Maghreb (English Wikipedia)

Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11 (10): 1–19. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

aljazeera.com

Zurutuza, Karlos. "Berbers fear ethnic conflict". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
"UNESCO adds couscous to list of intangible world heritage". Al Jazeera English. 16 December 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2022.

archive.org

Cook, Bernard A. (2001). Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland. pp. 398. ISBN 978-0-8153-4057-7.

archive.today

Deeb, Mary Jane. "Religious minorities", Algeria (Country Study). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress; ed., Helen Chapin Metz, December 1993. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[2] Archived 10 July 2012 at archive.today

bartelby.com

"Maghreb". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2007.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Q&A: The Berbers". 12 March 2004. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2022.

bbc.co.uk

Davis, Robert. "British Slaves on the Barbary Coast". BBC. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2009.

bbc.com

BBC News: Western Sahara profile

books.google.com

Amin, Samir (1970). The Maghreb in the modern world: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco. Penguin. p. 10. ISBN 9780140410297. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
Mitchell, Peter; Lane, Paul (4 July 2013). The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. p. 1071. ISBN 978-0-19-162615-9.
Idris El Hareir; Ravane Mbaye (2011). The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. UNESCO. pp. 375–376. ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2.
Sénac, Philippe; Cressier, Patrice (10 October 2012). Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siècle (in French). Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2-200-28342-1.
Jan-Olaf Blichfeldt (1985). Early Mahdism: Politics and Religion in the Formative Period of Islam. Brill Archive. pp. 1183–1184. ISBN 9789004078376. GGKEY:T7DEYT42F5R.
Hassan Sayed Suliman (1987). The Nationalist Movements in the Maghrib: A Comparative Approach. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. p. 8. ISBN 978-91-7106-266-6.
Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen), by Hsain Ilahiane, (2006), p. 112. Quote: "The Siwan people are mostly Berbers, the indigenous people who once roamed the North African coast between Tunisia and Morocco. They inhabited the area as early as 10,000 B.C., first moving toward the coast but later inland as conquering powers pushed them to take refuge in the desert."
The Middle East and North Africa 2003. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781857431322. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (10 April 1858). "Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War". Chapman and Hall. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013). The Kabyle People. Read Books Ltd. ISBN 9781447483526. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier. 10 April 1990. ISBN 9780717201211. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
"The art journal London". Virtue. 10 April 1865 – via Google Books.
Field, Henry Martyn (10 April 1893). "The Barbary Coast". C. Scribner's Sons. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). "North Africa to ca. 1870". A Military History of Africa. Vol. 1: The Precolonial Period: From Ancient Egypt to the Zulu Kingdom (Earliest Times to ca. 1870). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780313395703. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
Kim, Dr Suk Kyoon (13 May 2020). The History of Piracy and Navigation. Novum. ISBN 978-1-64268-136-9. The Islamic forces continued to conquer North Africa, bringing most of the region under its control by 689. The conquest of the entirety of North Africa in a short period was made possible in large part because of its flat geography, allowing Islamic forces to move swiftly on their Arabian horses.
Burckhardt, Titus (24 July 2009). Art of Islam: Language and Meaning. World Wisdom, Inc. ISBN 9781933316659. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020 – via Google Books.
Duri, A. A. (2012). The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation). Routledge. pp. 70–74. ISBN 978-0-415-62286-8. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
el-Hasan, Hasan Afif (1 May 2019). Killing the Arab Spring. Algora Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-62894-349-8. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
Holes, Clive (30 August 2018). Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-100506-0. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
Farida, Benouis; Houria, Chérid; Lakhdar, Drias; Amine, Semar. An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 9. ISBN 978-3-902966-14-8. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
Baadj, Amar S. (11 August 2015). Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries). BRILL. ISBN 9789004298576 – via Google Books.
Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (2004). Islam: Art and Architecture: Pg 614. Könemann. ISBN 9783833111785. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
Ilahiane, Hsain (17 July 2006). Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864900. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
The Report: Algeria 2007. Oxford Business Group. 2007. ISBN 978-1-902339-70-2. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015). Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment. Springer. ISBN 978-3-658-11633-0. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004). Libya. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-1702-6. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
The Report: Morocco 2012. Oxford Business Group. 2012. ISBN 978-1-907065-54-5. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2000). France and Algeria: A History of Decolonization and Transformation. University Press of Florida. pp. 9–23, 14. ISBN 978-0-8130-3096-8. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
Bunson, Matthew (2002). "Carthage". Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. Facts on File library of world history (Rev. ed.). New York: Facts On File. pp. 97–98. ISBN 9781438110271.
A. Lamport, Mark (2021). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 497. ISBN 9781442271579. Influences—Christian influences in Mauritanian society are limited to the approximately 10,000 foreign nationals living in the country
Greenberg, Udi; A. Foster, Elizabeth (2023). Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 105. ISBN 9781512824971.
Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Lochman, Jan Milie; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Barrett, David B.; Vischer, Lukas (24 July 1999). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802824158. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020 – via Google Books.
De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) Migration and development co-operation. Archived 29 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Council of Europe. p. 25. ISBN 92-871-2611-9.
Angus Maddison (20 September 2007). Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD:Essays in Macro-Economic History: Essays in Macro-Economic History. OUP Oxford. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-19-922721-1. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
Morgan, Jason; Falola, Toyin; Oyeniyi, Bukola Adeyemi (2012). Culture and Customs of Libya. ABC-CLIO. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-313-37860-7.
Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009). The Rebirth of the Middle East. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4846-2.
Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila S. Blair (2009). Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. New York: Oxford University Press USA. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

