Marian reforms (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Marian reforms" in English language version.

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Faszcza 2021, p. 21. See eg Taylor 2019, p. 76 and Cadiou 2018, p. 395. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0.
Taylor 2019, p. 79. "Relatively modest facts have been spun into the overarching 'Marian reforms', which are ultimately the construct of modern scholarship". Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Other than army recruitment, the only two changes attributed to Marius directly are a redesign of the pilum and the elimination of non-eagle standards. Both ancient claims are disproved by archeological evidence. Taylor 2019, p. 78. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 78. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2023, p. 160; Taylor 2019, p. 79. Taylor, Michael J (2023). "Goodbye to all that: the Roman citizen militia after the great wars". In Balbo, Mattia; Santangelo, Federico (eds.). A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–64. ISBN 978-0-19-765524-5. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, pp. 78, citing Plut. Mar., 25. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Plutarch (1920) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Marius". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. William Heinemann. OCLC 40115288 – via LacusCurtius.
Taylor 2019, p. 78; Matthew 2010, pp. 65–66. Matthew believes the redesign was a one-time expedient and that Marius' rapid departure from active command in the immediate aftermath of victory over the Cimbri prevented the redesign from being fully adopted. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Taylor 2019, p. 78, citing Plin., NH, 10.16. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 79 n. 14. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 79 n. 18. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Gauthier 2020, p. 284, citing, among others, CIL I, 593. See also, especially pages 69–71, Gauthier, François (2021). "Did velites really disappear in the late Roman republic?". Historia. 70 (1): 69–82. doi:10.25162/historia-2021-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 230543924.
Taylor 2019, p. 86. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 81. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, pp. 76, 82. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 89, citing Sall. Iug., 51.3, where amid an uncertain battle "Metellus... opposed four legionary cohorts to the enemy's infantry", pushed through, and won the battle. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Sallust (1921) [1st century BC]. "Bellum Iugurthinum". Sallust. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. William Heinemann – via LacusCurtius.
Taylor 2019, p. 82, citing Bell, Michael J V (1965). "Tactical reform in the Roman republican army". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 14 (4): 404–422. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434897. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 79. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.

books.google.com

Lintott 1994, pp. 91–92. Lintott, Andrew (1994). "Political history, 149–95 BC". In Crook, J A; et al. (eds.). The last age of the Roman republic. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25603-8.
Taylor 2023, p. 160; Taylor 2019, p. 79. Taylor, Michael J (2023). "Goodbye to all that: the Roman citizen militia after the great wars". In Balbo, Mattia; Santangelo, Federico (eds.). A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–64. ISBN 978-0-19-765524-5. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Lintott 1994, p. 92. "The Romans continued to levy regularly by conscription". Gruen 1995, p. 367. "And the Marian reforms... did not abolish the levy. Conscription continued... to the end of the republic". Lintott, Andrew (1994). "Political history, 149–95 BC". In Crook, J A; et al. (eds.). The last age of the Roman republic. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25603-8. Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6.
Rich 1983, p. 329; Gruen 1995, pp. xvii, 367; Evans 1995, p. 91. Rich, J W (1983). "The supposed Roman manpower shortage of the later second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 32 (3): 287–331. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435854. Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6. Evans, Richard John (1995). Gaius Marius: a political biography (PDF) (DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
Gruen 1995, p. 369, calling it a "bare subsistence". Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6.
Gruen 1995, p. xvii. Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6.
Gruen 1995, p. xvii. "Nothing suggests that the soldiery had developed a separatist mentality, let alone that they contemplated toppling the republic. Even those who crossed the Rubicon responded to appeals on constitutional grounds". Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6.
Matthew, Christopher Anthony (2010). On the wings of eagles. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4438-1813-1. Matthew notes "the theory of equipping at state expense has no confirmatory basis in the ancient record".
Taylor 2023, p. 160. Taylor, Michael J (2023). "Goodbye to all that: the Roman citizen militia after the great wars". In Balbo, Mattia; Santangelo, Federico (eds.). A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–64. ISBN 978-0-19-765524-5.
Taylor 2023, p. 160, citing, App. Hisp., 65; Front. Strat., 4.1.1; Val. Max., 2.7.2. Taylor, Michael J (2023). "Goodbye to all that: the Roman citizen militia after the great wars". In Balbo, Mattia; Santangelo, Federico (eds.). A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–64. ISBN 978-0-19-765524-5. Valerius Maximus (2004). Memorable deeds and sayings: one thousand tales from ancient Rome. Translated by Walker, Henry. Indianapolis: Hackett. ISBN 0-87220-675-0. OCLC 53231884.
Lintott 1994, p. 92. Lintott, Andrew (1994). "Political history, 149–95 BC". In Crook, J A; et al. (eds.). The last age of the Roman republic. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25603-8.
Taylor 2023, p. 161. Taylor, Michael J (2023). "Goodbye to all that: the Roman citizen militia after the great wars". In Balbo, Mattia; Santangelo, Federico (eds.). A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–64. ISBN 978-0-19-765524-5.
Cadiou 2018, p. 400, citing, among others, Rosenstein, Nathan (2004). Rome at war: farms, families, and death in the middle republic. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-2839-7. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0.
Taylor 2023, p. 162; Gauthier 2020, p. 284. "I... instead look at the Social War, as well as the civil wars, as the periods of pivotal change". Taylor, Michael J (2023). "Goodbye to all that: the Roman citizen militia after the great wars". In Balbo, Mattia; Santangelo, Federico (eds.). A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–64. ISBN 978-0-19-765524-5.
Taylor 2023, p. 162. Taylor, Michael J (2023). "Goodbye to all that: the Roman citizen militia after the great wars". In Balbo, Mattia; Santangelo, Federico (eds.). A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–64. ISBN 978-0-19-765524-5.

brynmawr.edu

bmcr.brynmawr.edu

Rafferty 2021. "[Cadiou]'s conclusion is that 'l'armée romaine dite « post-marienne » est un mirage historiographique' [the Roman army called 'post-Marian' is a historiographical mirage]". Rafferty, David (2021). "Review of "L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
Probst 2008. "Modern research for the most part agrees, it can no longer be said that the Marian reforms and the military service of unpropertied men revolutionised the Roman army". Probst, Peter (2008). "Review of "The army in the Roman revolution"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
Rafferty 2021; Gauthier 2020, p. 283, "the sources show that soldiers were usually still recruited according to their census rating even in the late Republic", citing Cadiou 2018, pp. 392–93. Rafferty, David (2021). "Review of "L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0.
Rafferty 2021. Rafferty, David (2021). "Review of "L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
Rafferty 2021; Cadiou 2018, pp. 40, 78 et seq; Probst 2008; Keaveney 2007, pp. 93–94. Rafferty, David (2021). "Review of "L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Probst, Peter (2008). "Review of "The army in the Roman revolution"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660. Keaveney, Arthur (2007). The army in the Roman revolution. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39486-4.
Gauthier 2020, p. 283; Rafferty 2021. Rafferty, David (2021). "Review of "L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
Probst 2008. "The first act that revolutionised the Roman army was Sulla’s march on Rome in 88". Probst, Peter (2008). "Review of "The army in the Roman revolution"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.

cambridge.org

Matthew 2010, p. 54. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Matthew 2010, p. 57. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Taylor 2019, p. 78; Matthew 2010, pp. 65–66. Matthew believes the redesign was a one-time expedient and that Marius' rapid departure from active command in the immediate aftermath of victory over the Cimbri prevented the redesign from being fully adopted. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Matthew 2010, p. 50 n. 3. "cohors: no ancient text specifically attributes this reform to Marius". Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Marius gave citizenship to a few cohorts during the Cimbric War. However, this was done ad hoc and only once. Lavan 2019, p. 28 n. 6. Lavan, Myles (2019). "The army and the spread of Roman citizenship". Journal of Roman Studies. 109: 27–69. doi:10.1017/S0075435819000662. hdl:10023/18193. ISSN 0075-4358. S2CID 199951632.
Lavan 2019, pp. 28–29. Lavan, Myles (2019). "The army and the spread of Roman citizenship". Journal of Roman Studies. 109: 27–69. doi:10.1017/S0075435819000662. hdl:10023/18193. ISSN 0075-4358. S2CID 199951632.

doi.org

Faszcza 2021, p. 21. See eg Taylor 2019, p. 76 and Cadiou 2018, p. 395. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 14–15. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Taylor 2019, p. 79. "Relatively modest facts have been spun into the overarching 'Marian reforms', which are ultimately the construct of modern scholarship". Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Other than army recruitment, the only two changes attributed to Marius directly are a redesign of the pilum and the elimination of non-eagle standards. Both ancient claims are disproved by archeological evidence. Taylor 2019, p. 78. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Lintott 2012. Lintott, A. "proletarii". In OCD⁴ (2012). doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5361.
Treves & Cornell 2012, citing, among others, Cassius Hermina fr 21 P. Treves, P; Cornell, T. "tumultus". In OCD⁴ (2012). doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6603.
Taylor 2019, p. 78. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2023, p. 160; Taylor 2019, p. 79. Taylor, Michael J (2023). "Goodbye to all that: the Roman citizen militia after the great wars". In Balbo, Mattia; Santangelo, Federico (eds.). A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–64. ISBN 978-0-19-765524-5. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, pp. 78, citing Plut. Mar., 25. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Plutarch (1920) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Marius". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. William Heinemann. OCLC 40115288 – via LacusCurtius.
Matthew 2010, p. 54. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Matthew 2010, p. 57. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Taylor 2019, p. 78; Matthew 2010, pp. 65–66. Matthew believes the redesign was a one-time expedient and that Marius' rapid departure from active command in the immediate aftermath of victory over the Cimbri prevented the redesign from being fully adopted. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Taylor 2019, p. 78, citing Plin., NH, 10.16. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 79 n. 14. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 18–19. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Taylor 2019, p. 79 n. 18. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Gauthier 2020, p. 284, citing, among others, CIL I, 593. See also, especially pages 69–71, Gauthier, François (2021). "Did velites really disappear in the late Roman republic?". Historia. 70 (1): 69–82. doi:10.25162/historia-2021-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 230543924.
Taylor 2019, p. 86. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Richardson, Alan (2003). "Space and manpower in Roman camps". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 22 (3): 303–313. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00189. ISSN 0262-5253. Contra Scullard 2011, p. 48, explaining also that three maniples made up a cohort, which was itself 600 men. Scullard, H H (2011) [First published by Methuen & Co, 1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: a history of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68. London and New York: Routledge Classics. ISBN 978-0-415-58488-3.
Matthew 2010, p. 50 n. 3. "cohors: no ancient text specifically attributes this reform to Marius". Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Taylor 2019, p. 81. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, pp. 76, 82. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 89, citing Sall. Iug., 51.3, where amid an uncertain battle "Metellus... opposed four legionary cohorts to the enemy's infantry", pushed through, and won the battle. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Sallust (1921) [1st century BC]. "Bellum Iugurthinum". Sallust. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. William Heinemann – via LacusCurtius.
Taylor 2019, p. 82, citing Bell, Michael J V (1965). "Tactical reform in the Roman republican army". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 14 (4): 404–422. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434897. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Tweedie, Fiona C (2011). "The case of the missing veterans: Roman colonisation and veteran settlement in the second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 60 (4): 458–473. doi:10.25162/historia-2011-0019. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 41342861. S2CID 252451787.
Marius gave citizenship to a few cohorts during the Cimbric War. However, this was done ad hoc and only once. Lavan 2019, p. 28 n. 6. Lavan, Myles (2019). "The army and the spread of Roman citizenship". Journal of Roman Studies. 109: 27–69. doi:10.1017/S0075435819000662. hdl:10023/18193. ISSN 0075-4358. S2CID 199951632.
Lavan 2019, pp. 28–29. Lavan, Myles (2019). "The army and the spread of Roman citizenship". Journal of Roman Studies. 109: 27–69. doi:10.1017/S0075435819000662. hdl:10023/18193. ISSN 0075-4358. S2CID 199951632.
Taylor 2019, p. 79. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Faszcza 2021, p. 17, citing Lange, Christian Conrad Ludwig (1846). Historia mutationum rei militaris Romanorum inde ab interitu rei publicae usque ad Constantinum Magnum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 3–30. Lange admitted his theory was speculative and noted how it could be falsified. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 21. Rüstow's book became the main progenitor of the comprehensive Marian reforms hypothesis, likely because it was written in German instead of Latin. Faszcza 2021, p. 22. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 21, citing Mommsen, Theodor (1855). The History of Rome (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin. pp. 194–197.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 22–23. Faszcza approvingly mentions a 1915 article by Theodor Steinwender which questioned whether Polybius' army description was accurate; it did not, however, challenge the belief in comprehensive reforms. See Steinwender, Theodor (1912). "Zum Polybianischen Feldlager". Rheinisches Museum für Philologie (in German). 67: 48–66. ISSN 0035-449X. JSTOR 41247689. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 24–27. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 28, calling attention to two articles:
- Kubitschek, Wilhelm (1924). "legio (republickanische Zeit)". Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. 12. cols. 1201–2. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, pp. 28–30. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 30. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 31. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, pp. 31–32. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 32. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 33, citing Harris, William V (1979). War and imperialism in republican Rome: 327-70 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814866-1. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Cadiou 2018, pp. 49–50; Faszcza 2021, p. 34. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Cadiou 2018, p. 420 nn. 82–83, citing Morstein-Marx 2011. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Morstein-Marx, Robert (2011). "Consular appeals to the army in 88 and 87: the locus of legitimacy in late-republican Rome". In Beck, Hans; et al. (eds.). Consuls and res publica: holding high office in the Roman republic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 259–78. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511736124. ISBN 978-0-511-73612-4.
- Morstein-Marx 2011, pp. 276–78. Morstein-Marx, Robert (2011). "Consular appeals to the army in 88 and 87: the locus of legitimacy in late-republican Rome". In Beck, Hans; et al. (eds.). Consuls and res publica: holding high office in the Roman republic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 259–78. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511736124. ISBN 978-0-511-73612-4.

edcs.eu

db.edcs.eu

Gauthier 2020, p. 284, citing, among others, CIL I, 593. See also, especially pages 69–71, Gauthier, François (2021). "Did velites really disappear in the late Roman republic?". Historia. 70 (1): 69–82. doi:10.25162/historia-2021-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 230543924.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Faszcza 2021, p. 21. See eg Taylor 2019, p. 76 and Cadiou 2018, p. 395. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 14–15. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 18–19. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Marius gave citizenship to a few cohorts during the Cimbric War. However, this was done ad hoc and only once. Lavan 2019, p. 28 n. 6. Lavan, Myles (2019). "The army and the spread of Roman citizenship". Journal of Roman Studies. 109: 27–69. doi:10.1017/S0075435819000662. hdl:10023/18193. ISSN 0075-4358. S2CID 199951632.
Lavan 2019, pp. 28–29. Lavan, Myles (2019). "The army and the spread of Roman citizenship". Journal of Roman Studies. 109: 27–69. doi:10.1017/S0075435819000662. hdl:10023/18193. ISSN 0075-4358. S2CID 199951632.
Faszcza 2021, p. 17, citing Lange, Christian Conrad Ludwig (1846). Historia mutationum rei militaris Romanorum inde ab interitu rei publicae usque ad Constantinum Magnum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 3–30. Lange admitted his theory was speculative and noted how it could be falsified. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 21. Rüstow's book became the main progenitor of the comprehensive Marian reforms hypothesis, likely because it was written in German instead of Latin. Faszcza 2021, p. 22. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 21, citing Mommsen, Theodor (1855). The History of Rome (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin. pp. 194–197.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 22–23. Faszcza approvingly mentions a 1915 article by Theodor Steinwender which questioned whether Polybius' army description was accurate; it did not, however, challenge the belief in comprehensive reforms. See Steinwender, Theodor (1912). "Zum Polybianischen Feldlager". Rheinisches Museum für Philologie (in German). 67: 48–66. ISSN 0035-449X. JSTOR 41247689. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 24–27. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 28, calling attention to two articles:
- Kubitschek, Wilhelm (1924). "legio (republickanische Zeit)". Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. 12. cols. 1201–2. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, pp. 28–30. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 30. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 31. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, pp. 31–32. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 32. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 33, citing Harris, William V (1979). War and imperialism in republican Rome: 327-70 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814866-1. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Cadiou 2018, pp. 49–50; Faszcza 2021, p. 34. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.

jstor.org

Rich 1983, p. 316. "The view that the property qualification... was progressively reduced derives much of its plausibility from the fact that it fits well with received doctrine on Roman manpower... It would thus smack of circularity to use the supposed second century reduction in the property qualification as evidence for the shortage of assidui." Rich, J W (1983). "The supposed Roman manpower shortage of the later second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 32 (3): 287–331. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435854.
Rich 1983, p. 329; Gruen 1995, pp. xvii, 367; Evans 1995, p. 91. Rich, J W (1983). "The supposed Roman manpower shortage of the later second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 32 (3): 287–331. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435854. Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6. Evans, Richard John (1995). Gaius Marius: a political biography (PDF) (DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
Taylor 2019, p. 82, citing Bell, Michael J V (1965). "Tactical reform in the Roman republican army". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 14 (4): 404–422. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434897. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Tweedie, Fiona C (2011). "The case of the missing veterans: Roman colonisation and veteran settlement in the second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 60 (4): 458–473. doi:10.25162/historia-2011-0019. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 41342861. S2CID 252451787.
Cadiou 2018, p. 85, citing, among others, Rich 1983, p. 325. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Rich, J W (1983). "The supposed Roman manpower shortage of the later second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 32 (3): 287–331. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435854.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 22–23. Faszcza approvingly mentions a 1915 article by Theodor Steinwender which questioned whether Polybius' army description was accurate; it did not, however, challenge the belief in comprehensive reforms. See Steinwender, Theodor (1912). "Zum Polybianischen Feldlager". Rheinisches Museum für Philologie (in German). 67: 48–66. ISSN 0035-449X. JSTOR 41247689. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.

klassik-stiftung.de

haab-digital.klassik-stiftung.de

Faszcza 2021, p. 17, citing Lange, Christian Conrad Ludwig (1846). Historia mutationum rei militaris Romanorum inde ab interitu rei publicae usque ad Constantinum Magnum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 3–30. Lange admitted his theory was speculative and noted how it could be falsified. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.

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Crawford, Michael H (1974). Roman republican coinage. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 328. ISBN 0-521-07492-4. LCCN 77-164450.
Rosenstein 2022, pp. 243–44. Rosenstein, Nathan (2022). "Armies and political culture". In Arena, Valentina; Prag, Jonathan (eds.). A companion to the political culture of the Roman republic. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 236–47. ISBN 978-1-4443-3965-9. LCCN 2021024437.
Rosenstein 2022, p. 245. Rosenstein, Nathan (2022). "Armies and political culture". In Arena, Valentina; Prag, Jonathan (eds.). A companion to the political culture of the Roman republic. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 236–47. ISBN 978-1-4443-3965-9. LCCN 2021024437.

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Gauthier 2015, pp. 82–83. Gauthier, François (2015). Financing war in the Roman republic: 201 BCE–14 CE (PhD thesis). McGill University. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
Gauthier 2015, p. 83, citing Tac. Ann. 1.17.6. Gauthier, François (2015). Financing war in the Roman republic: 201 BCE–14 CE (PhD thesis). McGill University. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
Gauthier 2015, p. 102. Gauthier, François (2015). Financing war in the Roman republic: 201 BCE–14 CE (PhD thesis). McGill University. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
Gauthier 2015, p. 101; Keaveney 2007, p. 62. Gauthier, François (2015). Financing war in the Roman republic: 201 BCE–14 CE (PhD thesis). McGill University. Retrieved 2023-07-01. Keaveney, Arthur (2007). The army in the Roman revolution. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39486-4.

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Faszcza 2021, p. 21. See eg Taylor 2019, p. 76 and Cadiou 2018, p. 395. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 14–15. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Taylor 2019, p. 79. "Relatively modest facts have been spun into the overarching 'Marian reforms', which are ultimately the construct of modern scholarship". Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Other than army recruitment, the only two changes attributed to Marius directly are a redesign of the pilum and the elimination of non-eagle standards. Both ancient claims are disproved by archeological evidence. Taylor 2019, p. 78. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 78. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2023, p. 160; Taylor 2019, p. 79. Taylor, Michael J (2023). "Goodbye to all that: the Roman citizen militia after the great wars". In Balbo, Mattia; Santangelo, Federico (eds.). A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–64. ISBN 978-0-19-765524-5. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, pp. 78, citing Plut. Mar., 25. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Plutarch (1920) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Marius". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. William Heinemann. OCLC 40115288 – via LacusCurtius.
Matthew 2010, p. 54. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Matthew 2010, p. 57. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Taylor 2019, p. 78; Matthew 2010, pp. 65–66. Matthew believes the redesign was a one-time expedient and that Marius' rapid departure from active command in the immediate aftermath of victory over the Cimbri prevented the redesign from being fully adopted. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Taylor 2019, p. 78, citing Plin., NH, 10.16. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 79 n. 14. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 18–19. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Taylor 2019, p. 79 n. 18. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Gauthier 2020, p. 284, citing, among others, CIL I, 593. See also, especially pages 69–71, Gauthier, François (2021). "Did velites really disappear in the late Roman republic?". Historia. 70 (1): 69–82. doi:10.25162/historia-2021-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 230543924.
Taylor 2019, p. 86. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Matthew 2010, p. 50 n. 3. "cohors: no ancient text specifically attributes this reform to Marius". Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Taylor 2019, p. 81. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, pp. 76, 82. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 89, citing Sall. Iug., 51.3, where amid an uncertain battle "Metellus... opposed four legionary cohorts to the enemy's infantry", pushed through, and won the battle. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Sallust (1921) [1st century BC]. "Bellum Iugurthinum". Sallust. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. William Heinemann – via LacusCurtius.
Taylor 2019, p. 82, citing Bell, Michael J V (1965). "Tactical reform in the Roman republican army". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 14 (4): 404–422. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434897. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Tweedie, Fiona C (2011). "The case of the missing veterans: Roman colonisation and veteran settlement in the second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 60 (4): 458–473. doi:10.25162/historia-2011-0019. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 41342861. S2CID 252451787.
Marius gave citizenship to a few cohorts during the Cimbric War. However, this was done ad hoc and only once. Lavan 2019, p. 28 n. 6. Lavan, Myles (2019). "The army and the spread of Roman citizenship". Journal of Roman Studies. 109: 27–69. doi:10.1017/S0075435819000662. hdl:10023/18193. ISSN 0075-4358. S2CID 199951632.
Lavan 2019, pp. 28–29. Lavan, Myles (2019). "The army and the spread of Roman citizenship". Journal of Roman Studies. 109: 27–69. doi:10.1017/S0075435819000662. hdl:10023/18193. ISSN 0075-4358. S2CID 199951632.
Taylor 2019, p. 79. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Faszcza 2021, p. 17, citing Lange, Christian Conrad Ludwig (1846). Historia mutationum rei militaris Romanorum inde ab interitu rei publicae usque ad Constantinum Magnum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 3–30. Lange admitted his theory was speculative and noted how it could be falsified. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 21. Rüstow's book became the main progenitor of the comprehensive Marian reforms hypothesis, likely because it was written in German instead of Latin. Faszcza 2021, p. 22. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 21, citing Mommsen, Theodor (1855). The History of Rome (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin. pp. 194–197.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 22–23. Faszcza approvingly mentions a 1915 article by Theodor Steinwender which questioned whether Polybius' army description was accurate; it did not, however, challenge the belief in comprehensive reforms. See Steinwender, Theodor (1912). "Zum Polybianischen Feldlager". Rheinisches Museum für Philologie (in German). 67: 48–66. ISSN 0035-449X. JSTOR 41247689. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 24–27. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 28, calling attention to two articles:
- Kubitschek, Wilhelm (1924). "legio (republickanische Zeit)". Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. 12. cols. 1201–2. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, pp. 28–30. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 30. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 31. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, pp. 31–32. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 32. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 33, citing Harris, William V (1979). War and imperialism in republican Rome: 327-70 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814866-1. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Cadiou 2018, pp. 49–50; Faszcza 2021, p. 34. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

