Mahatma Gandhi (English Wikipedia)

"Nobel Peace Prize Nominations". American Friends Service Committee. 14 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.

aicc.org.in

"Satyagraha Laboratories of Mahatma Gandhi". Indian National Congress website. All India Congress Committee. 2004. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2012.

archive.org

Goswami, K.P (1971). Mahatma Gandhi A Chronology. Publications Division. p. 60. ISBN 9788123001395.
Renard, John (1999). Responses to 101 Questions on Hinduism. Paulist Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-8091-3845-6. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
Arvind Sharma (2013). Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography. Yale University Press. pp. 11–14. ISBN 978-0-300-18738-0.
Thomas Weber (2004). Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–25. ISBN 978-1-139-45657-9.
Brown (1991), p. ^{[page needed]}. Brown, Judith Margaret (1991). Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05125-4.
Guha (2013a), Ch. 22. Guha, Ramachandra (2013a). Gandhi Before India. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-670-08387-9.
Brown (1991), pp. 140–147. Brown, Judith Margaret (1991). Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05125-4.
Akbar S. Ahmed (1997). Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. Routledge. pp. 57–71. ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2.
Sarkar, Sumit (1983). Modern India: 1885–1947. Macmillan. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-333-90425-1.
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1940). An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments With Truth (2nd ed.). Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. p. 82. ISBN 0-8070-5909-9. Also available at Wikisource.
Brown (1991), pp. 252–257. Brown, Judith Margaret (1991). Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05125-4.
Khan, Yasmin (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-300-12078-3. Retrieved 1 September 2013. p. 18: the Muslim League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War. ... By the late 1940s, the League and the Congress had impressed in the British their own visions of a free future for Indian people. ... one, articulated by the Congress, rested on the idea of a united, plural India as a home for all Indians and the other, spelt out by the League, rested on the foundation of Muslim nationalism and the carving out of a separate Muslim homeland.
Khan, Yasmin (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-300-12078-3. Retrieved 1 September 2013. p. 1: South Asians learned that the British Indian Empire would be partitioned on 3 June 1947. They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, where the vast majority lived in the countryside, ..., it is hardly surprising that many ... did not hear the news for many weeks afterward. For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of 1947 may have been the first they know about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India.
Jack (1994), p. 418. Jack, Homer A., ed. (1994). The Gandhi Reader: A Source Book of His Life and Writings. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3161-4.
Lelyveld, Joseph (2011). Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 278–81. ISBN 978-0-307-26958-4.
Brown (1991), p. 380: "Despite and indeed because of his sense of helplessness Delhi was to be the scene of what he called his greatest fast. ... His decision was made suddenly, though after considerable thought – he gave no hint of it even to Nehru and Patel who were with him shortly before he announced his intention at a prayer-meeting on 12 January 1948. He said he would fast until communal peace was restored, real peace rather than the calm of a dead city imposed by police and troops. Patel and the government took the fast partly as condemnation of their decision to withhold a considerable cash sum still outstanding to Pakistan as a result of the allocation of undivided India's assets because the hostilities that had broken out in Kashmir; ... But even when the government agreed to pay out the cash, Gandhi would not break his fast: that he would only do after a large number of important politicians and leaders of communal bodies agreed to a joint plan for restoration of normal life in the city." Brown, Judith Margaret (1991). Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05125-4.
Spear, Percival (1990) [1978]. History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century. Penguin. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-140-13836-8.
Mahatma Gandhi (1994). The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings. Grove Press. pp. 483–89. ISBN 978-0-8021-3161-4.
Margot Bigg (2012). Delhi. Avalon. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-61238-490-0.
Sharp, Gene (1960). Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power: Three Case Histories. Navajivan. p. 4.
Yasmin Khan (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press. pp. 11–22. ISBN 978-0-300-12078-3.
Ambedkar, B. R. (1945), What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables, Thacker & Co. Editions, First Edition, pp. v, 282–297.
M.K. Gandhi (1934). Songs From Prison. Public Resource.
McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993). The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 799. ISBN 978-0-19-864339-5. Retrieved 31 August 2013. mahā- (S. 'great, mighty, large, ..., eminent') + ātmā (S. '1. soul, spirit; the self, the individual; the mind, the heart; 2. the ultimate being.'): 'high-souled, of noble nature; a noble or venerable man.'
Guha (2013a), pp. 362, 662. "During my last trip to Europe I saw a great deal of Mr Gandhi. From year to year (I have known him intimately for over twenty years) I have found him getting more and more selfless. He is now leading almost an ascetic sort of life – not the life of an ordinary ascetic that we usually see but that of a great Mahatma and the one idea that engrosses his mind is his motherland." Guha, Ramachandra (2013a). Gandhi Before India. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-670-08387-9.
Guha, Ramachandra (2007). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. Delhi: Ecco Press. ISBN 978-0-06-019881-7.
Cone, James (1992). Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream Or a Nightmare. Orbis Books. ISBN 0-88344-824-6.
McAllister, Pam (1982). Reweaving the Web of Life: Feminism and Nonviolence. New Society Publishers. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-86571-017-7. Retrieved 31 August 2013. With love, Yours, Bapu (You closed with the term of endearment used by your close friends, the term you used with all the movement leaders, roughly meaning 'Papa'. Another letter written in 1940 shows similar tenderness and caring.
Fischer, Louis (1957). The Life of Mahatma Gandhi. London: Johnathan Cape.
Kostelanetz, Richard; Flemming, Robert (1999). Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism. University of California Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-520-21491-0.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Mahatma Gandhi 'greatest man'". BBC News. 1 January 2000. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

