2011). "Diagnostic imaging for low back pain: advice for high-value health care from the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 154 (3): 181–189. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-3-201102010-00008. PMID 21282698. S2CID 1326352.
Flynn TW, Smith B, Chou R (November 2011). "Appropriate use of diagnostic imaging in low back pain: a reminder that unnecessary imaging may do as much harm as good". The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 41 (11): 838–846. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3618. PMID 21642763. S2CID 207399397.
Quentin C, Bagheri R, Ugbolue UC, Coudeyre E, Pélissier C, Descatha A, Menini T, Bouillon-Minois JB, Dutheil F (10 August 2021). "Effect of Home Exercise Training in Patients with Nonspecific Low-Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (16): 8430. doi:10.3390/ijerph18168430. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 8391468. PMID 34444189.
Steffens D, Maher CG, Pereira LS, Stevens ML, Oliveira VC, Chapple M, et al. (February 2016). "Prevention of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 176 (2): 199–208. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7431. PMID 26752509.
Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, Hoy D, Karppinen J, Pransky G, Sieper J, Smeets RJ, Underwood M, Buchbinder R, Hartvigsen J, Cherkin D (June 2018). "What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention". The Lancet. 391 (10137): 2356–2367. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30480-x. hdl:1871.1/79cd95b7-4b74-4c5a-bf1f-adf61bcc71f5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 29573870. S2CID 4354991.
Choi BK, Verbeek JH, Tam WW, Jiang JY (January 2010). Choi BK (ed.). "Exercises for prevention of recurrences of low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (1) CD006555. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006555.pub2. PMC 8078403. PMID 20091596.
Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, Owens DK, et al. (Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Pain Society Low Back Pain Guidelines Panel) (October 2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society". Annals of Internal Medicine. 147 (7): 478–491. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006. PMID 17909209.
Hegmann KT, Travis R, Andersson GB, et al. (March 2020). "Non-Invasive and Minimally Invasive Management of Low Back Disorders". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 62 (3): e111–e138. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001812. PMID 31977923.
Sahar T, Cohen MJ, Uval-Ne'eman V, Kandel L, Odebiyi DO, Lev I, et al. (April 2009). "Insoles for prevention and treatment of back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group". Spine. 34 (9): 924–933. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31819f29be. PMID 19359999. S2CID 22162952.
Sprouse R (September 2012). "Treatment: current treatment recommendations for acute and chronic undifferentiated low back pain". Primary Care. 39 (3): 481–486. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.004. PMID 22958557.
Momsen AM, Rasmussen JO, Nielsen CV, Iversen MD, Lund H (November 2012). "Multidisciplinary team care in rehabilitation: an overview of reviews". Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 44 (11): 901–912. doi:10.2340/16501977-1040. PMID 23026978.
Gomes-Neto M, Lopes JM, Conceição CS, Araujo A, Brasileiro A, Sousa C, et al. (January 2017). "Stabilization exercise compared to general exercises or manual therapy for the management of low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Physical Therapy in Sport. 23: 136–142. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.08.004. PMID 27707631.
Hayden JA, Ellis J, Ogilvie R, Malmivaara A, van Tulder MW (28 September 2021). Cochrane Back and Neck Group (ed.). "Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (10) CD009790. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009790.pub2. PMC 8477273. PMID 34580864.
Foster NE, Anema JR, Cherkin D, Chou R, Cohen SP, Gross DP, Ferreira PH, Fritz JM, Koes BW, Peul W, Turner JA, Maher CG, Buchbinder R, Hartvigsen J, Cherkin D (2018). "Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions". The Lancet. 391 (10137): 2368–2383. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30489-6. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 29573872. S2CID 205989057.
Hendrick P, Milosavljevic S, Hale L, Hurley DA, McDonough S, Ryan B, Baxter GD (March 2011). "The relationship between physical activity and low back pain outcomes: a systematic review of observational studies". European Spine Journal. 20 (3): 464–474. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1616-2. PMC 3048226. PMID 21053026.
Schaafsma FG, Whelan K, van der Beek AJ, van der Es-Lambeek LC, Ojajärvi A, Verbeek JH (August 2013). "Physical conditioning as part of a return to work strategy to reduce sickness absence for workers with back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (8) CD001822. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001822.pub3. PMC 7074637. PMID 23990391.
Hendrick P, Te Wake AM, Tikkisetty AS, Wulff L, Yap C, Milosavljevic S (October 2010). "The effectiveness of walking as an intervention for low back pain: a systematic review". European Spine Journal. 19 (10): 1613–1620. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1412-z. PMC 2989236. PMID 20414688.
IJzelenberg W, Oosterhuis T, Hayden JA, Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Rubinstein SM, de Zoete A (30 August 2023). Cochrane Back and Neck Group (ed.). "Exercise therapy for treatment of acute non-specific low back pain". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (8). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009365.pub2. PMC 10467021. PMID 37646368.
French SD, Cameron M, Walker BF, Reggars JW, Esterman AJ (January 2006). "Superficial heat or cold for low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011 (1) CD004750. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004750.pub2. PMC 8846312. PMID 16437495.
van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Kuijpers T, Verhagen AP, Ostelo R, Koes BW, van Tulder MW (January 2011). "A systematic review on the effectiveness of physical and rehabilitation interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain". European Spine Journal. 20 (1): 19–39. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1518-3. PMC 3036018. PMID 20640863.
Guild DG (September 2012). "Mechanical therapy for low back pain". Primary Care. 39 (3): 511–516. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.006. PMID 22958560.