No trace, for example, of the Marian reforms is found at Smith, William, ed. (1848). "Marius". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London: John Murray – via Perseus.

uchicago.edu

penelope.uchicago.edu

Taylor 2019, pp. 78, citing Plut. Mar., 25. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Plutarch (1920) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Marius". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. William Heinemann. OCLC 40115288 – via LacusCurtius.
Sall. Iug., 44–45: "[Metellus] is said to have removed the incentives to indolence by an edict... that no private soldier should have a slave or a pack animal in the camp or on the march". Sallust (1921) [1st century BC]. "Bellum Iugurthinum". Sallust. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. William Heinemann – via LacusCurtius.
Taylor 2019, p. 89, citing Sall. Iug., 51.3, where amid an uncertain battle "Metellus... opposed four legionary cohorts to the enemy's infantry", pushed through, and won the battle. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Sallust (1921) [1st century BC]. "Bellum Iugurthinum". Sallust. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. William Heinemann – via LacusCurtius.
Sall. Iug., 86.2–3. Sallust (1921) [1st century BC]. "Bellum Iugurthinum". Sallust. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. William Heinemann – via LacusCurtius.
Sall. Iug., 86.4, states Marius arrived in Africa with more men than the senate had authorised. Sallust (1921) [1st century BC]. "Bellum Iugurthinum". Sallust. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. William Heinemann – via LacusCurtius.
Cadiou 2018, p. 37 nn. 7–9. Cadiou cites Plut. Mar., 9.1; Flor. 1.36.13; Gell. 16.10.14. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Plutarch (1920) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Marius". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. William Heinemann. OCLC 40115288 – via LacusCurtius.
Cadiou 2018, p. 90, citing Plut. Mar., 9.1; the specific emendation is δοῦλον (referring to slaves) for φαῦλον (merely the poor). Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Plutarch (1920) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Marius". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. William Heinemann. OCLC 40115288 – via LacusCurtius.

umcs.pl

journals.umcs.pl

Faszcza 2021, p. 21. See eg Taylor 2019, p. 76 and Cadiou 2018, p. 395. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 14–15. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 18–19. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 17, citing Lange, Christian Conrad Ludwig (1846). Historia mutationum rei militaris Romanorum inde ab interitu rei publicae usque ad Constantinum Magnum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 3–30. Lange admitted his theory was speculative and noted how it could be falsified. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 21. Rüstow's book became the main progenitor of the comprehensive Marian reforms hypothesis, likely because it was written in German instead of Latin. Faszcza 2021, p. 22. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 21, citing Mommsen, Theodor (1855). The History of Rome (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin. pp. 194–197.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 22–23. Faszcza approvingly mentions a 1915 article by Theodor Steinwender which questioned whether Polybius' army description was accurate; it did not, however, challenge the belief in comprehensive reforms. See Steinwender, Theodor (1912). "Zum Polybianischen Feldlager". Rheinisches Museum für Philologie (in German). 67: 48–66. ISSN 0035-449X. JSTOR 41247689. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 24–27. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 28, calling attention to two articles:
- Kubitschek, Wilhelm (1924). "legio (republickanische Zeit)". Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. 12. cols. 1201–2. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, pp. 28–30. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 30. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 31. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, pp. 31–32. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 32. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 33, citing Harris, William V (1979). War and imperialism in republican Rome: 327-70 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814866-1. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Cadiou 2018, pp. 49–50; Faszcza 2021, p. 34. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.

unisa.ac.za

uir.unisa.ac.za

Evans 1995, pp. 99–100. Evans, Richard John (1995). Gaius Marius: a political biography (PDF) (DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
Evans 1995, p. 92. Evans, Richard John (1995). Gaius Marius: a political biography (PDF) (DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
See Evans 1995, pp. 92–93. Evans, Richard John (1995). Gaius Marius: a political biography (PDF) (DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
Rich 1983, p. 329; Gruen 1995, pp. xvii, 367; Evans 1995, p. 91. Rich, J W (1983). "The supposed Roman manpower shortage of the later second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 32 (3): 287–331. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435854. Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6. Evans, Richard John (1995). Gaius Marius: a political biography (PDF) (DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
Evans 1995, pp. 149–50. Evans largely dismisses Appian's narrative (BCiv. 1.29–30) as "little less than absurd". Evans, Richard John (1995). Gaius Marius: a political biography (PDF) (DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
Evans 1995, pp. 92–93. Evans, Richard John (1995). Gaius Marius: a political biography (PDF) (DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa. Retrieved 2019-06-08.