bbc.co.uk

Pandohar, Jaspreet (Reviewer). "Movies – Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara (I Did Not Kill Gandhi) (2005)". BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation). Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2014.

books.google.com

Gandhi, Mohandas K. (2009). An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth. The Floating Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-77541-405-6. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
Ganguly, Debjani; Docker, John, eds. (2008). Rethinking Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality: Global Perspectives. Routledge. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-1-134-07431-0. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2019. ... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti-colonial nationalist politics in the twentieth-century in ways that neither indigenous nor westernized Indian nationalists could.
Misra, Amalendu (2004). Identity and Religion: Foundations of anti-Islamism in India. Sage Publications. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7619-3227-7.
Gandhi (2007a), p. 5. Gandhi, Rajmohan (2007a). Mohandas: A True Story of a Man, His People, and an Empire. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-310411-7.
Malhotra, S.L. (2001). Lawyer to Mahatma: Life, Work and Transformation of M. K. Gandhi. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 5. ISBN 978-81-7629-293-1. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
Todd, Anne M. (2012). Mohandas Gandhi. Infobase Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4381-0662-5. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024. The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers.
Gandhi (2008), pp. 1–3. Gandhi, Rajmohan (2008). Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25570-8.
Sorokin, Pitirim Aleksandrovich (2002). The Ways and Power of Love: types, factors, and techniques of moral transformation. Templeton Foundation Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-890151-86-7.
Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber & Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1983). Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-226-73136-0. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Guha (2014a), p. 42. "The subcaste the Gandhis belonged to was known as Modh Bania, the prefix apparently referring to the town of Modhera, in Southern Gujarat." Guha, Ramachandra (15 October 2014a). Gandhi before India. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-93-5118-322-8. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2021.^{[verification needed]}
Gandhi (2008), pp. 2, 8, 269. Gandhi, Rajmohan (2008). Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25570-8.
Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber & Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1983). Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-226-73136-0. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
Gerard Toffin (2012). John Zavos; et al. (eds.). Public Hinduisms. Sage Publications. pp. 249–57. ISBN 978-81-321-1696-7.
Ghose (1991), p. 4. Ghose, Sankar (1991). Mahatma Gandhi. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7023-205-6.
Fischer, Louis (1982). Gandhi, his life and message for the world. New American Library. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-451-62142-9.
Gandhi, M. K. (1 January 2009). An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth. The Floating Press. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-1-77541-405-6. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
Guha, Ramachandra (2014). Gandhi Before India. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-385-53229-7.
Gandhi (2008), pp. 20–21. Gandhi, Rajmohan (2008). Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25570-8.
Guha, Ramachandra (2014). Gandhi Before India. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-385-53229-7.
Guha, Ramachandra (2014). Gandhi Before India. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-385-53229-7.
Tendulkar, D. G. (1951). Mahatma; life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
Herman (2008), pp. 82–83. Herman, Arthur (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-553-90504-5. Ebook: ISBN 978-0-553-80463-8.
Keshavjee, M.M. (2015). Into that Heaven of Freedom: The Impact of Apartheid on an Indian Family's Diasporic History. Mawenzi House Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-1-927494-27-1. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
Parekh, Bhikhu C. (2001). Gandhi: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-285457-5.
Dhiman (2016), pp. 25–27. Dhiman, S. (2016). Gandhi and Leadership: New Horizons in Exemplary Leadership. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-49235-7.
Herman (2008), pp. 87–88. Herman, Arthur (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-553-90504-5. Ebook: ISBN 978-0-553-80463-8.
Allen, Jeremiah (2011). Sleeping with Strangers: A Vagabond's Journey Tramping the Globe. Other Places Publishing. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-935850-01-4. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
Herman (2008), pp. 88–89. Herman, Arthur (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-553-90504-5. Ebook: ISBN 978-0-553-80463-8.
Herman (2008), p. 125. Herman, Arthur (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-553-90504-5. Ebook: ISBN 978-0-553-80463-8.
Herman (2008), chapter 6. Herman, Arthur (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-553-90504-5. Ebook: ISBN 978-0-553-80463-8.
