Massagetae (English Wikipedia)

Harmatta 1999. Harmatta, János (1999). "Alexander the Great in Central Asia". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39 (1–4): 129–136. doi:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11. S2CID 162246561. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
Harmatta 1999: However, we must not forget that the Old Persian epigraphic texts distinguish for Saka tribes or peoples: 1. Sakā tayaiy paradraya "Sakas who are living beyond the sea" (=European Scythians). 2. Sakā haumavargā "Sakas worshipping the Hauma" (in Central Asia, the Ἀμύργιοι Σάκαι of the Greek geographers), 3. Sakā tigraxaudā "Sakas who wear the pointed cap" (between the Araxša = Amu darya and the Sir-darya rivers, 4. Sakā tayaiy para Sugdam "Sakas who are living beyond Sogdiana (=beyond the Sir-darya river)"
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In the quoted passage, however, Arrian says that these Scythians, living in the neighbourhood of the Sogdians between the Amu-darya and the Sir-darya rivers, were called Massagetae. Consequently, the name Μασσαγέται may be the individual denomination, the proper name of this Iranian nomadic people. Harmatta, János (1999). "Alexander the Great in Central Asia". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39 (1–4): 129–136. doi:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11. S2CID 162246561. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
Harmatta 1999: In the quoted passage, however, Arrian says that these Scythians, living in the neighbourhood of the Sogdians between the Amu-darya and the Sir-darya rivers, were called Massagetae. Consequently, the name Μασσαγέται may be the individual denomination, the proper name of this Iranian nomadic people. But a clear judgement in this matter is impeded by the fact that Arrian (III. 28, 8) describes the Dahae (Δάαι) as living on this side of the Tanais = Sir-darya, i.e. between the Sir-darya and Amu-darya rivers. From this report it follows that the Massagetae were identical with the Dahae. Harmatta, János (1999). "Alexander the Great in Central Asia". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39 (1–4): 129–136. doi:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11. S2CID 162246561. Retrieved July 4, 2022.

anantdutta.in

rishi.anantdutta.in

Indian Institute of Romani Studies Archived 2013-01-08 at archive.today

archive.org

Grousset 1970, p. 547. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. New Brunswick, United States: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-813-51304-1.
Herodotus (1975). G.P. Goold (ed.). Herodotus: The Persian Wars. Vol. 1 (Books I–II). Translated by A.D. Godley. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann Ltd. p. 269 (Book I). ISBN 0-674-99130-3. (ISBN 0-434-99117-1 - British)
De Jong 1997, p. 297. De Jong, Albert (1997). Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin Literature. Leiden, Netherlands; New York City, United States: BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-10844-8.
Hinz, Walther (1975). Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 226. ISBN 978-3-447-01703-9.
Westermarck, Edvard, The History of Human Marriage, Vol. 1, Ch. 3, pp.106-07 (London, 1921).

archive.today

Indian Institute of Romani Studies Archived 2013-01-08 at archive.today

books.google.com

Verlang von D. Reimer (1982). Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. pp. 223–225.
Negmatov 1994, p. 443-444. Negmatov, N. N. (1994). "States in North-West Central Asia". In Harmatta, János (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 2. UNESCO. pp. 432–447. ISBN 9231028464.
Cunliffe 2015, p. 235. Cunliffe, Barry (2015). By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968917-0.
Dhillon, Balbir Singh (1994). History and study of the Jats: with reference to Sikhs, Scythians, Alans, Sarmatians, Goths, and Jutes (illustrated ed.). Canada: Beta Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 1-895603-02-1.
Rishi, Weer Rajendra (1982). India & Russia: linguistic & cultural affinity. Roma. p. 95.
John F. Haskins (2016). Pazyrik – The Valley of the Frozen Tombs. Read Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4733-5279-7.
Leake, Jane Acomb (1967). The Geats of Beowulf: a study in the geographical mythology of the Middle Ages (illustrated ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-598-17720-9.
Sulimirski, Tadeusz (1970). The Sarmatians. Vol. 73 of Ancient peoples and places. New York: Praeger. pp. 113–114. ISBN 9789080057272. The evidence of both the ancient authors and the archaeological remains point to a massive migration of Sacian (Sakas)/Massagetan tribes from the Syr Daria Delta (Central Asia) by the middle of the second century B.C. Some of the Syr Darian tribes; they also invaded North India.
Negmatov 1994, p. 435. Negmatov, N. N. (1994). "States in North-West Central Asia". In Harmatta, János (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 2. UNESCO. pp. 432–447. ISBN 9231028464.

brillonline.com

referenceworks.brillonline.com

Schmitt 2021. Schmitt, Rüdiger (2021). "Massagetae". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Publishers.

cambridge.org

Sulimirski 1985. Sulimirski, T. (1985). "The Scyths". In Gershevitch, I. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 149–199. ISBN 978-1-139-05493-5.

doi.org

Unterländer 2017: "During the first millennium BCE, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin... Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture... " Unterländer, Martina (2017). "Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. PMC 5337992. PMID 28256537.
Harmatta 1999. Harmatta, János (1999). "Alexander the Great in Central Asia". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39 (1–4): 129–136. doi:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11. S2CID 162246561. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
Harmatta 1999: However, we must not forget that the Old Persian epigraphic texts distinguish for Saka tribes or peoples: 1. Sakā tayaiy paradraya "Sakas who are living beyond the sea" (=European Scythians). 2. Sakā haumavargā "Sakas worshipping the Hauma" (in Central Asia, the Ἀμύργιοι Σάκαι of the Greek geographers), 3. Sakā tigraxaudā "Sakas who wear the pointed cap" (between the Araxša = Amu darya and the Sir-darya rivers, 4. Sakā tayaiy para Sugdam "Sakas who are living beyond Sogdiana (=beyond the Sir-darya river)"
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In the quoted passage, however, Arrian says that these Scythians, living in the neighbourhood of the Sogdians between the Amu-darya and the Sir-darya rivers, were called Massagetae. Consequently, the name Μασσαγέται may be the individual denomination, the proper name of this Iranian nomadic people. Harmatta, János (1999). "Alexander the Great in Central Asia". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39 (1–4): 129–136. doi:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11. S2CID 162246561. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
Harmatta 1999: In the quoted passage, however, Arrian says that these Scythians, living in the neighbourhood of the Sogdians between the Amu-darya and the Sir-darya rivers, were called Massagetae. