All the lanthanides, except Pm, in the +2 oxidation state have been observed in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID24616202.. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
James, C. (1907). "A new method for the separation of the yttrium earths". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 29 (4): 495–499. doi:10.1021/ja01958a010. In a footnote on page 498, James mentions that Carl Auer von Welsbach had announced " ... the presence of a new element Er, γ, which is undoubtedly the same as here noted, ... ." The article to which James refers is: C. Auer von Welsbach (1907) "Über die Elemente der Yttergruppe, (I. Teil)" (On the elements of the ytterbium group (1st part)), Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften (Monthly Journal for Chemistry and Related Fields of Other Sciences), 27 : 935-946.
Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
All the lanthanides, except Pm, in the +2 oxidation state have been observed in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID24616202.. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
Krinsky, Jamin L.; Minasian, Stefan G.; Arnold, John (2010-12-08). "Covalent Lanthanide Chemistry Near the Limit of Weak Bonding: Observation of (CpSiMe3)3Ce−ECp* and a Comprehensive Density Functional Theory Analysis of Cp3Ln−ECp (E = Al, Ga)". Inorganic Chemistry. 50 (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 345–357. doi:10.1021/ic102028d. ISSN0020-1669. PMID21141834.
James, C. (1907). "A new method for the separation of the yttrium earths". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 29 (4): 495–499. doi:10.1021/ja01958a010. In a footnote on page 498, James mentions that Carl Auer von Welsbach had announced " ... the presence of a new element Er, γ, which is undoubtedly the same as here noted, ... ." The article to which James refers is: C. Auer von Welsbach (1907) "Über die Elemente der Yttergruppe, (I. Teil)" (On the elements of the ytterbium group (1st part)), Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften (Monthly Journal for Chemistry and Related Fields of Other Sciences), 27 : 935-946.
Welsbach, Carl A. von (1908). "Die Zerlegung des Ytterbiums in seine Elemente" [Resolution of ytterbium into its elements]. Monatshefte für Chemie. 29 (2): 181–225, 191. doi:10.1007/BF01558944. S2CID197766399. On page 191, Welsbach suggested names for the two new elements: "Ich beantrage für das an das Thulium, beziehungsweise Erbium sich anschließende, in dem vorstehenden Teile dieser Abhandlung mit Yb II bezeichnete Element die Benennung: Aldebaranium mit dem Zeichen Ad — und für das zweite, in dieser Arbeit mit Yb I bezeichnete Element, das letzte in der Reihe der seltenen Erden, die Benennung: Cassiopeïum mit dem Zeichen Cp." (I request for the element that is attached to thulium or erbium and that was denoted by Yb II in the above part of this paper, the designation "Aldebaranium" with the symbol Ad — and for the element that was denoted in this work by Yb I, the last in the series of the rare earths, the designation "Cassiopeïum" with the symbol Cp.)
Nielsen, J. W.; Blank, S. L.; Smith, D. H.; Vella-Coleiro, G. P.; Hagedorn, F. B.; Barns, R. L.; Biolsi, W. A. (1974). "Three garnet compositions for bubble domain memories". Journal of Electronic Materials. 3 (3): 693–707. Bibcode:1974JEMat...3..693N. doi:10.1007/BF02655293. S2CID98828884.
Daghighian, F.; Shenderov, P.; Pentlow, K. S.; Graham, M. C.; Eshaghian, B.; Melcher, C. L.; Schweitzer, J. S. (1993). "Evaluation of cerium doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) scintillation crystals for PET". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 40 (4): 1045–1047. Bibcode:1993ITNS...40.1045D. doi:10.1109/23.256710. S2CID28011497.
Blasse, G.; Dirksen, G.; Brixner, L.; Crawford, M. (1994). "Luminescence of materials based on LuTaO4". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 209 (1–2): 1–2. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)91069-3.
Balter, H.; Trindade, V.; Terán, M.; Gaudiano, J.; Ferrando, R.; Paolino, A.; Rodriguez, G.; Hermida, J.; De Marco, E.; Oliver, P. (2015). "177Lu-Labeled Agents for Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy and Bone Pain Palliation in Uruguay". Current Radiopharmaceuticals. 9 (1): 85–93. doi:10.2174/1874471008666150313112620. PMID25771367.
Carollo, A.; Papi, S.; Chinol, M. (2015). "Lutetium-177 Labeled Peptides: The European Institute of Oncology Experience". Current Radiopharmaceuticals. 9 (1): 19–32. doi:10.2174/1874471008666150313111633. PMID25771368.
Nielsen, J. W.; Blank, S. L.; Smith, D. H.; Vella-Coleiro, G. P.; Hagedorn, F. B.; Barns, R. L.; Biolsi, W. A. (1974). "Three garnet compositions for bubble domain memories". Journal of Electronic Materials. 3 (3): 693–707. Bibcode:1974JEMat...3..693N. doi:10.1007/BF02655293. S2CID98828884.
Daghighian, F.; Shenderov, P.; Pentlow, K. S.; Graham, M. C.; Eshaghian, B.; Melcher, C. L.; Schweitzer, J. S. (1993). "Evaluation of cerium doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) scintillation crystals for PET". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 40 (4): 1045–1047. Bibcode:1993ITNS...40.1045D. doi:10.1109/23.256710. S2CID28011497.