cairn.info

"An Estimation of the Foreign-Origin Populations of France, Michèle Tribalat". Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2008.

cambridge.org

Kerkeslager, Allen; Setzer, Claudia; Trebilco, Paul; Goodblatt, David (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 67–70, doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.004, ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8, retrieved 7 August 2024

cia.gov

"Tunisia", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2 December 2022, archived from the original on 10 January 2021, retrieved 12 December 2022
"Africa :: Morocco — The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. 9 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

cis.es

Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). "Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos – Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

citypopulation.de

City Population: Western Sahara (disputed territory)

diplomatie.gouv.fr

"France and Maghreb – An enhanced partnership with the Maghreb (March 20, 2007)". French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2007.

doi.org

Drouhot, Lucas G. (2020). "Income Segregation and the Incomplete Integration of Islam in the Paris Metropolitan Area". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 6: 237802311989958. doi:10.1177/2378023119899585. hdl:21.11116/0000-0005-95C8-1. ISSN 2378-0231. S2CID 211257408. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
Kerkeslager, Allen; Setzer, Claudia; Trebilco, Paul; Goodblatt, David (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 67–70, doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.004, ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8, retrieved 7 August 2024
Taïeb, J. (1 May 2004). "Juifs du Maghreb". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (26): 3952–3962. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.949. ISSN 1015-7344.
Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter J; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; King, Roy; Torroni, Antonio; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana (May 2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–1034. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
Alshamali F, Pereira L, Budowle B, Poloni ES, Currat M (2009). "Local population structure in Arabian Peninsula revealed by Y-STR diversity". Hum. Hered. 68 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1159/000210448. PMID 19339785.
Robino, C; Crobu, F; Di Gaetano, C; Bekada, A; Benhamamouch, S; Cerutti, N; Piazza, A; Inturri, S; Torre, C (2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 122 (3): 251–5. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5. PMID 17909833. S2CID 11556974.
van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (4 May 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507.
Salem, Nada; van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Sümer, Arev Pelin; Vai, Stefania; Hübner, Alexander; Peter, Benjamin; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Lari, Martina; Modi, Alessandra; Al-Faloos, Mohamed Faraj Mohamed; Turjman, Mustafa; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Tafuri, Mary Anne; Manzi, Giorgio; Rotunno, Rocco (2 April 2025). "Ancient DNA from the Green Sahara reveals ancestral North African lineage". Nature: 1–7. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08793-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 12043513.
Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (15 June 2023). "Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant". Nature. 618 (7965): 550–556. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..550S. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 10266975. PMID 37286608.
Cruciani, Fulvio; La Fratta, Roberta; Santolamazza, Piero; Sellitto, Daniele; Pascone, Roberto; Moral, Pedro; Watson, Elizabeth; Guida, Valentina; Colomb, Eliane Beraud; Zaharova, Boriana; Lavinha, João; Vona, Giuseppe; Aman, Rashid; Calì, Francesco; Akar, Nejat; Richards, Martin; Torroni, Antonio; Novelletto, Andrea; Scozzari, Rosaria (May 2004). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–1022. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.
Kujanová, Martina; Pereira, Luísa; Fernandes, Verónica; Pereira, Joana B.; Černý, Viktor (October 2009). "Near Eastern Neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 140 (2): 336–346. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21078. PMID 19425100.
Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Martinez-Cruz, Begoña; Khodjet-el-khil, Houssein; Mendizabal, Isabel; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel; Comas, David (October 2011). "Genetic structure of Tunisian ethnic groups revealed by paternal lineages". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (2): 271–280. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21581. PMID 21915847.
van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias; Haak, Wolfgang; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (4 May 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. PMID 29545507.
Nebel, Almut; Landau-Tasseron, Ella; Filon, Dvora; Oppenheim, Ariella; Faerman, Marina (June 2002). "Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (6): 1594–1596. doi:10.1086/340669. PMC 379148. PMID 11992266.
Evol, Mol Biol (February 2017). "Recent Historical Migrations Have Shaped the Gene Pool of Arabs and Berbers in North Africa". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (2): 318–329. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw218. PMC 5644363. PMID 27744413.
Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Haber, M.; Martínez-Cruz, B.; Zalloua, P.; Benammar Elgaaied, A.; Comas, D. (November 2013). "Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80293. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880293F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080293. PMC 3842387. PMID 24312208.
Rep, Sci (August 2021). "Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: High prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115728E. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x. PMC 8333252. PMID 34344940.
Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, et al. (April 2001). "High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (4): 1019–29. doi:10.1086/319521. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1275654. PMID 11254456.
Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, et al. (August 2004). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–345. doi:10.1086/423147. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
Onofri V, Alessandrini F, Turchi C, et al. (August 2008). "Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1 (1): 235–6. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173.
Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.
Ponce Herrero, Gabino; Martí Ciriquián, Pablo (2019). "El complejo urbano transfronterizo Melilla-Nador" (PDF). Investigaciones Geográficas (72). Alicante: San Vicente del Raspeig: 101–124. doi:10.14198/INGEO2019.72.05. hdl:10045/99969. ISSN 1989-9890. S2CID 213966829. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.

