Manchu people (English Wikipedia)

《满族姓氏寻根大全·满族老姓全录》 [A complete collection of Manchu surnames in search of their roots, a complete record of old Manchu surnames]. 51CTO. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2022.

academia.edu

Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. 耕造·山村 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 0521223539. Alt URL
https://www.academia.edu/7542628/The_Semu_ren_in_the_Yuan_Empire_who_were_they p 4 The Semu ren 色目人 in the Yuan Empire – who were they? Stephen G. Haw

allacademic.com

citation.allacademic.com

Zhang, Feng (March 2008b). "Traditional East Asian Structure from the Perspective of Sino-Korean Relations". All Academic. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.

archive.org

Wakeman, Frederick Jr. (1986). Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520048041.
Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
Lee, Robert H. G. (1970). The Manchurian Frontier in Chʼing History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-54775-9.

archive.today

"iFeng: Jin Biao's 10-Year Dream of Manchu Language (traditional Chinese)". ifeng.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2012.

artx.cn

萧国亮 (24 January 2007). 明代汉族与女真族的马市贸易. ARTX.cn. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.

baidu.com

zhidao.baidu.com

我姓阎,满族正黄旗,请问我的满姓可能是什么 [My surname is Yan, and the Manchu nationality is in the yellow flag. May I ask what my full surname might be]. Baidu. 2009.^{[better source needed]}

bjd.com.cn

bjwb.bjd.com.cn

"The Worry of Manchu Language". Beijing Evening News. 3 March 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013.
"1980s Generation's Rescue Plan of Manchu Language". Beijing Evening News. 3 March 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013.

