Machine code (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Machine code" in English language version.

Last modified: 10:52:09, 18 October 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

159web.archive.org

1^st place

129archive.org

6^th place

106doi.org

2^nd place

94microsoft.com

263^rd place

259^th place

73books.google.com

3^rd place

62wikidata.org

10^th place

98^th place

62semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

55ibm.com

1,369^th place

968^th place

44worldcat.org

4^th place

21ycombinator.com

low place

8,851^st place

11developer.com

low place

11arxiv.org

49^th place

31^st place

11vu.nl

8,771^st place

6,166^th place

11lu.se

3,613^th place

3,893^rd place

11epfl.ch

3,783^rd place

3,769^th place

11stackexchange.com

4,114^th place

3,027^th place

11hovav.net

low place

11ieee.org

912^th place

722^nd place

11bitsavers.org

3,844^th place

1,960^th place

11wisc.edu

891^st place

533^rd place

11duke.edu

1,851^st place

1,041^st place

11hdl.handle.net

66^th place

34^th place

11jstor.org

23^rd place

15^th place

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Tanenbaum 1990, p. 251 Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-13-854662-5.
Tanenbaum 1990, p. 162 Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-13-854662-5.
Tanenbaum 1990, p. 231 Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-13-854662-5.
Tanenbaum 1990, p. 237 Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-13-854662-5.
Tanenbaum 1990, p. 236 Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-13-854662-5.
Tanenbaum 1990, p. 253 Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-13-854662-5.
Tanenbaum 1990, p. 283 Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-13-854662-5.
Hofstadter 1979, p. 290. Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1979). Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02685-0. Retrieved 2025-02-10.
Tanenbaum 1990, p. 398. Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-13-854662-5.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Lagarias, Jeffrey "Jeff" Clark; Rains, Eric Michael; Vanderbei, Robert J. (2009) [2001-10-13]. "The Kruskal Count". In Brams, Stephen; Gehrlein, William V.; Roberts, Fred S. (eds.). The Mathematics of Preference, Choice and Order. Studies in Choice and Welfare. Berlin / Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. pp. 371–391. arXiv:math/0110143. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79128-7_23. ISBN 978-3-540-79127-0. (22 pages)

bitsavers.org (Global: 3,844^th place; English: 1,960^th place)

Andree, Richard V. (1958). Programming the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Computer and Data-Processing Machine (PDF).

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Dourish, Paul (2004). Where the Action is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction. MIT Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-262-54178-5. Retrieved 2023-03-05.
Kent, Allen; Williams, James G. (1993-04-05). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 28 - Supplement 13: AerosPate Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Tree Structures. CRC Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-8247-2281-4.
Harris, David; Harris, Sarah L. (2007). Digital Design and Computer Architecture. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 978-0-12-370497-9. Retrieved 2023-03-05.

developer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gregory, Kate (2003-04-28). "Managed, Unmanaged, Native: What Kind of Code Is This?". Developer.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-23. Retrieved 2008-09-02.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Jacob, Matthias; Jakubowski, Mariusz H.; Venkatesan, Ramarathnam [at Wikidata] (20–21 September 2007). Towards Integral Binary Execution: Implementing Oblivious Hashing Using Overlapped Instruction Encodings (PDF). Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia & Security (MM&Sec '07). Dallas, Texas, US: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 129–140. doi:10.1145/1288869.1288887. ISBN 978-1-59593-857-2. S2CID 14174680. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2021-12-25. (12 pages)
Lagarias, Jeffrey "Jeff" Clark; Rains, Eric Michael; Vanderbei, Robert J. (2009) [2001-10-13]. "The Kruskal Count". In Brams, Stephen; Gehrlein, William V.; Roberts, Fred S. (eds.). The Mathematics of Preference, Choice and Order. Studies in Choice and Welfare. Berlin / Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. pp. 371–391. arXiv:math/0110143. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79128-7_23. ISBN 978-3-540-79127-0. (22 pages)
Andriesse, Dennis; Bos, Herbert [at Wikidata] (2014-07-10). Written at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Dietrich, Sven (ed.). Instruction-Level Steganography for Covert Trigger-Based Malware (PDF). 11th International Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Egham, UK; Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 41–50 [45]. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08509-8_3. eISSN 1611-3349. ISBN 978-3-31908508-1. ISSN 0302-9743. S2CID 4634611. LNCS 8550. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26. (10 pages)
Tucker, S. G. (1967-12-31). "Microprogram control for SYSTEM/360". IBM Systems Journal. 6 (4): 222–241. doi:10.1147/sj.64.0222. ISSN 0018-8670 – via IEEE Xplore.
Su, Chao; Zeng, Qingkai (2021). "Survey of CPU Cache-Based Side-Channel Attacks: Systematic Analysis, Security Models, and Countermeasures". Security and Communication Networks. 2021 (1) 5559552. doi:10.1155/2021/5559552. ISSN 1939-0122.
Samuelson 1984, p. 683. Samuelson, Pamela (1984). "CONTU Revisited: The Case Against Copyright Protection for Computer Programs in Machine-Readable Form". Duke Law Journal. 33 (4): 663–769. doi:10.2307/1372418. hdl:hein.journals/duklr1984. JSTOR 1372418. Retrieved 2025-02-10.

duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

scholarship.law.duke.edu

Samuelson 1984, p. 683. Samuelson, Pamela (1984). "CONTU Revisited: The Case Against Copyright Protection for Computer Programs in Machine-Readable Form". Duke Law Journal. 33 (4): 663–769. doi:10.2307/1372418. hdl:hein.journals/duklr1984. JSTOR 1372418. Retrieved 2025-02-10.

epfl.ch (Global: 3,783^rd place; English: 3,769^th place)

infoscience.epfl.ch

Kinder, Johannes (2010-09-24). Static Analysis of x86 Executables [Statische Analyse von Programmen in x86 Maschinensprache] (PDF) (Dissertation). Munich, Germany: Technische Universität Darmstadt. D17. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2021-12-25. (199 pages)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Samuelson 1984, p. 683. Samuelson, Pamela (1984). "CONTU Revisited: The Case Against Copyright Protection for Computer Programs in Machine-Readable Form". Duke Law Journal. 33 (4): 663–769. doi:10.2307/1372418. hdl:hein.journals/duklr1984. JSTOR 1372418. Retrieved 2025-02-10.

hovav.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Shacham, Hovav (2007). The Geometry of Innocent Flesh on the Bone: Return-into-libc without Function Calls (on the x86) (PDF). Proceedings of the ACM, CCS 2007. ACM Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2021-12-24.

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

"Associated Data Architecture". High Level Assembler and Toolkit Feature.
"Associated data file output" (PDF). High Level Assembler for z/OS & z/VM & z/VSE - 1.6 -HLASM Programmer's Guide (PDF) (Eighth ed.). IBM. October 2022. pp. 278–332. SC26-4941-07. Retrieved 2025-02-14.
"COBOL SYSADATA file contents". Enterprise COBOL for z/OS.
"SYSADATA message information". Enterprise PL/I for z/OS 6.1 information. 2025-03-17.
"Appendix C. Generalized object file format (GOFF)" (PDF). z/OS - 3.1 - MVS Program Management: Advanced Facilities (PDF). IBM. 2024-12-18. pp. 201–240. SA23-1392-60. Retrieved 2025-02-14.

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

Tucker, S. G. (1967-12-31). "Microprogram control for SYSTEM/360". IBM Systems Journal. 6 (4): 222–241. doi:10.1147/sj.64.0222. ISSN 0018-8670 – via IEEE Xplore.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Samuelson 1984, p. 683. Samuelson, Pamela (1984). "CONTU Revisited: The Case Against Copyright Protection for Computer Programs in Machine-Readable Form". Duke Law Journal. 33 (4): 663–769. doi:10.2307/1372418. hdl:hein.journals/duklr1984. JSTOR 1372418. Retrieved 2025-02-10.

lu.se (Global: 3,613^th place; English: 3,893^rd place)

lucris.lub.lu.se

Jämthagen, Christopher (November 2016). On Offensive and Defensive Methods in Software Security (PDF) (Thesis). Lund, Sweden: Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University. p. 96. ISBN 978-91-7623-942-1. ISSN 1654-790X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26. (1+xvii+1+152 pages)