english-for-students.com

English for Students: Northwest Africa Archived 21 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine english-for-students.com

evangelicalfocus.com

Morocco: No more hiding for Christians Archived 14 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Evangelical Focus

free.fr

matoub.kabylie.free.fr

*(in French) Sadek Lekdja, Christianity in Kabylie, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001 Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Drouhot, Lucas G. (2020). "Income Segregation and the Incomplete Integration of Islam in the Paris Metropolitan Area". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 6: 237802311989958. doi:10.1177/2378023119899585. hdl:21.11116/0000-0005-95C8-1. ISSN 2378-0231. S2CID 211257408. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
Ponce Herrero, Gabino; Martí Ciriquián, Pablo (2019). "El complejo urbano transfronterizo Melilla-Nador" (PDF). Investigaciones Geográficas (72). Alicante: San Vicente del Raspeig: 101–124. doi:10.14198/INGEO2019.72.05. hdl:10045/99969. ISSN 1989-9890. S2CID 213966829. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (4 May 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507.
Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (15 June 2023). "Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant". Nature. 618 (7965): 550–556. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..550S. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 10266975. PMID 37286608.
van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias; Haak, Wolfgang; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (4 May 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. PMID 29545507.
Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Haber, M.; Martínez-Cruz, B.; Zalloua, P.; Benammar Elgaaied, A.; Comas, D. (November 2013). "Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80293. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880293F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080293. PMC 3842387. PMID 24312208.
Rep, Sci (August 2021). "Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: High prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115728E. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x. PMC 8333252. PMID 34344940.
Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.

jewishagency.org

"Jewish Population Rises to 15.2 million Worldwide". Jewish agency. 15 September 2021. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

juedisches-museum.ch

Lubrich, Naomi (30 November 2023). "Who were the Jews of North Africa? Four Questions to Daniel Zisenwine". Jüdisches Museum Schweiz. Retrieved 15 December 2023.

laopiniondemalaga.es

Rodríguez, José Vicente (31 May 2014). "El 37% de las declaraciones de la Renta en Málaga marcan la X para la Iglesia". La Opinión de Málaga. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.

loc.gov

lcweb2.loc.gov

Deeb, Mary Jane. "Religious minorities", Algeria (Country Study). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress; ed., Helen Chapin Metz, December 1993. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[2] Archived 10 July 2012 at archive.today

maghrebarabe.org

"L'Union du Maghreb arabe". Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.

