Lumpenproletariat (English Wikipedia)

Cheng, Lucie (1984). Labor Immigration Under Capitalism: Asian Workers in the United States Before World War II. University of California Press. p. 300. ISBN 9780520048294. ...population of declassed or lumpen proletariat....
Denning 2010, p. 87. Denning, Michael (2010). "Wageless Life". New Left Review. 66: 79–97. (web version)
Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1976) [1846]. The German Ideology (3rd ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. p. 93.
Hayes III, Floyd W.; Kiene III, Francis A. (1998). ""All Power to the People": The Political Thought of Huey P. Newton and The Black Panther Party". In Jones, Charles E. (ed.). The Black Panther Party [Reconsidered]. Baltimore: Black Classic Press. pp. 160-161. ISBN 9780933121966.
Denning 2010, p. 88. Denning, Michael (2010). "Wageless Life". New Left Review. 66: 79–97. (web version)
Matza, David (1966). "The Disreputable Poor". In Bendix, Reinhard; Lipset, Seymour M. (eds.). Class, Status and Power. New York: Free Press.
cited in Smith, Brent L. (1994). Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams. SUNY Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780791417591.; original source: Quinney, Richard (1977). Class, State, and Crime: On Theory and Practice of Criminal Justice. New York: D. McKay Co. pp. 55–57.