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

microsoft.com

Jacob, Matthias; Jakubowski, Mariusz H.; Venkatesan, Ramarathnam [at Wikidata] (20–21 September 2007). Towards Integral Binary Execution: Implementing Oblivious Hashing Using Overlapped Instruction Encodings (PDF). Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia & Security (MM&Sec '07). Dallas, Texas, US: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 129–140. doi:10.1145/1288869.1288887. ISBN 978-1-59593-857-2. S2CID 14174680. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2021-12-25. (12 pages)
Jakubowski, Mariusz H. (February 2016). "Graph Based Model for Software Tamper Protection". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2019-10-31. Retrieved 2023-08-19.

learn.microsoft.com

"Symbols for Windows debugging". Microsoft Learn. 2022-12-20.
"Querying the .Pdb File". Microsoft Learn. 2024-01-12.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Jacob, Matthias; Jakubowski, Mariusz H.; Venkatesan, Ramarathnam [at Wikidata] (20–21 September 2007). Towards Integral Binary Execution: Implementing Oblivious Hashing Using Overlapped Instruction Encodings (PDF). Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia & Security (MM&Sec '07). Dallas, Texas, US: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 129–140. doi:10.1145/1288869.1288887. ISBN 978-1-59593-857-2. S2CID 14174680. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2021-12-25. (12 pages)
Andriesse, Dennis; Bos, Herbert [at Wikidata] (2014-07-10). Written at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Dietrich, Sven (ed.). Instruction-Level Steganography for Covert Trigger-Based Malware (PDF). 11th International Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Egham, UK; Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 41–50 [45]. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08509-8_3. eISSN 1611-3349. ISBN 978-3-31908508-1. ISSN 0302-9743. S2CID 4634611. LNCS 8550. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26. (10 pages)

stackexchange.com (Global: 4,114^th place; English: 3,027^th place)

reverseengineering.stackexchange.com

"What is "overlapping instructions" obfuscation?". Reverse Engineering Stack Exchange. 2013-04-07. Archived from the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2021-12-25.

vu.nl (Global: 8,771^st place; English: 6,166^th place)

cs.vu.nl

Andriesse, Dennis; Bos, Herbert [at Wikidata] (2014-07-10). Written at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Dietrich, Sven (ed.). Instruction-Level Steganography for Covert Trigger-Based Malware (PDF). 11th International Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Egham, UK; Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 41–50 [45]. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08509-8_3. eISSN 1611-3349. ISBN 978-3-31908508-1. ISSN 0302-9743. S2CID 4634611. LNCS 8550. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26. (10 pages)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Gregory, Kate (2003-04-28). "Managed, Unmanaged, Native: What Kind of Code Is This?". Developer.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-23. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
Jacob, Matthias; Jakubowski, Mariusz H.; Venkatesan, Ramarathnam [at Wikidata] (20–21 September 2007). Towards Integral Binary Execution: Implementing Oblivious Hashing Using Overlapped Instruction Encodings (PDF). Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia & Security (MM&Sec '07). Dallas, Texas, US: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 129–140. doi:10.1145/1288869.1288887. ISBN 978-1-59593-857-2. S2CID 14174680. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2021-12-25. (12 pages)
Andriesse, Dennis; Bos, Herbert [at Wikidata] (2014-07-10). Written at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Dietrich, Sven (ed.). Instruction-Level Steganography for Covert Trigger-Based Malware (PDF). 11th International Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Egham, UK; Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 41–50 [45]. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08509-8_3. eISSN 1611-3349. ISBN 978-3-31908508-1. ISSN 0302-9743. S2CID 4634611. LNCS 8550. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26. (10 pages)
Jakubowski, Mariusz H. (February 2016). "Graph Based Model for Software Tamper Protection". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2019-10-31. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
Jämthagen, Christopher (November 2016). On Offensive and Defensive Methods in Software Security (PDF) (Thesis). Lund, Sweden: Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University. p. 96. ISBN 978-91-7623-942-1. ISSN 1654-790X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26. (1+xvii+1+152 pages)
"Unintended Instructions on x86". Hacker News. 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
Kinder, Johannes (2010-09-24). Static Analysis of x86 Executables [Statische Analyse von Programmen in x86 Maschinensprache] (PDF) (Dissertation). Munich, Germany: Technische Universität Darmstadt. D17. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2021-12-25. (199 pages)
"What is "overlapping instructions" obfuscation?". Reverse Engineering Stack Exchange. 2013-04-07. Archived from the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
Shacham, Hovav (2007). The Geometry of Innocent Flesh on the Bone: Return-into-libc without Function Calls (on the x86) (PDF). Proceedings of the ACM, CCS 2007. ACM Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2021-12-24.

