Maroons (English Wikipedia)

Drake, Frances (1909–1914). Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern. The Harvard Classics. para. 21 – via Bartleby Great Books Online.
Drake, Frances (1909–1914). Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern. The Harvard Classics. para. 101 – via Bartleby Great Books Online.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

O'Reggio, Trevor (2006). Between Alienation and Citizenship The Evolution of Black West Indian Society in Panama, 1914D1964. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 28. ISBN 9780761832379.
African Caribbeans A Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. 2003. p. 74. ISBN 9780313039348.
Campbell, Lyle (2000). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-19-514050-7.
Arrom, José Juan; García Arévalo, Manuel Antonio (1986). Cimarrón. Ediciones Fundación García-Arévalo. p. 30. Spanish: En resumen, los informes que aquí aporto confirman que cimarrón es un indigenismo de origen antillano, que se usaba ya en el primer tercio de siglo xvi, y que ha venido a resultar otro de los numerosos antillanismos que la conquista extendió por todo el ámbito del continente e hizo refluir sobre la propia metrópoli. English: In short, the reports that I am contributing here confirm that cimarrón is an Indian word of Antillean origin, which was already used in the first third of the sixteenth century, and which has come to be another of the many Antillanisms that the conquest extended throughout the breadth of the continent and made to reflect on the metropolis itself.
Arrom, José Juan (1 January 2000). Estudios de lexicología antillana [Antillean Lexicology Studies] (in Spanish). Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-8477-0374-6.
Dinnerstein, Leonard; Jackson, Kenneth T., eds. (1975). American Vistas: 1607–1877 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 64.
Ohadike, Don C. (1 January 2002). Pan-African Culture of Resistance: A History of Liberation Struggles in Africa and the Diaspora. Global Publications, Binghamton University. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-58684-175-1.
Carter, Marina; Ng Foong Kwong, James (2009). Abacus and Mah Jong: Sino-Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 21. ISBN 978-90-04-17572-3.
Hintjens, Helen (2003). "From French Slaves to French Citizens: The African Diaspora in Réunion Island". In Jayasuriya, Shihan de S.; Pankhurst, Richard (eds.). The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press Inc. p. 99. ISBN 0-86543-980-X.
Vergès, Françoise (November 2021). "Like a Riot: The Politics of Forgetfulness, Relearning the South, and the Island of Dr. Moreau". In Benson, Daniel (ed.). Domination and Emancipation: Remaking Critique. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-78660-701-0.
Ève, Prosper (1 January 2003). Les esclaves de Bourbon: la mer et la montagne (in French). Karthala. ISBN 978-2-84586-456-6.
Taylor, Bankole Kamara (2014). Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History. New Africa Pres. ISBN 978-9987-16-038-9.
Watson W. Jennison (18 January 2012). Cultivating Race: The Expansion of Slavery in Georgia, 1750-1860. University Press of Kentucky. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-8131-4021-6.
Henning Roessingh, Carel (2001). The Belizean Garifuna: Organization of Identity in an Ethnic Community in Central America. Rozenberg. p. 71. ISBN 978-90-5170-574-4.
Helg, Aline (2019). "The Shock Waves of the Haitian Revolution". Slave No More: Self-Liberation before Abolitionism in the Americas. Translated by Vergnaud, Lara. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-4696-4963-4.
Howard, Martin (2015). Death Before Glory: The British Soldier in the West Indies in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1793–1815. Pen and Sword. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-4738-7152-6.
Stark, James Henry (1893). Stark's History and Guide to Barbados and the Caribbee Islands: Containing a Description of Everything on Or about These Islands of which the Visitor Or Resident May Desire Information ... Fully Illustrated with Maps, Engravings and Photo-prints. Photo-Electrotype Company. p. 55.
The Journal of Caribbean History, Volumes 34-36. Caribbean Universities Press. 2001. p. 121. Retrieved 16 February 2026.
Landers, Jane (2002). "The Central African Presence in Spanish Maroon Communities". In Linda M. Heywood (ed.). Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora. Cambridge University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-521-00278-3.
Landers, Jane (2008). "Transforming Bondsmen into Vassals". In Brown, Christopher Leslie; Morgan, Philip D. (eds.). Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age. Yale University Press. p. 139, note 17. ISBN 978-0-300-13485-8.
Laviña, Javier (2020). "Atlantization and the First Failed Slavery: Panama from the Sixteenth to the Seventeenth Century". In Tomich, Dale W. (ed.). Atlantic Transformations: Empire, Politics, and Slavery during the Nineteenth Century. State University of New York Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-1438477862.
Schwaller, Robert C. (2021). Schwaller, Robert C. (ed.). African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama: A History in Documents. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0806176765.
Saunders, Nicholas J. (2005). The Peoples of the Caribbean: An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-57607-701-6.
Eugene D. Genovese (1 January 1992). From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World. LSU Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8071-4813-6. Some maroon communities became powerful enough to force the European powers into formal peace treaties designed to pacify the interior while recognizing the freedom and autonomy of the rebels. Jamaica and Surinam provided the most famous of these cases, which had counterparts in Mexico...
Accilien, Cécile; Adams, Jessica; Méléance, Elmide (2006). Revolutionary Freedoms: A History of Survival, Strength and Imagination in Haiti. Educa Vision Inc. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-58432-293-1.
Thompson 1976, p. 16. Thompson, Alvin O. (1976). Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, C. 1750-1814. Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies. p. 16.