books.google.com

Merriam-Webster, Inc (2003). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. p. 754. ISBN 978-0-87779-807-1.
Peterson, Willard J. (2002). the Cambridge History of China, the Ch'ing dynasty to 1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Endymion Porter Wilkinson (2000). Chinese History: A Manual. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 728. ISBN 978-0-674-00249-4.
Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar. Vol. Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-9004123076.
Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 416. ISBN 978-0521243049.
Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King, eds. (1994). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0521243315.
de Rachewiltz, Igor, ed. (1993). In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300). Asiatische Forschungen: Monographienreihe zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache der Völker Ost- und Zentralasiens. Vol. 121 of Asiatische Forschungen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 112. ISBN 978-3447033398. ISSN 0571-320X.
Takekoshi, Yosaburō (2004). The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1 (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 134. ISBN 0415323797.
Batten, Bruce L. (2006). Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500–1300. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 102, 101, 100. ISBN 978-0824842925.
Kang, Chae-ŏn; Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne (2006). "5". The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Sook Pyo Lee, Suzanne Lee. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 75. ISBN 978-1931907309.
Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. 耕造·山村 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 0521223539. Alt URL
Adolphson, Mikael S.; Kamens, Edward; Matsumoto, Stacie (2007). Kamens, Edward; Adolphson, Mikael S.; Matsumoto, Stacie (eds.). Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0824830137.
Kōdansha (1983). Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2. Kodansha. p. 79. ISBN 0870116223.
Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Embree, Ainslie Thomas (ed.). Encyclopedia of Asian History. Vol. 1. Robin Jeanne Lewis, Asia Society, Richard W. Bulliet (2, illustrated ed.). Scribner. p. 371. ISBN 0684188988.
朝鮮学会; 朝鮮學會 (2006). 朝鮮學報. 朝鮮學會.
Breuker, Remco E. (2010). Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918–1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty. Vol. 1 of Brill's Korean Studies Library. Brill. pp. 220–221. ISBN 978-9004183254. The Jurchen settlements in the Amnok River region had been tributaries of Koryŏ since the establishment of the dynasty, when T'aejo Wang Kŏn heavily relied on a large segment of Jurchen cavalry to defeat the armies of Later Paekche. The position and status of these Jurchen is hard to determine using the framework of the Koryŏ and Liao states as reference, since the Jurchen leaders generally took care to steer a middle course between Koryŏ and Liao, changing sides or absconding whenever that was deemed the best course. As mentioned above, Koryŏ and Liao competed quite fiercely to obtain the allegiance of the Jurchen settlers who in the absence of large armies effectively controlled much of the frontier area outside the Koryŏ and Liao fortifications. These Jurchen communities were expert in handling the tension between Liao and Koryŏ, playing out divide-and-rule policies backed up by threats of border violence. It seems that the relationship between the semi-nomadic Jurchen and their peninsular neighbours bore much resemblance to the relationship between Chinese states and their nomad neighbours, as described by Thomas Barfield.
Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.). China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27. ISBN 0791422739.
Toh, Hoong Teik (2005). Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics. Vol. 10 of Aetas Manjurica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 34, 35, 36. ISBN 3447051965. ISSN 0931-282X.
Toh, Hoong Teik (2005). Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics. Vol. 10 of Aetas Manjurica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 31. ISBN 3447051965. ISSN 0931-282X.
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A History of Asia by Rhoads Murphey, Kristin Stapleton
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Seth, Michael J. (2006). A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century. Vol. 2 of Tunguso Sibirica (illustrated, annotated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138. ISBN 978-0742540057.
Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Vol. 2 of Tunguso Sibirica. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 144. ISBN 978-0742567177.
John W. Dardess (2012). Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4422-0490-4.
Association for Asian Studies; Ming Biographical History Project Committee (1976). Goodrich, Luther Carrington (ed.). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644, Volume 2 (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 1066. ISBN 978-0231038331.
Di Cosmo, Nicola (2007). The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo. Vol. 3 of Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia (annotated ed.). Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 978-1135789558.
Li, Gertraude Roth (2018). Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0824822064.
Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002). The Manchus (The People of Asia Series). Blackwell Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-631-23591-0.
Buckley Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne (1 January 2013). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History (3 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 271.
Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tyron, Darrell T., eds. (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 1. International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies. Walter de Gruyter. p. 828. ISBN 978-3110134179.
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K., eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0521243322.
Twitchett, Denis C.; Mote, Frederick W., eds. (1998). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2; Parts 1368–1644. Cambridge University Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-0521243339.
Allsen, Thomas T. (2011). The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-8122-3926-3.
Transactions, American Philosophical Society (vol. 36, Part 1, 1946). American Philosophical Society. 1949. p. 10. ISBN 978-1422377192.
Keay, John (2011). China: A History (reprint ed.). Basic Books. p. 422. ISBN 978-0465025183.
Bello, David A. (2017). "2 Rival Empires on the Hunt for Sable and People in Seventeenth-Century Manchuria". In Smith, Norman (ed.). Empire and Environment in the Making of Manchuria. Contemporary Chinese Studies. UBC Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0774832922.
Serruys, Henry (1955). Sino-Jürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403–1424. Vol. 4 of Göttinger asiatische Forschungen. O. Harrassowitz. p. 22. ISBN 978-0742540057.
Perdue, Peter C (2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674042025.
Sneath, David (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-0231511674.
Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1991). Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World (illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 33. ISBN 0691008779.
Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.
Elliot, Mark C. (2006). "Ethnicity in the Qing Eight Banners". In Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S. (eds.). Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China. University of California Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0520230156.
Grossnick, Roy A. (1972). Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials. University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 10.
Till, Barry (2004). The Manchu era (1644–1912): arts of China's last imperial dynasty. Art Gallery of Greater Victoria. p. 5. ISBN 978-0888852168.
The Augustan, Volumes 17–20. Augustan Society. 1975. p. 34.
Kim, Sun Joo (2011). The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture. University of Washington Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0295802176.
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Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987). Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century. Yale University Press. p. 141. ISBN 0-300-04602-2.
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Watson, Rubie Sharon; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, eds. (1991). Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society. Vol. 12 of Studies on China. Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0520071247.
Wang, Shuo (2008). "Qing Imperial Women: Empresses, Concubines, and Aisin Gioro Daughters". In Walthall, Anne (ed.). Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520254442.
"Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi". Late Imperial China. 10 (1–2). Society for Qing Studies: 71. 1989.
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Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0804746847.
Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0804746847.
Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-0804746847.
Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804746847.
Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0804746847.
Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0804746847.
Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0804746847.
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Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2011). Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928. University of Washington Press.
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Shirokogorov, Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich (1924). Social Organization of the Manchus: A study of the Manchu Clan Organization. Vol. 3 of Publications (Royal Asiatic Society. North China Branch). Royal Asiatic Society.
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Chen, Feinian (2005). "Chapter 4: The impact of family structure on fertility". Fertility, Family Planning and Population Policy in China (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 1134349769.
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Wang, Shuo (2006). Wadley, Stephen A.; Naeher, Carsten; Dede, Keith (eds.). Proceedings of the First North American Conference on Manchu Studies: Studies in Manchu literature and history (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 120–130. ISBN 3447052260.
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brill.com