books.google.com

Hemmerle, O.B. (2006). "Lumpenproletariat". In Odekon, Mehmet (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Poverty Volume 1: A-G. SAGE Publications. pp. 655-656. ISBN 978-1-4129-1807-7.
Holt, Justin P. (2014). "Class". The Social Thought of Karl Marx. SAGE. p. 105. ISBN 9781412997843.
Welshman, John (2013). Underclass: A History of the Excluded Since 1880. A & C Black. p. 21. ISBN 9781780935706.
Stewart, Michael (2002). "Deprivation, the Roma and 'the underclass'". In Hann, C. M. (ed.). Postsocialism: Ideals, Ideologies and Practices in Eurasia. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 9781134504459.
Fleiter, Andreas (2014). "Class, Youth, and Sexuality in the Construction of the Lustmorder Punishment on the Path to Socialism". In Wetzell, Richard F. (ed.). Crime and Criminal Justice in Modern Germany. Berghahn Books. pp. 67-68. ISBN 9781782382478.
Brass, Tom (2017). Labour Markets, Identities, Controversies: Reviews and Essays, 1982–2016. Brill Publishers. p. 174. ISBN 9789004322370.
Trotsky, Leon (2005). Banerjee, Aninda; Sarkar, Saurobijay (eds.). Fascism: What It Is And How To Fight It. Delhi: Aakar Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-87879-44-2.
Stephenson, Svetlana (2006). "Soviet Outcasts: Displacement, Expulsion and Self-expulsion". Crossing the Line: Vagrancy, Homelessness and Social Displacement in Russia. Ashgate Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7546-1813-3.
McMillan, Chris (2012). Žižek and Communist Strategy: On the Disavowed Foundations of Global Capitalism: On the Disavowed Foundations of Global Capitalism. Edinburgh University Press. p. 127. ISBN 9780748646654.
Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism. Edinburgh University Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780748654161.
Lewy, Guenter (2000). The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies. Oxford University Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780195125566.
Rorke, Bernard (2007). "No Longer and Not Yet: Between Exclusion and Emancipation". In Nicolae, Valeriu; Slavik, Hannah (eds.). Roma Diplomacy. International Debate Education Association. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-932716-33-7.
Gelder, Ken (2007). "Subcultures and Cultural Studies". Subcultures: Cultural Histories and Social Practice. Routledge. p. 83. ISBN 9781134181278.
Kohli, Atul, ed. (2001). "Introduction". The Success of India's Democracy. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780521805308. A variety of lumpen groups, especially unemployed youth in northern India, have joined right-wing proto-fascist movements in recent years – such as RSS
Anderson, Kjell (2017-11-23). Perpetrating Genocide: A Criminological Account. Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-317-23438-8.
Conesa, Pierre (2011-09-15). La Fabrication de l'ennemi: ou Comment tuer avec sa conscience pour soi (in French). Groupe Robert Laffont. p. 122. ISBN 978-2-221-12736-0. Le lumpenprolétariat s'identifie à ce discours populiste contre une victime proche et constitue la force de frappe de ces milices aux noms fleuris: les Tigres d'Arkan, les Scorpions serbes, les Interahamwe (« ceux qui sont ensemble ») du Rwanda, les milices MAS, Muerte a los secuestradores, et les groupes paramilitaires en Colombie, les groupes Mai Mai du Congo ou les cavaliers Janjawid du Soudan.
Kévorkian, Raymond (2011-03-30). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-85771-930-0.
Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (2019-04-25). The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 298. ISBN 978-1-78672-598-1. The formation of the çetes (bands) offered even deprived strata of society – a lumpenproletariat – the possibility of gaining visibility and patriotic 'dignity' and of claiming their own portion of the Armenians' 'abandoned' wealth, however restricted that might be.
Bell, J. Bowyer (1966). Besieged; Seven Cities Under Siege: Madrid, 1936-1939; London, 1940-1941; Singapore, 1941-1942; Stalingrad, 1942-1943; Warsaw, 1939, 1943, 1944; Jerusalem, 1947-1949; Berlin, 1945-1949. Chilton Books. p. 190.
Prunier, Gérard (1998). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. Hurst. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-85065-372-1. As soon as they went into action, they drew around them a cloud of even poorer people, a lumpenproletariat of street boys, rag-pickers, car-washers and homeless unemployed. For these people the genocide was the best thing that could ever happen to them.
Griffin, Gabrielle; Braidotti, Rosi (October 2002). Thinking Differently: A Reader in European Women's Studies. Zed Books. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-1-84277-003-0. It was mainly the poorer strata of Serbian society, the lumpenproletariat or rural poor, who gave birth to Bokan's and Arkan's volunteers, as well as to many members of the Eagles and Arkan's Tigers{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Ruggiero, Vincenzo; South, Nigel; Taylor, Ian (2002-09-11). The New European Criminology: Crime and Social Order in Europe. Routledge. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-134-71480-3.
Flint, Julie; Watch (Organization), Human Rights; Rone, Jemera; Lefkow, Leslie (2004). Sudan, Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic Cleansing by Government and Miltia Forces in Western Sudan. Human Rights Watch. pp. 48–49.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2020). Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–111. ISBN 978-0-19-882524-1.
Kohn, Margaret (2003). Radical Space: Building the House of the People. Cornell University Press. p. 194. ISBN 9780801488603.
cited in Smith, Brent L. (1994). Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams. SUNY Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780791417591.; original source: Quinney, Richard (1977). Class, State, and Crime: On Theory and Practice of Criminal Justice. New York: D. McKay Co. pp. 55–57.
Luxemburg, Rosa; Mehring, Franz; Schneller, Ernst, eds. (1925). "Zeitschrift für Praxis und Theorie des Marxismus". Die Internationale: Zeitschrift für Praxis und Theorie des Marxismus. 6. Neue Kritik: 72.

brill.com

Brass, Tom (2017). Labour Markets, Identities, Controversies: Reviews and Essays, 1982–2016. Brill Publishers. p. 174. ISBN 9789004322370.

cambridge.org

dictionary.cambridge.org

"lumpen". dictionary.cambridge.org. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary.

collinsdictionary.com

"lumpenproletariat". Collins English Dictionary. German, literally: ragged proletariat

cp-texas.org

"Glossary of Communist Terminology". cp-texas.org. Communist Party USA Texas. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022.