co.cu (Global: low place; English: low place)

guerrillero.co.cu

Sartorio, Blanchie (13 March 2004). "El Templo de los Cimarrónes" [The Temple of the Maroons]. Guerrillero: Pinar del Río (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 May 2008.

collinsdictionary.com (Global: 1,831^st place; English: 1,216^th place)

"Maroon definition and meaning". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 16 December 2019.

corteidh.or.cr (Global: low place; English: low place)

Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname, Judgment of November 28, 2007, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos), accessed 21 May 2009.

culturalsurvival.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Ndyuka Treaty Of 1760: A Conversation with Granman Gazon". Cultural Survival (in Dutch). 28 April 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
"The Aluku and the Communes in French Guiana". Cultural Survival. September 1989. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

dbnl.org (Global: 1,412^th place; English: 1,636^th place)

"Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië - Page 154 - Boschnegers" (PDF). Digital Library for Dutch Literature (in Dutch). 1916. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

defimedia.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Peerthum, Satyendra. "Histoires du marronage: Les combattants de la liberté" [Marronage Stories: The Freedom Fighters] (in French). Defimedia. Retrieved 24 February 2019.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Spitzer, Leo (1938). "Spanish cimarrón". Language. 14 (2). Linguistic Society of America": 145–147. doi:10.2307/408879. JSTOR 408879. The Shorter Oxford Dictionary explains maroon 'fugitive negro slave' as from 'Fr. marron, said to be a corruption of Sp. cimarrón, wild, untamed'. But Eng. maroon is attested earlier (1666) than Fr. marron 'fugitive slave' (1701, in Furetière). If there is a connection between Eng. maroon, Fr. marron, and Sp. cimarrón, Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America).
Tardieu, Jean-Pierre (2006). "Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, note épistémologique" [Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, epistemological note]. Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire (in French). 93 (350): 237–247. doi:10.3406/outre.2006.4201.
Kopytoff, Barbara (1 June 1976). "The Development of Jamaican Maroon Ethnicity". Caribbean Quarterly. 22 (2–3): 33–50 (37–46). doi:10.1080/00086495.1976.11671900.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
For more about Maroon medical practices, see:
Ramdas, Sahiensha (2020). "Seeking Health in Multiple Ways". In Menke, Henk; Buckingham, Jane; Gounder, Farzana; Kumar, Ashutosh; Hassankhan, Maurits S. (eds.). Social Aspects of Health, Medicine and Disease in the Colonial and Post-colonial Era. doi:10.4324/9781003140597. ISBN 978-1-003-14059-7.
van't Klooster, Charlotte; van Andel, Tinde; Reis, Ria (2 August 2016). "Patterns in medicinal plant knowledge and use in a Maroon village in Suriname". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 189: 319–330. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.048. PMID 27215681.
Milton 1973, pp. 93–100
St.-Hilaire, Aonghas (26 February 2000). "Global Incorporation and Cultural Survival: The Surinamese Maroons at the Margins of the World-System". Journal of World-Systems Research: 101–131. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2000.232. ISSN 1076-156X.
Maris-Wolf, Ted (September 2013). "Hidden in Plain Sight: Maroon Life and Labor in Virginia's Dismal Swamp". Slavery & Abolition. 34 (3): 446–464. doi:10.1080/0144039X.2012.734090.
Schwaller, Robert C. (2018). "Contested Conquests: African Maroons and the Incomplete Conquest of Hispaniola, 1519–1620". The Americas. 75 (4): 609–638. doi:10.1017/tam.2018.3. hdl:1808/29355.
López de Cerrato, Alonso (2014). "Lemba and the Maroons of Hispaniola". The Dominican Republic Reader. Duke University Press. pp. 66–67. doi:10.1215/9780822376521-015. ISBN 978-0-8223-5688-2.
Cwik, Christian (1 January 2019). "Displaced Minorities: The Wayuu and Miskito People". The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity. pp. 1593–1609. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_117. ISBN 978-981-13-2897-8.
Hoogbergen, Wim (1992). "Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 66 (1–2): 27–59. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002003.

dwtonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Live blog: Verkiezing president en vicepresident Suriname". De Ware Tijd (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
"Marronorganisaties blij met Brunswijk als vp-kandidaat". De Ware Tijd (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.

ednet.ns.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

nsgna.ednet.ns.ca

"Birchtown Plaque - 'The Black Loyalists at Birchtown' (1997)". nsgna.ednet.ns.ca. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2025.

english-heritage.org.uk (Global: 3,412^th place; English: 2,058^th place)

"Black prisoners at Portchester Castle". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019.

forestpeoples.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kuipers, Ank (30 November 2005). "Villagers return to site of 1986 Suriname massacre". Forest Peoples Programme. Reuters. Retrieved 14 June 2018.

gov.jm (Global: low place; English: low place)

jis.gov.jm

Garfield L. Angus (17 July 2015). "Scott's Hall Maroons Looking to Develop Area as Major Attraction". Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.

guerrillero.cu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Morales Pino, Loraine. "Viñales celebra semana de la Cultura" [Viñales celebrates Culture Week]. Periódico Guerrillero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Schwaller, Robert C. (2018). "Contested Conquests: African Maroons and the Incomplete Conquest of Hispaniola, 1519–1620". The Americas. 75 (4): 609–638. doi:10.1017/tam.2018.3. hdl:1808/29355.

histoiresmauriciennes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Histoire du marronage" [History of Maroonage] (in French). Histoires Mauriciennes. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.

jamaica-gleaner.com (Global: 2,708^th place; English: 1,472^nd place)

old.jamaica-gleaner.com

Batson-Savage, Tanya (13 June 2004). "A Maroon masterpiece". Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.

jhu.edu (Global: 560^th place; English: 313^th place)

muse.jhu.edu

Robert Baron and Ana C. Cara, Creolization as Cultural Creativity, University Press of Mississippi, 2011; accessed 12 July 2016, available online through Project MUSE

jpanafrican.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Robertson, Ray Von (2008). "Estelusti Marginality: A Qualitative Examination of the Black Seminole" (PDF). The Journal of Pan African Studies. 2 (4): 60, 65–69. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
Robertson, Ray Von (2011). "A Pan-Africanist Analysis of Black Seminole Perceptions of Racism, Discrimination, and Exclusion" (PDF). The Journal of Pan African Studies. 4 (5): 102–121. Retrieved 6 April 2024.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Spitzer, Leo (1938). "Spanish cimarrón". Language. 14 (2). Linguistic Society of America": 145–147. doi:10.2307/408879. JSTOR 408879. The Shorter Oxford Dictionary explains maroon 'fugitive negro slave' as from 'Fr. marron, said to be a corruption of Sp. cimarrón, wild, untamed'. But Eng. maroon is attested earlier (1666) than Fr. marron 'fugitive slave' (1701, in Furetière). If there is a connection between Eng. maroon, Fr. marron, and Sp. cimarrón, Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America).
Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014). Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-2437-8. JSTOR j.ctt9qfc3r.^{[page needed]}
Knight, Franklin W. (May 1986). "Review of Benjamin Nistal-Moret, Esclavos prófugos y cimarrones: Puerto Rico, 1770–1870". Hispanic American Historical Review. 66 (2): 381–382. JSTOR 2515149.