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Richardson, Alan (2003). "Space and manpower in Roman camps". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 22 (3): 303–313. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00189. ISSN 0262-5253. Contra Scullard 2011, p. 48, explaining also that three maniples made up a cohort, which was itself 600 men. Scullard, H H (2011) [First published by Methuen & Co, 1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: a history of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68. London and New York: Routledge Classics. ISBN 978-0-415-58488-3.

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Faszcza 2021, p. 21. See eg Taylor 2019, p. 76 and Cadiou 2018, p. 395. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0.
Rafferty 2021. "[Cadiou]'s conclusion is that 'l'armée romaine dite « post-marienne » est un mirage historiographique' [the Roman army called 'post-Marian' is a historiographical mirage]". Rafferty, David (2021). "Review of "L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
Probst 2008. "Modern research for the most part agrees, it can no longer be said that the Marian reforms and the military service of unpropertied men revolutionised the Roman army". Probst, Peter (2008). "Review of "The army in the Roman revolution"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 14–15. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Taylor 2019, p. 79. "Relatively modest facts have been spun into the overarching 'Marian reforms', which are ultimately the construct of modern scholarship". Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Other than army recruitment, the only two changes attributed to Marius directly are a redesign of the pilum and the elimination of non-eagle standards. Both ancient claims are disproved by archeological evidence. Taylor 2019, p. 78. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Rich 1983, p. 316. "The view that the property qualification... was progressively reduced derives much of its plausibility from the fact that it fits well with received doctrine on Roman manpower... It would thus smack of circularity to use the supposed second century reduction in the property qualification as evidence for the shortage of assidui." Rich, J W (1983). "The supposed Roman manpower shortage of the later second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 32 (3): 287–331. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435854.
Val. Max., 2.3.1. Valerius Maximus (2004). Memorable deeds and sayings: one thousand tales from ancient Rome. Translated by Walker, Henry. Indianapolis: Hackett. ISBN 0-87220-675-0. OCLC 53231884.
Taylor 2019, p. 78. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2023, p. 160; Taylor 2019, p. 79. Taylor, Michael J (2023). "Goodbye to all that: the Roman citizen militia after the great wars". In Balbo, Mattia; Santangelo, Federico (eds.). A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–64. ISBN 978-0-19-765524-5. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Rafferty 2021; Gauthier 2020, p. 283, "the sources show that soldiers were usually still recruited according to their census rating even in the late Republic", citing Cadiou 2018, pp. 392–93. Rafferty, David (2021). "Review of "L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0.
Rich 1983, p. 329; Gruen 1995, pp. xvii, 367; Evans 1995, p. 91. Rich, J W (1983). "The supposed Roman manpower shortage of the later second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 32 (3): 287–331. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435854. Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6. Evans, Richard John (1995). Gaius Marius: a political biography (PDF) (DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
Rafferty 2021. Rafferty, David (2021). "Review of "L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
Taylor 2019, pp. 78, citing Plut. Mar., 25. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Plutarch (1920) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Marius". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. William Heinemann. OCLC 40115288 – via LacusCurtius.
Matthew 2010, p. 54. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Matthew 2010, p. 57. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Taylor 2019, p. 78; Matthew 2010, pp. 65–66. Matthew believes the redesign was a one-time expedient and that Marius' rapid departure from active command in the immediate aftermath of victory over the Cimbri prevented the redesign from being fully adopted. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Taylor 2019, p. 78, citing Plin., NH, 10.16. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 79 n. 14. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 18–19. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Taylor 2019, p. 79 n. 18. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2023, p. 160, citing, App. Hisp., 65; Front. Strat., 4.1.1; Val. Max., 2.7.2. Taylor, Michael J (2023). "Goodbye to all that: the Roman citizen militia after the great wars". In Balbo, Mattia; Santangelo, Federico (eds.). A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–64. ISBN 978-0-19-765524-5. Valerius Maximus (2004). Memorable deeds and sayings: one thousand tales from ancient Rome. Translated by Walker, Henry. Indianapolis: Hackett. ISBN 0-87220-675-0. OCLC 53231884.
Gauthier 2020, p. 284, citing, among others, CIL I, 593. See also, especially pages 69–71, Gauthier, François (2021). "Did velites really disappear in the late Roman republic?". Historia. 70 (1): 69–82. doi:10.25162/historia-2021-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 230543924.
Taylor 2019, p. 86. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Richardson, Alan (2003). "Space and manpower in Roman camps". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 22 (3): 303–313. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00189. ISSN 0262-5253. Contra Scullard 2011, p. 48, explaining also that three maniples made up a cohort, which was itself 600 men. Scullard, H H (2011) [First published by Methuen & Co, 1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: a history of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68. London and New York: Routledge Classics. ISBN 978-0-415-58488-3.