Hölzl, Andreas (2023). "The Etymology of "Manchu": A Critical Evaluation of the Riverside Hypothesis". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 4 (2): 160–208. doi:10.1163/25898833-00420028. S2CID 257527009.

britannica.com

"Manchu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 March 2015.

bzdww.com

"Recent thoughts on the Hanjun flag". bazww. 8 March 2019. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019.

cass.cn

iel.cass.cn

Fu Yuguang (23 March 2009). [富育光]满族传统说部艺术——“乌勒本”研考 [[Fu Yuguang] Manchu traditional art of speaking - "Uleben" research]. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2015.

chinaheritage.net

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chinanews.com

辽宁一高中开设满语课满族文化传承引关注 [A high school in Liaoning offers Manchu courses, and the inheritance of Manchu culture attracts attention]. China News. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
“冰嬉”被乾隆定为“国俗” 清军有八旗冰鞋营(5) ["Bingxi" was designated as a "national custom" by Qianlong, and the Qing army had eight flag skate camps (5)]. Chinanews.com. 20 January 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
人民大学满语培训班重新开课缺教室是最大难题 [Renmin University's Manchu language training class reopens, the lack of classrooms is the biggest problem]. chinanews.com. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2022.

ln.chinanews.com

本溪桓仁29名满语教师上岗 [29 Manchu language teachers in Benxi Huanren are on duty]. China News. 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012.

chnsway.com

zx.chnsway.com

辽宁省政协. zx.chnsway.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

cntv.cn

news.cntv.cn

中国奢侈品走出国门旗袍唐装最受老外青睐(图) [Chinese luxury goods go abroad, cheongsam and Tang suits are most favored by foreigners (Photo)]. CCTV. 27 November 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2022.

demographic-research.org

Demographic Research Vol. 38, Article 34, pp. 929–966. 9 March 2018 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol38/34/ doi:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34 Research Article Interethnic marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913 Bijia Chen Cameron Campbell Hao Dong p. 937
Demographic Research Vol. 38, Arrticle 34, pp. 929–966, 9 Mar 2018 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol38/34/ doi:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34 Research Article Interethnic marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913 Bijia Chen Cameron Campbell Hao Dong pp. 936–937, 939

doi.org

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Demographic Research Vol. 38, Article 34, pp. 929–966. 9 March 2018 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol38/34/ doi:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34 Research Article Interethnic marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913 Bijia Chen Cameron Campbell Hao Dong p. 937
Demographic Research Vol. 38, Arrticle 34, pp. 929–966, 9 Mar 2018 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol38/34/ doi:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34 Research Article Interethnic marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913 Bijia Chen Cameron Campbell Hao Dong pp. 936–937, 939
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douban.com

book.douban.com

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