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

"Albert Mangones, 85; His Bronze Sculpture Became Haitian Symbol". Los Angeles Times. 27 April 2002. Retrieved 9 March 2016.

maroons-jamaica.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"11th Annual International Maroon Conference & Festival Magazine 2019". Charles Town Maroons. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.

mexconnect.com (Global: 9,146^th place; English: 5,833^rd place)

Vaughn, Bobby (1 September 1998). "Mexico's Black heritage: the Costa Chica of Guerrero and Oaxaca". Mexconnect newsletter. ISSN 1028-9089. Retrieved 27 April 2012.

miami.fl.us (Global: low place; English: low place)

ci.miami.fl.us

"The History of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution". The City of Miami. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.

modernghana.com (Global: 3,035^th place; English: 1,893^rd place)

"Historical Meeting Between The Kingdom Of Ashanti And The Accompong Maroons In Jamaica", Modern Ghana, 2 May 2016

newbooksnetwork.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Alejandra Bronfman (12 December 2019). "Lennox Honychurch, In the Forests of Freedom: The Fighting Maroons of Dominica". New Books in Caribbean Studies (Podcast). New Books Network.

neworleanshistorical.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Monuments, Paper; Frisbie-Calder, Pippin; artist; Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo; narrative. "San Malo Maroons". New Orleans Historical. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
Beaver, Jessica; Gillette, Jessica; Mason, Kate; O'Dwyer, Kathryn. "Maroons in Antebellum New Orleans: Independence at Any Cost - Stop 8 of 9 on the Urban Slavery and Everyday Resistance tour". New Orleans Historical. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

For more about Maroon medical practices, see:
Ramdas, Sahiensha (2020). "Seeking Health in Multiple Ways". In Menke, Henk; Buckingham, Jane; Gounder, Farzana; Kumar, Ashutosh; Hassankhan, Maurits S. (eds.). Social Aspects of Health, Medicine and Disease in the Colonial and Post-colonial Era. doi:10.4324/9781003140597. ISBN 978-1-003-14059-7.
van't Klooster, Charlotte; van Andel, Tinde; Reis, Ria (2 August 2016). "Patterns in medicinal plant knowledge and use in a Maroon village in Suriname". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 189: 319–330. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.048. PMID 27215681.
Milton 1973, pp. 93–100

northeastern.edu (Global: 9,908^th place; English: 5,497^th place)

ecda.northeastern.edu

"Makandal and West African Knowledge – ECDA". Retrieved 14 July 2026.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

French, Howard W (14 April 1991). "To Suriname Refugees, Truce Means Betrayal". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 June 2018.

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

"maroon". Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

onlinebibliotheek.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

Buddingh', Hans (2012). Geschiedenis van Suriname [The History of Suriname] (in Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Nieuw Amsterdam. ISBN 978-90-468-1172-6.

parc-amazonien-guyane.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Parcours La Source". Parc-Amazonien-Guyane (in French). Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2020.

persee.fr (Global: 310^th place; English: 770^th place)

Tardieu, Jean-Pierre (2006). "Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, note épistémologique" [Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, epistemological note]. Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire (in French). 93 (350): 237–247. doi:10.3406/outre.2006.4201.

pitt.edu (Global: 1,616^th place; English: 1,079^th place)

jwsr.pitt.edu

St.-Hilaire, Aonghas (26 February 2000). "Global Incorporation and Cultural Survival: The Surinamese Maroons at the Margins of the World-System". Journal of World-Systems Research: 101–131. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2000.232. ISSN 1076-156X.

portail-esclavage-reunion.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

Payet, Marie-Ange. "Women fugitives in Reunion Island". Plantation Society, History and Memory of Slavery in Reunion Island. Retrieved 11 June 2025.

proquest.com (Global: 121^st place; English: 59^th place)

Cohen, Milton (1973). Medical beliefs and practices of the Maroons of Moore Town: A study in acculturation (Thesis). pp. 36–7.

q4cdn.com (Global: 4,202^nd place; English: 3,556^th place)

s24.q4cdn.com

Bellardie, Tristan; Heemskerk, Marieke (May 2019). Maroons in French Guiana: History, culture, demographics, and socioeconomic development along the Maroni and Lawa Rivers (PDF) (Report). Denver, Colorado: Newmont.

savannahnow.com (Global: 6,396^th place; English: 3,301^st place)

Dawers, Bill (27 October 2022). "The story of the maroons is another gap in Savannah's history. Let's find ways to tell it". Savannah Morning News. Gannett. ISSN 1047-028X. OCLC 51656980. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2024.

smithsonianeducation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jimenez Roman, Miriam. "Africa's Legacy". www.smithsonianeducation.org. Retrieved 21 December 2019.