Matthew 2010, p. 50 n. 3. "cohors: no ancient text specifically attributes this reform to Marius". Matthew, Christopher (2010). "The Battle of Vercellae and the alteration of the heavy javelin (pilum) by Gaius Marius". Antichthon. 44: 50–67. doi:10.1017/S0066477400002070. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145449944.
Taylor 2019, p. 81. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, pp. 76, 82. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Taylor 2019, p. 89, citing Sall. Iug., 51.3, where amid an uncertain battle "Metellus... opposed four legionary cohorts to the enemy's infantry", pushed through, and won the battle. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350. Sallust (1921) [1st century BC]. "Bellum Iugurthinum". Sallust. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. William Heinemann – via LacusCurtius.
Taylor 2019, p. 82, citing Bell, Michael J V (1965). "Tactical reform in the Roman republican army". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 14 (4): 404–422. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434897. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Tweedie, Fiona C (2011). "The case of the missing veterans: Roman colonisation and veteran settlement in the second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 60 (4): 458–473. doi:10.25162/historia-2011-0019. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 41342861. S2CID 252451787.
Marius gave citizenship to a few cohorts during the Cimbric War. However, this was done ad hoc and only once. Lavan 2019, p. 28 n. 6. Lavan, Myles (2019). "The army and the spread of Roman citizenship". Journal of Roman Studies. 109: 27–69. doi:10.1017/S0075435819000662. hdl:10023/18193. ISSN 0075-4358. S2CID 199951632.
Lavan 2019, pp. 28–29. Lavan, Myles (2019). "The army and the spread of Roman citizenship". Journal of Roman Studies. 109: 27–69. doi:10.1017/S0075435819000662. hdl:10023/18193. ISSN 0075-4358. S2CID 199951632.
Rafferty 2021; Cadiou 2018, pp. 40, 78 et seq; Probst 2008; Keaveney 2007, pp. 93–94. Rafferty, David (2021). "Review of "L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Probst, Peter (2008). "Review of "The army in the Roman revolution"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660. Keaveney, Arthur (2007). The army in the Roman revolution. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39486-4.
Taylor 2019, p. 79. Taylor, Michael J (2019). "Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy". Historia. 68 (1): 76–94. doi:10.25162/historia-2019-0004. ISSN 0018-2311. S2CID 165437350.
Cadiou 2018, p. 85, citing, among others, Rich 1983, p. 325. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Rich, J W (1983). "The supposed Roman manpower shortage of the later second century BC". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 32 (3): 287–331. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435854.
Cadiou 2018, p. 37 nn. 7–9. Cadiou cites Plut. Mar., 9.1; Flor. 1.36.13; Gell. 16.10.14. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Plutarch (1920) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Marius". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. William Heinemann. OCLC 40115288 – via LacusCurtius.
Cadiou 2018, p. 90, citing Plut. Mar., 9.1; the specific emendation is δοῦλον (referring to slaves) for φαῦλον (merely the poor). Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Plutarch (1920) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Marius". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. William Heinemann. OCLC 40115288 – via LacusCurtius.
Faszcza 2021, p. 17, citing Lange, Christian Conrad Ludwig (1846). Historia mutationum rei militaris Romanorum inde ab interitu rei publicae usque ad Constantinum Magnum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 3–30. Lange admitted his theory was speculative and noted how it could be falsified. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 21. Rüstow's book became the main progenitor of the comprehensive Marian reforms hypothesis, likely because it was written in German instead of Latin. Faszcza 2021, p. 22. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 21, citing Mommsen, Theodor (1855). The History of Rome (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin. pp. 194–197.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 22–23. Faszcza approvingly mentions a 1915 article by Theodor Steinwender which questioned whether Polybius' army description was accurate; it did not, however, challenge the belief in comprehensive reforms. See Steinwender, Theodor (1912). "Zum Polybianischen Feldlager". Rheinisches Museum für Philologie (in German). 67: 48–66. ISSN 0035-449X. JSTOR 41247689. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, pp. 24–27. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
Faszcza 2021, p. 28, calling attention to two articles:
- Kubitschek, Wilhelm (1924). "legio (republickanische Zeit)". Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. 12. cols. 1201–2. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, pp. 28–30. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 30. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 31. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, pp. 31–32. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 32. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Faszcza 2021, p. 33, citing Harris, William V (1979). War and imperialism in republican Rome: 327-70 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814866-1. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Cadiou 2018, pp. 49–50; Faszcza 2021, p. 34. Cadiou, François (2018). L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Mondes anciens (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44765-0. Faszcza, Michał Norbert (2021). "Reformy Mariusza, czyli długie trwanie historiograficznego mitu". Res Historica (in Polish). 51: 13–42. doi:10.17951/rh.2021.51.13-42. hdl:20.500.12128/21768. ISSN 2082-6060. S2CID 237739140.
- Gauthier 2020, p. 283; Rafferty 2021. Rafferty, David (2021). "Review of "L'armée imaginaire: les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
- Probst 2008. "The first act that revolutionised the Roman army was Sulla’s march on Rome in 88". Probst, Peter (2008). "Review of "The army in the Roman revolution"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.