merriam-webster.com

"Definition of MAGHREB". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 17 March 2024.

nature.com

Salem, Nada; van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Sümer, Arev Pelin; Vai, Stefania; Hübner, Alexander; Peter, Benjamin; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Lari, Martina; Modi, Alessandra; Al-Faloos, Mohamed Faraj Mohamed; Turjman, Mustafa; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Tafuri, Mary Anne; Manzi, Giorgio; Rotunno, Rocco (2 April 2025). "Ancient DNA from the Green Sahara reveals ancestral North African lineage". Nature: 1–7. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08793-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 12043513.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter J; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; King, Roy; Torroni, Antonio; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana (May 2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–1034. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
Alshamali F, Pereira L, Budowle B, Poloni ES, Currat M (2009). "Local population structure in Arabian Peninsula revealed by Y-STR diversity". Hum. Hered. 68 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1159/000210448. PMID 19339785.
Robino, C; Crobu, F; Di Gaetano, C; Bekada, A; Benhamamouch, S; Cerutti, N; Piazza, A; Inturri, S; Torre, C (2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 122 (3): 251–5. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5. PMID 17909833. S2CID 11556974.
van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (4 May 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507.
Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (15 June 2023). "Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant". Nature. 618 (7965): 550–556. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..550S. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 10266975. PMID 37286608.
Cruciani, Fulvio; La Fratta, Roberta; Santolamazza, Piero; Sellitto, Daniele; Pascone, Roberto; Moral, Pedro; Watson, Elizabeth; Guida, Valentina; Colomb, Eliane Beraud; Zaharova, Boriana; Lavinha, João; Vona, Giuseppe; Aman, Rashid; Calì, Francesco; Akar, Nejat; Richards, Martin; Torroni, Antonio; Novelletto, Andrea; Scozzari, Rosaria (May 2004). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–1022. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.
Kujanová, Martina; Pereira, Luísa; Fernandes, Verónica; Pereira, Joana B.; Černý, Viktor (October 2009). "Near Eastern Neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 140 (2): 336–346. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21078. PMID 19425100.
Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Martinez-Cruz, Begoña; Khodjet-el-khil, Houssein; Mendizabal, Isabel; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel; Comas, David (October 2011). "Genetic structure of Tunisian ethnic groups revealed by paternal lineages". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (2): 271–280. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21581. PMID 21915847.
van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias; Haak, Wolfgang; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (4 May 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. PMID 29545507.
Nebel, Almut; Landau-Tasseron, Ella; Filon, Dvora; Oppenheim, Ariella; Faerman, Marina (June 2002). "Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (6): 1594–1596. doi:10.1086/340669. PMC 379148. PMID 11992266.
Evol, Mol Biol (February 2017). "Recent Historical Migrations Have Shaped the Gene Pool of Arabs and Berbers in North Africa". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (2): 318–329. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw218. PMC 5644363. PMID 27744413.
Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Haber, M.; Martínez-Cruz, B.; Zalloua, P.; Benammar Elgaaied, A.; Comas, D. (November 2013). "Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80293. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880293F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080293. PMC 3842387. PMID 24312208.
Rep, Sci (August 2021). "Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: High prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115728E. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x. PMC 8333252. PMID 34344940.
Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, et al. (April 2001). "High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (4): 1019–29. doi:10.1086/319521. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1275654. PMID 11254456.
Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, et al. (August 2004). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–345. doi:10.1086/423147. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter J; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; King, Roy; Torroni, Antonio; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana (May 2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–1034. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
Salem, Nada; van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Sümer, Arev Pelin; Vai, Stefania; Hübner, Alexander; Peter, Benjamin; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Lari, Martina; Modi, Alessandra; Al-Faloos, Mohamed Faraj Mohamed; Turjman, Mustafa; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Tafuri, Mary Anne; Manzi, Giorgio; Rotunno, Rocco (2 April 2025). "Ancient DNA from the Green Sahara reveals ancestral North African lineage". Nature: 1–7. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08793-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 12043513.
Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (15 June 2023). "Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant". Nature. 618 (7965): 550–556. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..550S. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 10266975. PMID 37286608.
Cruciani, Fulvio; La Fratta, Roberta; Santolamazza, Piero; Sellitto, Daniele; Pascone, Roberto; Moral, Pedro; Watson, Elizabeth; Guida, Valentina; Colomb, Eliane Beraud; Zaharova, Boriana; Lavinha, João; Vona, Giuseppe; Aman, Rashid; Calì, Francesco; Akar, Nejat; Richards, Martin; Torroni, Antonio; Novelletto, Andrea; Scozzari, Rosaria (May 2004). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–1022. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.
Nebel, Almut; Landau-Tasseron, Ella; Filon, Dvora; Oppenheim, Ariella; Faerman, Marina (June 2002). "Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (6): 1594–1596. doi:10.1086/340669. PMC 379148. PMID 11992266.
Evol, Mol Biol (February 2017). "Recent Historical Migrations Have Shaped the Gene Pool of Arabs and Berbers in North Africa". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (2): 318–329. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw218. PMC 5644363. PMID 27744413.
Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Haber, M.; Martínez-Cruz, B.; Zalloua, P.; Benammar Elgaaied, A.; Comas, D. (November 2013). "Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80293. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880293F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080293. PMC 3842387. PMID 24312208.
Rep, Sci (August 2021). "Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: High prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115728E. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x. PMC 8333252. PMID 34344940.
Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, et al. (April 2001). "High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (4): 1019–29. doi:10.1086/319521. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1275654. PMID 11254456.
Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, et al. (August 2004). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–345. doi:10.1086/423147. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.