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663^rd place; English: 431^st place)

Grant, Richard (July–August 2022). "The Southbound Underground Railroad Brought Thousands of Enslaved Americans to Mexico". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 19 August 2022.

soton.ac.uk (Global: 6,784^th place; English: 4,198^th place)

eprints.soton.ac.uk

Siva, Michael (2018). After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739–1842 (PhD). Southampton, England: Southampton University.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Brown, Mark (18 July 2017). "Hidden story of 2,000 African-Caribbean PoWs in a medieval castle". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.

ucm.es (Global: 2,162^nd place; English: 3,328^th place)

revistas.ucm.es

Arrom, José Juan (1983). "Cimarrón: Apuntes sobre sus primeras documentaciones y su probable origen" [Cimarrón: Notes on its first documentation and probable origin]. Revista Española de Antropología Americana (in Spanish). XII. Madrid: Universidad Complutense: 10. Spanish: Y si prestamos atención al testimonio de Oviedo cuando, después de haber vivido en la Española por muchos años, asevera que cimarrón «quiere decir, en la lengua desta isla, fugitivos», quedaría demostrado que nos hallamos, en efecto, ante un temprano préstamo de la lengua taina.» English: And if we pay attention to the testimony of Oviedo when, after having lived in Hispaniola for many years, he asserts that cimarrón "means, in the language of this island, fugitives", it would be demonstrated that we are, in fact, before an early loan of the Taíno language.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

lacult.unesco.org

Guanche, Jesús; Acosta, Nilson (2006–2007). "Cuba". Places of Memory of the Slave Route in the Latin Caribbean. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.

uu.nl (Global: 3,118^th place; English: 2,672^nd place)

dspace.library.uu.nl

Boven, Karin M. (2006). Overleven in een grensgebied: Veranderingsprocessen bij de Wayana in Suriname en Frans-Guyana - Page 207 (PDF). Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers.

waterkant.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Inauguratie nieuwe president van Suriname op Onafhankelijkheidsplein". Waterkant (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 July 2020.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Sartorio, Blanchie (13 March 2004). "El Templo de los Cimarrónes" [The Temple of the Maroons]. Guerrillero: Pinar del Río (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 May 2008.
"Birchtown Plaque - 'The Black Loyalists at Birchtown' (1997)". nsgna.ednet.ns.ca. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
Dawers, Bill (27 October 2022). "The story of the maroons is another gap in Savannah's history. Let's find ways to tell it". Savannah Morning News. Gannett. ISSN 1047-028X. OCLC 51656980. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
"The Great Dismal Swamp". 99% Invisible. 15 August 2017. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
Guanche, Jesús; Acosta, Nilson (2006–2007). "Cuba". Places of Memory of the Slave Route in the Latin Caribbean. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
Morales Pino, Loraine. "Viñales celebra semana de la Cultura" [Viñales celebrates Culture Week]. Periódico Guerrillero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
"Black prisoners at Portchester Castle". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019.
Brown, Mark (18 July 2017). "Hidden story of 2,000 African-Caribbean PoWs in a medieval castle". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
"The History of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution". The City of Miami. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
Batson-Savage, Tanya (13 June 2004). "A Maroon masterpiece". Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
Garfield L. Angus (17 July 2015). "Scott's Hall Maroons Looking to Develop Area as Major Attraction". Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
"11th Annual International Maroon Conference & Festival Magazine 2019". Charles Town Maroons. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
"Parcours La Source". Parc-Amazonien-Guyane (in French). Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
"Live blog: Verkiezing president en vicepresident Suriname". De Ware Tijd (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
"Marronorganisaties blij met Brunswijk als vp-kandidaat". De Ware Tijd (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Diouf, Sylviane A. (2016). Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons. New York: NYU. pp. 81, 171–177, 215, 309. ISBN 978-0-8147-2449-1. OCLC 864551110.
Price, Richard (1973). Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press. p. 25. ISBN 0-385-06508-6. OCLC 805137.
St.-Hilaire, Aonghas (26 February 2000). "Global Incorporation and Cultural Survival: The Surinamese Maroons at the Margins of the World-System". Journal of World-Systems Research: 101–131. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2000.232. ISSN 1076-156X.
Dawers, Bill (27 October 2022). "The story of the maroons is another gap in Savannah's history. Let's find ways to tell it". Savannah Morning News. Gannett. ISSN 1047-028X. OCLC 51656980. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
Deive, Carlos Esteban (1997). Los guerrilleros negros: esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo. Fundación Cultural Dominicana. OCLC 44735015.
Agorsalt, E. Kofi (2007). Ogundiran, Akinwumi; Falola, Toyin (eds.). Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-253-34919-4. OCLC 87082740.
Vaughn, Bobby (1 September 1998). "Mexico's Black heritage: the Costa Chica of Guerrero and Oaxaca". Mexconnect newsletter. ISSN 1028-9089. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Price, Richard (1976). The Guiana Maroons: A Historical and Bibliographical Introduction. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1840-0. OCLC 2121443.
Thompson, Alvin O. (1999). Maroons of Guyana: Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, c. 1750–1814. Georgetown, Guyana: Free Press. pp. 15, 21. ISBN 976-8178-03-5. OCLC 49332819.