Ebadi S, Henschke N, Forogh B, Nakhostin Ansari N, van Tulder MW, Babaei-Ghazani A, Fallah E (July 2020). "Therapeutic ultrasound for chronic low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (7) CD009169. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009169.pub3. PMC 7390505. PMID 32623724.
van Duijvenbode IC, Jellema P, van Poppel MN, van Tulder MW (April 2008). "Lumbar supports for prevention and treatment of low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008 (2) CD001823. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001823.pub3. PMC 7046130. PMID 18425875.
Hayden JA, Ellis J, Ogilvie R, Malmivaara A, van Tulder MW (September 2021). "Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (10) CD009790. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009790.pub2. PMC 8477273. PMID 34580864.
Smith C, Grimmer-Somers K (June 2010). "The treatment effect of exercise programmes for chronic low back pain". Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 16 (3): 484–491. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01174.x. PMID 20438611.
van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Verhagen AP, Ostelo RW, Koes BW, van Tulder MW (April 2010). "Exercise therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 24 (2): 193–204. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2010.01.002. PMID 20227641.
Wewege MA, Booth J, Parmenter BJ (25 October 2018). "Aerobic vs. resistance exercise for chronic non-specific low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 31 (5): 889–899. doi:10.3233/BMR-170920. PMID 29889056. S2CID 47013227.
Woodman JP, Moore NR (January 2012). "Evidence for the effectiveness of Alexander Technique lessons in medical and health-related conditions: a systematic review". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 66 (1): 98–112. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02817.x. PMID 22171910. S2CID 7579458.
Posadzki P, Ernst E (September 2011). "Yoga for low back pain: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials". Clinical Rheumatology. 30 (9): 1257–1262. doi:10.1007/s10067-011-1764-8. PMID 21590293. S2CID 17095187.
Wieland LS, Skoetz N, Pilkington K, Harbin S, Vempati R, Berman BM (November 2022). "Yoga for chronic non-specific low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (11) CD010671. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010671.pub3. PMC 9673466. PMID 36398843. S2CID 253627174.
Saragiotto BT, Maher CG, Yamato TP, Costa LO, Menezes Costa LC, Ostelo RW, Macedo LG (January 2016). "Motor control exercise for chronic non-specific low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (1) CD012004. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012004. PMC 8761501. PMID 26742533.
Tagliaferri SD, Miller CT, Ford JJ, Hahne AJ, Main LC, Rantalainen T, et al. (June 2020). "Randomized Trial of General Strength and Conditioning Versus Motor Control and Manual Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain on Physical and Self-Report Outcomes". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (6): 1726. doi:10.3390/jcm9061726. PMC 7355598. PMID 32503243.
Yamato TP, Maher CG, Saragiotto BT, Hancock MJ, Ostelo RW, Cabral CM, et al. (Cochrane Back and Neck Group) (July 2015). "Pilates for low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7) CD010265. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010265.pub2. PMC 8078578. PMID 26133923.
Kamper SJ, Apeldoorn AT, Chiarotto A, Smeets RJ, Ostelo RW, Guzman J, van Tulder MW (September 2014). "Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (9) CD000963. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000963.pub3. PMC 10945502. PMID 25180773.
Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J (January 2010). "Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 74 (2): 173–176. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c918fc. PMID 20042705.
Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Day RO, Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML (July 2017). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 76 (7): 1269–1278. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210597. PMID 28153830. S2CID 22850331.
van der Gaag WH, Roelofs PD, Enthoven WT, van Tulder MW, Koes BW (April 2020). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (4) CD013581. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013581. PMC 7161726. PMID 32297973.
Saragiotto BT, Machado GC, Ferreira ML, Pinheiro MB, Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG (2016). "Paracetamol for low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6) CD012230. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012230. PMC 6353046. PMID 27271789.
Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Pinheiro MB, Lin CW, Day RO, et al. (March 2015). "Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials". BMJ. 350 h1225. doi:10.1136/bmj.h1225. PMC 4381278. PMID 25828856.
Enthoven WT, Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, van Tulder MW, Koes BW (February 2016). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2 (8) CD012087. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012087. PMC 7104791. PMID 26863524.
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Chou R, Pinto RZ, Fu R, Lowe RA, Henschke N, McAuley JH, Dana T (October 2022). "Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non-radicular low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (10) CD012450. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012450.pub2. PMC 9585990. PMID 36269125.
Franklin GM (September 2014). "Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a position paper of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 83 (14): 1277–1284. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000839. PMID 25267983.
Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Atlas S, Turk DC (April 2014). "Opioids compared with placebo or other treatments for chronic low back pain: an update of the Cochrane Review". Spine. 39 (7): 556–563. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000249. PMID 24480962. S2CID 25356400.
Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R (March 2016). "CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain – United States, 2016". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 65 (1): 1–49. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1. PMC 6390846. PMID 26987082.
Shmagel A, Krebs E, Ensrud K, Foley R (September 2016). "Illicit Substance Use in US Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain". Spine. 41 (17): 1372–1377. doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000001702. PMC 5002230. PMID 27438382.
Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG, Williams KA, Day R, McLachlan AJ (July 2016). "Efficacy, Tolerability, and Dose-Dependent Effects of Opioid Analgesics for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 176 (7): 958–968. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1251. PMID 27213267. S2CID 29903177.
de Leon-Casasola OA (March 2013). "Opioids for chronic pain: new evidence, new strategies, safe prescribing". The American Journal of Medicine. 126 (3 Suppl 1): S3-11. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.11.011. PMID 23414718.
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handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

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nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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Low back pain (English Wikipedia)

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