opendoorsusa.org

"Mauritania". Open Doors USA. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2021.

openedition.org

journals.openedition.org

Taïeb, J. (1 May 2004). "Juifs du Maghreb". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (26): 3952–3962. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.949. ISSN 1015-7344.

orthodoxengland.org.uk

Fr Andrew Phillips. "The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today". Orthodox England. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2013.

ossin.org

Osservatorio Internazionale: "La tentazione di Cristo" Archived 27 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine April 2010

refworld.org

Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008–2011)". Refworld. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2020.

reuters.com

"Sahara desert, once lush and green, was home to mysterious human lineage". Reuters. 4 April 2025.

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

Drouhot, Lucas G. (2020). "Income Segregation and the Incomplete Integration of Islam in the Paris Metropolitan Area". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 6: 237802311989958. doi:10.1177/2378023119899585. hdl:21.11116/0000-0005-95C8-1. ISSN 2378-0231. S2CID 211257408. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.

science.org

van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (4 May 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507.

sciencedaily.com

Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks Archived 7 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Science Daily. "One of the most striking climate changes of the past 11,000 years caused the abrupt desertification of the Saharan and Arabia regions midway through that period. The resulting loss of the Sahara to agricultural pursuits may be an important reason that civilizations were founded along the valleys of the Nile, the Tigris, and the Euphrates. German scientists, employing a new climate system model, have concluded that this desertification was initiated by subtle changes in the Earth's orbit and strongly amplified by resulting atmospheric and vegetation feedbacks in the subtropics."

second-congress-matriarchal-studies.com

"The central position of women in the life of the Berbers of Northern-Africa exemplified by the Kabyles". www.second-congress-matriarchal-studies.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2010.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Drouhot, Lucas G. (2020). "Income Segregation and the Incomplete Integration of Islam in the Paris Metropolitan Area". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 6: 237802311989958. doi:10.1177/2378023119899585. hdl:21.11116/0000-0005-95C8-1. ISSN 2378-0231. S2CID 211257408. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
Robino, C; Crobu, F; Di Gaetano, C; Bekada, A; Benhamamouch, S; Cerutti, N; Piazza, A; Inturri, S; Torre, C (2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 122 (3): 251–5. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5. PMID 17909833. S2CID 11556974.
Ponce Herrero, Gabino; Martí Ciriquián, Pablo (2019). "El complejo urbano transfronterizo Melilla-Nador" (PDF). Investigaciones Geográficas (72). Alicante: San Vicente del Raspeig: 101–124. doi:10.14198/INGEO2019.72.05. hdl:10045/99969. ISSN 1989-9890. S2CID 213966829. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.

stanford.edu

Avner Greif (June 1993). "Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: The Maghribi Traders' Coalition" (PDF). American Economic Review. American Economic Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2007.. See also Greif's "Reputation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade: Evidence on the Maghribi Traders", in Journal of Economic History Vol. XLIX, No. 4 (Dec. 1989) pp.857–882

state.gov

2001-2009.state.gov

"International Religious Freedom Report 2007": Tunisia Archived 9 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (14 September 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

statista.com

"total population of the Maghreb countries".