Welsbach, Carl A. von (1908). "Die Zerlegung des Ytterbiums in seine Elemente" [Resolution of ytterbium into its elements]. Monatshefte für Chemie. 29 (2): 181–225, 191. doi:10.1007/BF01558944. S2CID197766399. On page 191, Welsbach suggested names for the two new elements: "Ich beantrage für das an das Thulium, beziehungsweise Erbium sich anschließende, in dem vorstehenden Teile dieser Abhandlung mit Yb II bezeichnete Element die Benennung: Aldebaranium mit dem Zeichen Ad — und für das zweite, in dieser Arbeit mit Yb I bezeichnete Element, das letzte in der Reihe der seltenen Erden, die Benennung: Cassiopeïum mit dem Zeichen Cp." (I request for the element that is attached to thulium or erbium and that was denoted by Yb II in the above part of this paper, the designation "Aldebaranium" with the symbol Ad — and for the element that was denoted in this work by Yb I, the last in the series of the rare earths, the designation "Cassiopeïum" with the symbol Cp.)
All the lanthanides, except Pm, in the +2 oxidation state have been observed in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID24616202.. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
Krinsky, Jamin L.; Minasian, Stefan G.; Arnold, John (2010-12-08). "Covalent Lanthanide Chemistry Near the Limit of Weak Bonding: Observation of (CpSiMe3)3Ce−ECp* and a Comprehensive Density Functional Theory Analysis of Cp3Ln−ECp (E = Al, Ga)". Inorganic Chemistry. 50 (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 345–357. doi:10.1021/ic102028d. ISSN0020-1669. PMID21141834.
Balter, H.; Trindade, V.; Terán, M.; Gaudiano, J.; Ferrando, R.; Paolino, A.; Rodriguez, G.; Hermida, J.; De Marco, E.; Oliver, P. (2015). "177Lu-Labeled Agents for Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy and Bone Pain Palliation in Uruguay". Current Radiopharmaceuticals. 9 (1): 85–93. doi:10.2174/1874471008666150313112620. PMID25771367.
Carollo, A.; Papi, S.; Chinol, M. (2015). "Lutetium-177 Labeled Peptides: The European Institute of Oncology Experience". Current Radiopharmaceuticals. 9 (1): 19–32. doi:10.2174/1874471008666150313111633. PMID25771368.
Welsbach, Carl A. von (1908). "Die Zerlegung des Ytterbiums in seine Elemente" [Resolution of ytterbium into its elements]. Monatshefte für Chemie. 29 (2): 181–225, 191. doi:10.1007/BF01558944. S2CID197766399. On page 191, Welsbach suggested names for the two new elements: "Ich beantrage für das an das Thulium, beziehungsweise Erbium sich anschließende, in dem vorstehenden Teile dieser Abhandlung mit Yb II bezeichnete Element die Benennung: Aldebaranium mit dem Zeichen Ad — und für das zweite, in dieser Arbeit mit Yb I bezeichnete Element, das letzte in der Reihe der seltenen Erden, die Benennung: Cassiopeïum mit dem Zeichen Cp." (I request for the element that is attached to thulium or erbium and that was denoted by Yb II in the above part of this paper, the designation "Aldebaranium" with the symbol Ad — and for the element that was denoted in this work by Yb I, the last in the series of the rare earths, the designation "Cassiopeïum" with the symbol Cp.)
Nielsen, J. W.; Blank, S. L.; Smith, D. H.; Vella-Coleiro, G. P.; Hagedorn, F. B.; Barns, R. L.; Biolsi, W. A. (1974). "Three garnet compositions for bubble domain memories". Journal of Electronic Materials. 3 (3): 693–707. Bibcode:1974JEMat...3..693N. doi:10.1007/BF02655293. S2CID98828884.
Daghighian, F.; Shenderov, P.; Pentlow, K. S.; Graham, M. C.; Eshaghian, B.; Melcher, C. L.; Schweitzer, J. S. (1993). "Evaluation of cerium doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) scintillation crystals for PET". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 40 (4): 1045–1047. Bibcode:1993ITNS...40.1045D. doi:10.1109/23.256710. S2CID28011497.
Castor, Stephen B.; Hedrick, James B. (2006). "Rare Earth Elements"(PDF). In Jessica Elzea Kogel, Nikhil C. Trivedi and James M. Barker (ed.). Industrial Minerals and Rocks. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration. pp. 769–792. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
webelements.com
Winter, Mark (1993–2022). "WebElements". The University of Sheffield and WebElements Ltd, UK. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
Krinsky, Jamin L.; Minasian, Stefan G.; Arnold, John (2010-12-08). "Covalent Lanthanide Chemistry Near the Limit of Weak Bonding: Observation of (CpSiMe3)3Ce−ECp* and a Comprehensive Density Functional Theory Analysis of Cp3Ln−ECp (E = Al, Ga)". Inorganic Chemistry. 50 (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 345–357. doi:10.1021/ic102028d. ISSN0020-1669. PMID21141834.