doi.org

Bussard 1987, p. 680. Bussard, Robert L. (1987). "The 'dangerous class' of Marx and Engels: The rise of the idea of the Lumpenproletariat". History of European Ideas. 8 (6): 675–692. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(87)90164-1.
Thoburn 2002, p. 440. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Bussard 1987, p. 675. Bussard, Robert L. (1987). "The 'dangerous class' of Marx and Engels: The rise of the idea of the Lumpenproletariat". History of European Ideas. 8 (6): 675–692. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(87)90164-1.
Bussard 1987, p. 679. Bussard, Robert L. (1987). "The 'dangerous class' of Marx and Engels: The rise of the idea of the Lumpenproletariat". History of European Ideas. 8 (6): 675–692. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(87)90164-1.
Abdullah 2006, p. 100. Abdullah, Ibrahim (2006). "Culture, consciousness and armed conflict: Cabral's déclassé/(lumpenproletariat?) in the era of globalization". African Identities. 4 (1): 99–112. doi:10.1080/14725840500268390. S2CID 144365791.
Thoburn 2002, p. 435. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Peterson, Paul E. (1992). "The Urban Underclass and the Poverty Paradox". Political Science Quarterly. 106 (4): 617–637. doi:10.2307/2151796. JSTOR 2151796. underclass, like lumpen proletariat, is also a suitable concept for those who, like Karl Marx, want to identify a group shaped and dominated by a society's economic and political forces but who have no productive role.
Brownfield 1986, p. 426. Brownfield, David (1986). "Social Class and Violent Behavior". Criminology. 24 (3): 421–438. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00384.x.
Bussard 1987, p. 677. Bussard, Robert L. (1987). "The 'dangerous class' of Marx and Engels: The rise of the idea of the Lumpenproletariat". History of European Ideas. 8 (6): 675–692. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(87)90164-1.
Bussard 1987, p. 676. Bussard, Robert L. (1987). "The 'dangerous class' of Marx and Engels: The rise of the idea of the Lumpenproletariat". History of European Ideas. 8 (6): 675–692. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(87)90164-1.
Bussard 1987, p. 683. Bussard, Robert L. (1987). "The 'dangerous class' of Marx and Engels: The rise of the idea of the Lumpenproletariat". History of European Ideas. 8 (6): 675–692. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(87)90164-1.
Khanna, Ranjana (2013). "The Lumpenproletariat, the Subaltern, the Mental Asylum". South Atlantic Quarterly. 112 (1): 129–143. doi:10.1215/00382876-1891287.
Hayes 1988, p. 447. Hayes, Peter (1988). "Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx's Reasoning in 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'". The Review of Politics. 50 (3): 445–465. doi:10.1017/S0034670500036330. JSTOR 1407908. S2CID 145258994.
Ollman, Bertell (1968). "Marx's Use of "Class"". American Journal of Sociology. 73 (5): 573–580. doi:10.1086/224531. S2CID 143725693.
Thoburn 2002, p. 441. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Thoburn 2002, p. 444. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Bussard 1987, p. 684. Bussard, Robert L. (1987). "The 'dangerous class' of Marx and Engels: The rise of the idea of the Lumpenproletariat". History of European Ideas. 8 (6): 675–692. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(87)90164-1.
Hayes 1988, p. 449. Hayes, Peter (1988). "Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx's Reasoning in 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'". The Review of Politics. 50 (3): 445–465. doi:10.1017/S0034670500036330. JSTOR 1407908. S2CID 145258994.
Bussard 1987, p. 685. Bussard, Robert L. (1987). "The 'dangerous class' of Marx and Engels: The rise of the idea of the Lumpenproletariat". History of European Ideas. 8 (6): 675–692. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(87)90164-1.
Bussard 1987, pp. 685–686. Bussard, Robert L. (1987). "The 'dangerous class' of Marx and Engels: The rise of the idea of the Lumpenproletariat". History of European Ideas. 8 (6): 675–692. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(87)90164-1.
Hayes 1988, p. 458. Hayes, Peter (1988). "Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx's Reasoning in 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'". The Review of Politics. 50 (3): 445–465. doi:10.1017/S0034670500036330. JSTOR 1407908. S2CID 145258994.
Evans, Richard J. (1979). "'Red Wednesday' in Hamburg: Social democrats, police and Lumpenproletariat in the suffrage disturbances of 17 January 1906". Social History. 4 (1): 25–26. doi:10.1080/03071027908567437.
Smith 2013, pp. 939–940. Smith, Aminda M. (2013). "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (4): 937–958. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001654. JSTOR 43553236. S2CID 162866252.
Smith 2013, p. 940. Smith, Aminda M. (2013). "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (4): 937–958. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001654. JSTOR 43553236. S2CID 162866252.
Smith 2013, p. 945. Smith, Aminda M. (2013). "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (4): 937–958. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001654. JSTOR 43553236. S2CID 162866252.
Smith 2013, pp. 950–951. Smith, Aminda M. (2013). "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (4): 937–958. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001654. JSTOR 43553236. S2CID 162866252.
Abdullah 2006, p. 104. Abdullah, Ibrahim (2006). "Culture, consciousness and armed conflict: Cabral's déclassé/(lumpenproletariat?) in the era of globalization". African Identities. 4 (1): 99–112. doi:10.1080/14725840500268390. S2CID 144365791.
Abdullah 2006, p. 101. Abdullah, Ibrahim (2006). "Culture, consciousness and armed conflict: Cabral's déclassé/(lumpenproletariat?) in the era of globalization". African Identities. 4 (1): 99–112. doi:10.1080/14725840500268390. S2CID 144365791.
Henderson, Errol A. (1997). "The Lumpenproletariat as Vanguard?: The Black Panther Party, Social Transformation, and Pearson's Analysis of Huey Newton". Journal of Black Studies. 28 (2): 171–199. doi:10.1177/002193479702800203. S2CID 141057732.
Thoburn 2002, p. 445. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Thoburn 2002, p. 446. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Simon, Catherine (February 2005). "In the Misery of Darfur". Index on Censorship. 34 (1): 197–201. doi:10.1080/03064220512331339733. ISSN 0306-4220.
Brownfield 1986, p. 421. Brownfield, David (1986). "Social Class and Violent Behavior". Criminology. 24 (3): 421–438. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00384.x.
Brownfield 1986, p. 435. Brownfield, David (1986). "Social Class and Violent Behavior". Criminology. 24 (3): 421–438. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00384.x.
Brownfield 1986, p. 429. Brownfield, David (1986). "Social Class and Violent Behavior". Criminology. 24 (3): 421–438. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00384.x.
Mazrui, Ali A. (1973). "The Lumpen Proletariat and the Lumpen Militariat: African Soldiers as a New Political Class". Political Studies. 21 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1973.tb01413.x. S2CID 143839657.

