Josiah Willard Gibbs (1878) "On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances. Part II", Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3: 343–524. The equation for the energy that's required to create a surface between two phases appears on page 483. Reprinted in: Josiah Willard Gibbs with Henry Andrews Bumstead and Ralph Gibbs van Name, eds., The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs, ..., vol. 1 (New York, New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1906), page 315.
Cai, Yangjun; Zhang Newby, Bi-min (May 2008). "Marangoni Flow-Induced Self-Assembly of Hexagonal and Stripelike Nanoparticle Patterns". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (19): 6076–6077. Bibcode:2008JAChS.130.6076C. doi:10.1021/ja801438u. PMID18426208.
Cai, Yangjun; Zhang Newby, Bi-min (May 2008). "Marangoni Flow-Induced Self-Assembly of Hexagonal and Stripelike Nanoparticle Patterns". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (19): 6076–6077. Bibcode:2008JAChS.130.6076C. doi:10.1021/ja801438u. PMID18426208.
Cai, Yangjun; Zhang Newby, Bi-min (May 2008). "Marangoni Flow-Induced Self-Assembly of Hexagonal and Stripelike Nanoparticle Patterns". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (19): 6076–6077. Bibcode:2008JAChS.130.6076C. doi:10.1021/ja801438u. PMID18426208.