Rai, Ajay Shanker (2000). Gandhian Satyagraha: An Analytical And Critical Approach. Concept Publishing Company. p. 35. ISBN 978-81-7022-799-1. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
Parel, Anthony J. (2002). "Gandhi and Tolstoy". In M. P. Mathai; M. S. John; Siby K. Joseph (eds.). Meditations on Gandhi : a Ravindra Varma festschrift. New Delhi: Concept. pp. 96–112. ISBN 978-81-7022-961-2. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
DiSalvo, Charles R. (2013). M.K. Gandhi, Attorney at Law: The Man before the Mahatma. Univ of California Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0-520-95662-9. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
Jones, Constance; Ryan, James (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. New York: Facts On File. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
Desai, Ashwin; Vahed, Goolem (2015). The South African Gandhi: Stretcher-Bearer of Empire. Stanford University Press. pp. 22–26, 33–38. ISBN 978-0-8047-9717-7.
DiSalvo, Charles R. (2013). M.K. Gandhi, Attorney at Law: The Man Before the Mahatma. University of California Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-520-28015-1. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
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Herman (2008), pp. 154–157, 280–281. Herman, Arthur (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-553-90504-5. Ebook: ISBN 978-0-553-80463-8.
Markovits (2002), pp. 367–386. Markovits, Claude, ed. (2002). A History of Modern India, 1480–1950. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.
Desai, Mahadev Haribhai (1930). "Preface". Day-to-day with Gandhi: secretary's diary. Translated by Hemantkumar Nilkanth. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-906237-2-8. Alt URL^[usurped]
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Gandhi (2008), pp. 196–197. Gandhi, Rajmohan (2008). Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25570-8.
Brown, Judith M. (1974). Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915–1922. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–102. ISBN 978-0-521-09873-1.
Nojeim, M. (2004). Gandhi and King: The Power of Nonviolent Resistance. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-275-96574-7. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
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Ghose (1991), p. 161–164. Ghose, Sankar (1991). Mahatma Gandhi. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7023-205-6.
Roderick Matthews (2012). Jinnah vs. Gandhi. Hachette. p. 31. ISBN 978-93-5009-078-7. Rabindranath Tagore heavily criticized Gandhi at the time in private letters (...). They reveal Tagore's belief that Gandhi had committed the Indian political nation to a cause that was mistakenly anti-Western and fundamentally negative.
Bose, Sugata & Jalal, Ayesha (2004). Modern South History, Culture, Political Economy. Psychology Press. pp. 112–14. ISBN 978-0-203-71253-5.
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Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009). The Partition of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-521-85661-4. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2021. It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival from refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to eventually abandon India's capital.
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Dalton (2012), pp. 30–35. "Yet he [Gandhi] must bear some of the responsibility for losing his followers along the way. The sheer vagueness and contradictions recurrent throughout his writing made it easier to accept him as a saint than to fathom the challenge posed by his demanding beliefs. Gandhi saw no harm in self-contradictions: life was a series of experiments, and any principle might change if Truth so dictated." Dalton, Dennis (2012). Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15959-3.
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R. Taras (2002). Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-59640-5. In 1920 Jinnah opposed satyagraha and resigned from the Congress, boosting the fortunes of the Muslim League.
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Herman (2008), pp. 359, 378–380. Herman, Arthur (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-553-90504-5. Ebook: ISBN 978-0-553-80463-8.
Parel, Anthony J. (2016). Pax Gandhiana: The Political Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press. pp. 202–. ISBN 978-0-19-049146-8. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2019. Gandhi staked his reputation as an original political thinker on this specific issue. Hitherto, violence had been used in the name of political rights, such as in street riots, regicide, or armed revolutions. Gandhi believes there is a better way of securing political rights, that of nonviolence, and that this new way marks an advance in political ethics.
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Vilanilam, J.V. (2005). Mass Communication In India: A Sociological Perspective. SAGE Publications. p. 68. ISBN 978-93-5280-570-9. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. The greatest of all national leaders (and journalists) of the independence movement was Mahatma Gandhi.
Parker, Geoffrey (1995). The Times Illustrated History of the World. HarperCollins. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-06-270010-0. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. The hero of Indian independence from the British, and the greatest figure in decolonization, was Mahatma Gandhi