huffingtonpost.com

Levy, Francis (30 March 2017). "The Final Solution: The Lumpenproletariat". HuffPost.

jacobinmag.com

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jstor.org

Peterson, Paul E. (1992). "The Urban Underclass and the Poverty Paradox". Political Science Quarterly. 106 (4): 617–637. doi:10.2307/2151796. JSTOR 2151796. underclass, like lumpen proletariat, is also a suitable concept for those who, like Karl Marx, want to identify a group shaped and dominated by a society's economic and political forces but who have no productive role.
Hayes 1988, p. 447. Hayes, Peter (1988). "Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx's Reasoning in 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'". The Review of Politics. 50 (3): 445–465. doi:10.1017/S0034670500036330. JSTOR 1407908. S2CID 145258994.
Hayes 1988, p. 449. Hayes, Peter (1988). "Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx's Reasoning in 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'". The Review of Politics. 50 (3): 445–465. doi:10.1017/S0034670500036330. JSTOR 1407908. S2CID 145258994.
Hayes 1988, p. 458. Hayes, Peter (1988). "Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx's Reasoning in 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'". The Review of Politics. 50 (3): 445–465. doi:10.1017/S0034670500036330. JSTOR 1407908. S2CID 145258994.
Smith 2013, pp. 939–940. Smith, Aminda M. (2013). "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (4): 937–958. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001654. JSTOR 43553236. S2CID 162866252.
Smith 2013, p. 940. Smith, Aminda M. (2013). "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (4): 937–958. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001654. JSTOR 43553236. S2CID 162866252.
Smith 2013, p. 945. Smith, Aminda M. (2013). "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (4): 937–958. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001654. JSTOR 43553236. S2CID 162866252.
Smith 2013, pp. 950–951. Smith, Aminda M. (2013). "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (4): 937–958. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001654. JSTOR 43553236. S2CID 162866252.

