Lute (English Wikipedia)

Dumbrill 2005, pp. 305–310. "The long-necked lute would have stemmed from the bow-harp and eventually became the tunbur; and the fat-bodied smaller lute would have evolved into the modern Oud ... the lute pre-dated the lyre which can therefore be considered as a development of the lute, rather than the contrary, as had been thought until quite recently ... Thus the lute not only dates but also locates the transition from musical protoliteracy to musical literacy ..." Dumbrill, Richard J. (2005). The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-5538-3. OCLC 62430171.
Dumbrill 2005, pp. 319–320. "The long-necked lute in the OED is orthographed as tambura; tambora, tamera, tumboora; tambur(a) and tanpoora. We have an Arabic Õunbur; Persian tanbur; Armenian pandir; Georgian panturi. and a Serbo-Croat tamburitza. The Greeks called it pandura; panduros; phanduros; panduris or pandurion. The Latin is pandura. It is attested as a Nubian instrument in the third century BC. The earliest literary allusion to lutes in Greece comes from Anaxilas in his play The Lyre-maker as 'trichordos' ... According to Pollux, the trichordon (sic) was Assyrian and they gave it the name pandoura...These instruments survive today in the form of the various Arabian tunbar ..." Dumbrill, Richard J. (2005). The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-5538-3. OCLC 62430171.
Gill, John (2008). Andalucia: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-01-95-37610-4.
Lapidus, Ira M. (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 311. ISBN 9780521779333.
Lawson, Colin; Stowell, Robin, eds. (2012-02-16). The Cambridge History of Musical Performance. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-18442-4.
Boase, Roger (1977). The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship. Manchester University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7190-0656-2.

britishmuseum.org

"Cylinder Seal". British Museum. Culture/period Uruk, Date c. 3100 BC, Museum number 41632.

clevelandart.org

"Bracket with two musicians 100s, Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century – 20)". The Cleveland Museum of Art. Retrieved March 25, 2015.

dartmouth.edu

cs.dartmouth.edu

"Photo of lute internal". www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc.
"Forms of the Lute". The Lute Society of America. Trustees of Dartmouth College. 24 May 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2018.

doi.org

Davila, Carl (2009). "Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World". Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean. 21 (2): 121–136. doi:10.1080/09503110902875475. S2CID 161670287.
Pourjavady, Amir Hossein (Autumn 2000 – Winter 2001). "Journal Article Review Reviewed Works: The Science of Music in Islam. Vols. 1-2, Studies in Oriental Music by Henry George Farmer, Eckhard Neubauer; The Science of Music in Islam. Vol. 3, Arabisch Musiktheorie von den Anfängen bis zum 6./12. Jahrhundert by Eckhard Neubauer, Fuat Sezgin; The Science of Music in Islam. Vol. 4, Der Essai sur la musique orientale von Charles Fonton mit Zeichnungen von Adanson by Eckhard Neubauer, Fuat Sezgin". Asian Music. 32 (1): 206–209. doi:10.2307/834339. JSTOR 834339.

ibiblio.org

Sachs, Curt (1914). "The history of Musical Instruments" (PDF). The Public's Library and Digital Archive.

iranicaonline.org

During, Jean (1988-12-15). "Barbat". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2012-02-04.

jstor.org

Pourjavady, Amir Hossein (Autumn 2000 – Winter 2001). "Journal Article Review Reviewed Works: The Science of Music in Islam. Vols. 1-2, Studies in Oriental Music by Henry George Farmer, Eckhard Neubauer; The Science of Music in Islam. Vol. 3, Arabisch Musiktheorie von den Anfängen bis zum 6./12. Jahrhundert by Eckhard Neubauer, Fuat Sezgin; The Science of Music in Islam. Vol. 4, Der Essai sur la musique orientale von Charles Fonton mit Zeichnungen von Adanson by Eckhard Neubauer, Fuat Sezgin". Asian Music. 32 (1): 206–209. doi:10.2307/834339. JSTOR 834339.

musicamano.com

"Jakob Lindberg Homepage". musicamano.com. Retrieved 2023-05-27.

oudmigrations.com

"The journeys of Ottoman ouds". oudmigrations. 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-04-26.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Davila, Carl (2009). "Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World". Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean. 21 (2): 121–136. doi:10.1080/09503110902875475. S2CID 161670287.

vanedwards.co.uk

Edwards, Vane. "An Illustrated History of the Lute Part One". vanedwards.co.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2019. Bletschacher (1978) has argued that this was due largely to the royal visits of Friedrich II with his magnificent Moorish Sicilian retinue to the towns in this valley between 1218 and 1237.
Edwards, Vane. "An Illustrated History of the Lute Part Two". vanedwards.co.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2019. By 1500 the first written records confirm the existence of several families making lutes as a trade in and around Füssen in the Lech valley. Most of the famous names of 16th and 17th century lutemaking seem to have come originally from around this small area of Southern Germany. By 1562 the Füssen makers were sufficiently well established to set up as a guild with elaborate regulations which have survived (see Bletschacher, 1978, and Layer, 1978).

worldcat.org

Dumbrill 2005, pp. 305–310. "The long-necked lute would have stemmed from the bow-harp and eventually became the tunbur; and the fat-bodied smaller lute would have evolved into the modern Oud ... the lute pre-dated the lyre which can therefore be considered as a development of the lute, rather than the contrary, as had been thought until quite recently ... Thus the lute not only dates but also locates the transition from musical protoliteracy to musical literacy ..." Dumbrill, Richard J. (2005). The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-5538-3. OCLC 62430171.
Dumbrill 2005, pp. 319–320. "The long-necked lute in the OED is orthographed as tambura; tambora, tamera, tumboora; tambur(a) and tanpoora. We have an Arabic Õunbur; Persian tanbur; Armenian pandir; Georgian panturi. and a Serbo-Croat tamburitza. The Greeks called it pandura; panduros; phanduros; panduris or pandurion. The Latin is pandura. It is attested as a Nubian instrument in the third century BC. The earliest literary allusion to lutes in Greece comes from Anaxilas in his play The Lyre-maker as 'trichordos' ... According to Pollux, the trichordon (sic) was Assyrian and they gave it the name pandoura...These instruments survive today in the form of the various Arabian tunbar ..." Dumbrill, Richard J. (2005). The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-5538-3. OCLC 62430171.
Apel 1949, p. 54. Apel, Willi (1949). The notation of polyphonic music 900–1600. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America. OCLC 248068157.