wikidata.org (Global: 10^th place; English: 98^th place)

Jacob, Matthias; Jakubowski, Mariusz H.; Venkatesan, Ramarathnam [at Wikidata] (20–21 September 2007). Towards Integral Binary Execution: Implementing Oblivious Hashing Using Overlapped Instruction Encodings (PDF). Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia & Security (MM&Sec '07). Dallas, Texas, US: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 129–140. doi:10.1145/1288869.1288887. ISBN 978-1-59593-857-2. S2CID 14174680. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2021-12-25. (12 pages)
Andriesse, Dennis; Bos, Herbert [at Wikidata] (2014-07-10). Written at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Dietrich, Sven (ed.). Instruction-Level Steganography for Covert Trigger-Based Malware (PDF). 11th International Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Egham, UK; Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 41–50 [45]. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08509-8_3. eISSN 1611-3349. ISBN 978-3-31908508-1. ISSN 0302-9743. S2CID 4634611. LNCS 8550. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26. (10 pages)

wisc.edu (Global: 891^st place; English: 533^rd place)

pages.cs.wisc.edu

"CS 537 Notes, Section #3A: Processes and Threads". pages.cs.wisc.edu. School of Computer, Data & Information Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 2025-07-18.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Andriesse, Dennis; Bos, Herbert [at Wikidata] (2014-07-10). Written at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Dietrich, Sven (ed.). Instruction-Level Steganography for Covert Trigger-Based Malware (PDF). 11th International Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Egham, UK; Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 41–50 [45]. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08509-8_3. eISSN 1611-3349. ISBN 978-3-31908508-1. ISSN 0302-9743. S2CID 4634611. LNCS 8550. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26. (10 pages)
Jämthagen, Christopher (November 2016). On Offensive and Defensive Methods in Software Security (PDF) (Thesis). Lund, Sweden: Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University. p. 96. ISBN 978-91-7623-942-1. ISSN 1654-790X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26. (1+xvii+1+152 pages)
Tucker, S. G. (1967-12-31). "Microprogram control for SYSTEM/360". IBM Systems Journal. 6 (4): 222–241. doi:10.1147/sj.64.0222. ISSN 0018-8670 – via IEEE Xplore.
Su, Chao; Zeng, Qingkai (2021). "Survey of CPU Cache-Based Side-Channel Attacks: Systematic Analysis, Security Models, and Countermeasures". Security and Communication Networks. 2021 (1) 5559552. doi:10.1155/2021/5559552. ISSN 1939-0122.

ycombinator.com (Global: low place; English: 8,851^st place)

news.ycombinator.com

"Unintended Instructions on x86". Hacker News. 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2021-12-24.

Machine code (English Wikipedia)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; English: 31st place)

bitsavers.org (Global: 3,844th place; English: 1,960th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

developer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

duke.edu (Global: 1,851st place; English: 1,041st place)

scholarship.law.duke.edu

epfl.ch (Global: 3,783rd place; English: 3,769th place)

infoscience.epfl.ch

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

hovav.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,369th place; English: 968th place)

ieee.org (Global: 912th place; English: 722nd place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

lu.se (Global: 3,613th place; English: 3,893rd place)

lucris.lub.lu.se

microsoft.com (Global: 263rd place; English: 259th place)

microsoft.com

learn.microsoft.com

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

stackexchange.com (Global: 4,114th place; English: 3,027th place)

reverseengineering.stackexchange.com

vu.nl (Global: 8,771st place; English: 6,166th place)

cs.vu.nl

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wikidata.org (Global: 10th place; English: 98th place)

wisc.edu (Global: 891st place; English: 533rd place)

pages.cs.wisc.edu

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

ycombinator.com (Global: low place; English: 8,851st place)

news.ycombinator.com

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

bitsavers.org (Global: 3,844^th place; English: 1,960^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

epfl.ch (Global: 3,783^rd place; English: 3,769^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

lu.se (Global: 3,613^th place; English: 3,893^rd place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

stackexchange.com (Global: 4,114^th place; English: 3,027^th place)

vu.nl (Global: 8,771^st place; English: 6,166^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wikidata.org (Global: 10^th place; English: 98^th place)

wisc.edu (Global: 891^st place; English: 533^rd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

ycombinator.com (Global: low place; English: 8,851^st place)