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Thoburn 2002, p. 440. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Thoburn 2002, p. 435. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Thoburn 2002, p. 441. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Thoburn 2002, p. 444. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Thoburn 2002, p. 445. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Thoburn 2002, p. 446. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.

marxists.org

Engels, Friedrich. 1978. "The Peasant War in Germany". In The Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, vol. 10, 397–482. New York: International.; Also in Engels, Friedrich (1926). "The Economic Situation and Social Classes in Germany". The Peasant War in Germany. Translated by Moissaye Joseph Olgin. New York: International Publishers. (web view)

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Denning 2010, p. 87. Denning, Michael (2010). "Wageless Life". New Left Review. 66: 79–97. (web version)
Denning 2010, p. 88. Denning, Michael (2010). "Wageless Life". New Left Review. 66: 79–97. (web version)

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oxforddictionaries.com

en.oxforddictionaries.com

"lumpenintelligentsia". OxfordDictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017.

politico.com

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sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

Simon, Catherine (February 2005). "In the Misery of Darfur". Index on Censorship. 34 (1): 197–201. doi:10.1080/03064220512331339733. ISSN 0306-4220.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Thoburn 2002, p. 440. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Abdullah 2006, p. 100. Abdullah, Ibrahim (2006). "Culture, consciousness and armed conflict: Cabral's déclassé/(lumpenproletariat?) in the era of globalization". African Identities. 4 (1): 99–112. doi:10.1080/14725840500268390. S2CID 144365791.
Thoburn 2002, p. 435. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Hayes 1988, p. 447. Hayes, Peter (1988). "Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx's Reasoning in 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'". The Review of Politics. 50 (3): 445–465. doi:10.1017/S0034670500036330. JSTOR 1407908. S2CID 145258994.
Ollman, Bertell (1968). "Marx's Use of "Class"". American Journal of Sociology. 73 (5): 573–580. doi:10.1086/224531. S2CID 143725693.
Thoburn 2002, p. 441. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Thoburn 2002, p. 444. Thoburn, Nicholas (2002). "Difference in Marx: the lumpenproletariat and the proletarian unnamable". Economy and Society. 31 (3): 434–460. doi:10.1080/03085140220151882. S2CID 53466836.
Hayes 1988, p. 449. Hayes, Peter (1988). "Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx's Reasoning in 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'". The Review of Politics. 50 (3): 445–465. doi:10.1017/S0034670500036330. JSTOR 1407908. S2CID 145258994.
Hayes 1988, p. 458. Hayes, Peter (1988). "Utopia and the Lumpenproletariat: Marx's Reasoning in 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'". The Review of Politics. 50 (3): 445–465. doi:10.1017/S0034670500036330. JSTOR 1407908. S2CID 145258994.
Smith 2013, pp. 939–940. Smith, Aminda M. (2013). "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (4): 937–958. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001654. JSTOR 43553236. S2CID 162866252.
Smith 2013, p. 940. Smith, Aminda M. (2013). "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (4): 937–958. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001654. JSTOR 43553236. S2CID 162866252.
Smith 2013, p. 945. Smith, Aminda M. (2013). "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (4): 937–958. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001654. JSTOR 43553236. S2CID 162866252.
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