ua.es

rua.ua.es

Ponce Herrero, Gabino; Martí Ciriquián, Pablo (2019). "El complejo urbano transfronterizo Melilla-Nador" (PDF). Investigaciones Geográficas (72). Alicante: San Vicente del Raspeig: 101–124. doi:10.14198/INGEO2019.72.05. hdl:10045/99969. ISSN 1989-9890. S2CID 213966829. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.

un.org

documents.un.org

Question of Western Sahara A/RES/34/37 (1979)
Question of Western Sahara A/RES/35/19 (1980)

vice.com

"'House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret". Vice.com. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.

web.archive.org

English for Students: Northwest Africa Archived 21 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine english-for-students.com
Amin, Samir (1970). The Maghreb in the modern world: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco. Penguin. p. 10. ISBN 9780140410297. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
"L'Union du Maghreb arabe". Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
"Maghreb". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks Archived 7 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Science Daily. "One of the most striking climate changes of the past 11,000 years caused the abrupt desertification of the Saharan and Arabia regions midway through that period. The resulting loss of the Sahara to agricultural pursuits may be an important reason that civilizations were founded along the valleys of the Nile, the Tigris, and the Euphrates. German scientists, employing a new climate system model, have concluded that this desertification was initiated by subtle changes in the Earth's orbit and strongly amplified by resulting atmospheric and vegetation feedbacks in the subtropics."
The Middle East and North Africa 2003. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781857431322. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (10 April 1858). "Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War". Chapman and Hall. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013). The Kabyle People. Read Books Ltd. ISBN 9781447483526. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier. 10 April 1990. ISBN 9780717201211. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
Field, Henry Martyn (10 April 1893). "The Barbary Coast". C. Scribner's Sons. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). "North Africa to ca. 1870". A Military History of Africa. Vol. 1: The Precolonial Period: From Ancient Egypt to the Zulu Kingdom (Earliest Times to ca. 1870). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780313395703. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
Burckhardt, Titus (24 July 2009). Art of Islam: Language and Meaning. World Wisdom, Inc. ISBN 9781933316659. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020 – via Google Books.
Duri, A. A. (2012). The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation). Routledge. pp. 70–74. ISBN 978-0-415-62286-8. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
el-Hasan, Hasan Afif (1 May 2019). Killing the Arab Spring. Algora Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-62894-349-8. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
Holes, Clive (30 August 2018). Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-100506-0. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
Farida, Benouis; Houria, Chérid; Lakhdar, Drias; Amine, Semar. An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 9. ISBN 978-3-902966-14-8. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (2004). Islam: Art and Architecture: Pg 614. Könemann. ISBN 9783833111785. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
Ilahiane, Hsain (17 July 2006). Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864900. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via Google Books.
"An Estimation of the Foreign-Origin Populations of France, Michèle Tribalat". Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
Drouhot, Lucas G. (2020). "Income Segregation and the Incomplete Integration of Islam in the Paris Metropolitan Area". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 6: 237802311989958. doi:10.1177/2378023119899585. hdl:21.11116/0000-0005-95C8-1. ISSN 2378-0231. S2CID 211257408. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
The Report: Algeria 2007. Oxford Business Group. 2007. ISBN 978-1-902339-70-2. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015). Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment. Springer. ISBN 978-3-658-11633-0. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004). Libya. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-1702-6. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
The Report: Morocco 2012. Oxford Business Group. 2012. ISBN 978-1-907065-54-5. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
"Tunisia", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2 December 2022, archived from the original on 10 January 2021, retrieved 12 December 2022
Zurutuza, Karlos. "Berbers fear ethnic conflict". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
"Q&A: The Berbers". 12 March 2004. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
Davis, Robert. "British Slaves on the Barbary Coast". BBC. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2000). France and Algeria: A History of Decolonization and Transformation. University Press of Florida. pp. 9–23, 14. ISBN 978-0-8130-3096-8. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
"France and Maghreb – An enhanced partnership with the Maghreb (March 20, 2007)". French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
"The central position of women in the life of the Berbers of Northern-Africa exemplified by the Kabyles". www.second-congress-matriarchal-studies.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
Insoll, T. (2003) "The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa", Cambridge World Archaeology, [1]
"Mauritania". Open Doors USA. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
"Africa :: Morocco — The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. 9 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Fr Andrew Phillips. "The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today". Orthodox England. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Lochman, Jan Milie; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Barrett, David B.; Vischer, Lukas (24 July 1999). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802824158. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020 – via Google Books.
"Rising numbers of Christians in Islamic countries could pose threat to social order". World Review. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) Migration and development co-operation. Archived 29 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Council of Europe. p. 25. ISBN 92-871-2611-9.
Angus Maddison (20 September 2007). Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD:Essays in Macro-Economic History: Essays in Macro-Economic History. OUP Oxford. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-19-922721-1. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
*(in French) Sadek Lekdja, Christianity in Kabylie, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001 Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008–2011)". Refworld. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
"International Religious Freedom Report 2007": Tunisia Archived 9 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (14 September 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11 (10): 1–19. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
"'House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret". Vice.com. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
Morocco: No more hiding for Christians Archived 14 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Evangelical Focus
Osservatorio Internazionale: "La tentazione di Cristo" Archived 27 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine April 2010
Ponce Herrero, Gabino; Martí Ciriquián, Pablo (2019). "El complejo urbano transfronterizo Melilla-Nador" (PDF). Investigaciones Geográficas (72). Alicante: San Vicente del Raspeig: 101–124. doi:10.14198/INGEO2019.72.05. hdl:10045/99969. ISSN 1989-9890. S2CID 213966829. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
Rodríguez, José Vicente (31 May 2014). "El 37% de las declaraciones de la Renta en Málaga marcan la X para la Iglesia". La Opinión de Málaga. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). "Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos – Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
Avner Greif (June 1993). "Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: The Maghribi Traders' Coalition" (PDF). American Economic Review. American Economic Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2007.. See also Greif's "Reputation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade: Evidence on the Maghribi Traders", in Journal of Economic History Vol. XLIX, No. 4 (Dec. 1989) pp.857–882
"Jewish Population Rises to 15.2 million Worldwide". Jewish agency. 15 September 2021. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila S. Blair (2009). Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. New York: Oxford University Press USA. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
"UNESCO adds couscous to list of intangible world heritage". Al Jazeera English. 16 December 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2022.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