wwno.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"More Than A Runaway: Maroons in Louisiana". WWNO. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

Maroons (English Wikipedia)

99percentinvisible.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

bartleby.com (Global: 1,965th place; English: 1,869th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

co.cu (Global: low place; English: low place)

guerrillero.co.cu

collinsdictionary.com (Global: 1,831st place; English: 1,216th place)

corteidh.or.cr (Global: low place; English: low place)

culturalsurvival.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dbnl.org (Global: 1,412th place; English: 1,636th place)

defimedia.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

dwtonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ednet.ns.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

nsgna.ednet.ns.ca

english-heritage.org.uk (Global: 3,412th place; English: 2,058th place)

forestpeoples.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

gov.jm (Global: low place; English: low place)

jis.gov.jm

guerrillero.cu (Global: low place; English: low place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

histoiresmauriciennes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jamaica-gleaner.com (Global: 2,708th place; English: 1,472nd place)

old.jamaica-gleaner.com

jhu.edu (Global: 560th place; English: 313th place)

muse.jhu.edu

jpanafrican.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

latimes.com (Global: 32nd place; English: 21st place)

maroons-jamaica.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mexconnect.com (Global: 9,146th place; English: 5,833rd place)

miami.fl.us (Global: low place; English: low place)

ci.miami.fl.us

modernghana.com (Global: 3,035th place; English: 1,893rd place)

newbooksnetwork.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

neworleanshistorical.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

northeastern.edu (Global: 9,908th place; English: 5,497th place)

ecda.northeastern.edu

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

oed.com (Global: 743rd place; English: 419th place)

onlinebibliotheek.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

parc-amazonien-guyane.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

persee.fr (Global: 310th place; English: 770th place)

pitt.edu (Global: 1,616th place; English: 1,079th place)

jwsr.pitt.edu

portail-esclavage-reunion.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

proquest.com (Global: 121st place; English: 59th place)

q4cdn.com (Global: 4,202nd place; English: 3,556th place)

s24.q4cdn.com

savannahnow.com (Global: 6,396th place; English: 3,301st place)

smithsonianeducation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663rd place; English: 431st place)

soton.ac.uk (Global: 6,784th place; English: 4,198th place)

eprints.soton.ac.uk

theguardian.com (Global: 16th place; English: 11th place)

ucm.es (Global: 2,162nd place; English: 3,328th place)

revistas.ucm.es

unesco.org (Global: 104th place; English: 170th place)

lacult.unesco.org

uu.nl (Global: 3,118th place; English: 2,672nd place)

dspace.library.uu.nl

waterkant.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

wwno.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bartleby.com (Global: 1,965^th place; English: 1,869^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

collinsdictionary.com (Global: 1,831^st place; English: 1,216^th place)

dbnl.org (Global: 1,412^th place; English: 1,636^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

english-heritage.org.uk (Global: 3,412^th place; English: 2,058^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

jamaica-gleaner.com (Global: 2,708^th place; English: 1,472^nd place)

jhu.edu (Global: 560^th place; English: 313^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

mexconnect.com (Global: 9,146^th place; English: 5,833^rd place)

modernghana.com (Global: 3,035^th place; English: 1,893^rd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

northeastern.edu (Global: 9,908^th place; English: 5,497^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

persee.fr (Global: 310^th place; English: 770^th place)

pitt.edu (Global: 1,616^th place; English: 1,079^th place)

proquest.com (Global: 121^st place; English: 59^th place)

q4cdn.com (Global: 4,202^nd place; English: 3,556^th place)

savannahnow.com (Global: 6,396^th place; English: 3,301^st place)

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663^rd place; English: 431^st place)

soton.ac.uk (Global: 6,784^th place; English: 4,198^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

ucm.es (Global: 2,162^nd place; English: 3,328^th place)

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

uu.nl (Global: 3,118^th place; English: 2,672^nd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)