Douglas, R. (2021). The World War 1939–1945: The Cartoonists' Vision. Routledge Library Editions: WW2. Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-000-46048-3. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. Mahatma Gandhi was the most influential of all the Indian politicians in the campaign for independence
Prashad, G.; Nawani, A. (2006). Writings on Nehru: Some Reflections on Indian Thoughts and Related Essays. Northern Book Centre. p. 92. ISBN 978-81-7211-204-2. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. Mahatma Gandhi was the greatest absorbant [sic] and the greatest personality of modern India
Blamberger, G.; Kakar, S. (2018). Imaginations of Death and the Beyond in India and Europe. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 3. ISBN 978-981-10-6707-5. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. Mahatma Gandhi, modern India's greatest icon, elevated his search for moksha above any of his social or political goals, including India's freedom from colonial rule.
Carson, C. (2001). The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Grand Central Publishing. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7595-2037-0. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. Gandhi is not only the greatest figure in India's history, but his influence is felt in almost every aspect of life and public policy.
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Gandhi (2008), p. 172. "...Kasturba would accompany Gandhi on his departure from Cape Town for England in July 1914 en route to India. ... In different South African towns (Pretoria, Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Johannesburg, and the Natal cities of Durban and Verulam), the struggle's martyrs were honoured and the Gandhi's bade farewell. Addresses in Durban and Verulam referred to Gandhi as a 'Mahatma', 'great soul'. He was seen as a great soul because he had taken up the poor's cause. The whites too said good things about Gandhi, who predicted a future for the Empire if it respected justice." Gandhi, Rajmohan (2008). Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25570-8.
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Ghose (1991), p. 158. "So Tagore differed from many of Gandhi's ideas, but yet he had great regard for him and Tagore was perhaps the first important Indian who called Gandhi a Mahatma. But in 1921 when Gandhi was asked whether he was really a Mahatma Gandhi replied that he did not feel like one, and that, in any event, he could not define a Mahatma for he had never met any." Ghose, Sankar (1991). Mahatma Gandhi. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7023-205-6.
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Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Uma (2005). Gandhi's prisoner?: the life of Gandhi's son Manilal. Permanent Black. p. 293. ISBN 978-81-7824-116-6. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
Mohan, Shaj; Dwivedi, Divya; Nancy, Jean-Luc (2018). Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-Politics. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-2173-3. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
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Eck, Diana L. (2003). Encountering God: A Spiritual Journey from Bozeman to Banaras. Beacon Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8070-7301-8. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ... his niece Manu, who, like others called this immortal Gandhi 'Bapu,' meaning not 'father,' but the familiar, 'daddy'.
Barczewski, S.; Farr, M. (2019). The MacKenzie Moment and Imperial History: Essays in Honour of John M. MacKenzie. Britain and the World. Springer International Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 978-3-030-24459-0. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
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Talbot, Ian (2016). A History of Modern South Asia, Politics, States, Diasporas. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-300-19694-8. LCCN 2015937886. Disputes over Kashmir and the division of assets and water in the aftermath of Partition increased Pakistan's anxieties regarding its much larger neighbor. Kashmir's significance for Pakistan far exceeded its strategic value; its "illegal" accession to India challenged the state's ideological foundations and pointed to a lack of sovereign fulfillment. The "K" in Pakistan's name stood for Kashmir. Of less symbolic significance was the division of post-Partition assets. Not until December 1947 was an agreement reached on Pakistan's share of the sterling assets held by the undivided Government of India at the time of independence. The bulk of these (550 million rupees) was held back by New Delhi because of the Kashmir conflict and paid only following Gandhi's intervention and fasting. India delivered Pakistan's military equipment even more tardily, and less than a sixth of the 160,000 tons of ordnance allotted to Pakistan by the Joint Defence Council was actually delivered.
Elkins, Caroline (2022). Violence: A History of the British Empire. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780307272423. LCCN 2021018550. A few months later, with war-fueled tensions over Kashmir mounting and India refusing to pay Pakistan 550 million rupees, Pakistan's share of Britain's outstanding war debt, Gandhi began to fast. "This time my fast is not only against Hindus and Muslims," the Mahatma said, "but also against the Judases who put on false appearances and betray themselves, myself and society." The elderly and frail man who was India's symbolic political and spiritual leader went three days without food before India's cabinet agreed to pay Pakistan, something Nehru had long promised Jinnah he would do.
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