al-Muqaddasī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (2001). The best divisions for knowledge of the regions. Garnet publ. ISBN 1-85964-136-9. OCLC 469513651.
Drouhot, Lucas G. (2020). "Income Segregation and the Incomplete Integration of Islam in the Paris Metropolitan Area". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 6: 237802311989958. doi:10.1177/2378023119899585. hdl:21.11116/0000-0005-95C8-1. ISSN 2378-0231. S2CID 211257408. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
Taïeb, J. (1 May 2004). "Juifs du Maghreb". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (26): 3952–3962. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.949. ISSN 1015-7344.
van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (4 May 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507.
Salem, Nada; van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Sümer, Arev Pelin; Vai, Stefania; Hübner, Alexander; Peter, Benjamin; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Lari, Martina; Modi, Alessandra; Al-Faloos, Mohamed Faraj Mohamed; Turjman, Mustafa; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Tafuri, Mary Anne; Manzi, Giorgio; Rotunno, Rocco (2 April 2025). "Ancient DNA from the Green Sahara reveals ancestral North African lineage". Nature: 1–7. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08793-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 12043513.
Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (15 June 2023). "Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant". Nature. 618 (7965): 550–556. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..550S. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 10266975. PMID 37286608.
Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, et al. (April 2001). "High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (4): 1019–29. doi:10.1086/319521. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1275654. PMID 11254456.
Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, et al. (August 2004). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–345. doi:10.1086/423147. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.
Ponce Herrero, Gabino; Martí Ciriquián, Pablo (2019). "El complejo urbano transfronterizo Melilla-Nador" (PDF). Investigaciones Geográficas (72). Alicante: San Vicente del Raspeig: 101–124. doi:10.14198/INGEO2019.72.05. hdl:10045/99969. ISSN 1989-9890. S2CID 213966829. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.

worldcat.org

al-Muqaddasī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (2001). The best divisions for knowledge of the regions. Garnet publ. ISBN 1-85964-136-9. OCLC 469513651.

worldreview.info

"Rising numbers of Christians in Islamic countries could pose threat to social order". World Review. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2015.

worldwildlife.org

"North Saharan steppe and woodlands". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
"Atlantic coastal desert". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
"Sahara desert". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
"Saharan halophytics". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 31 December 2007.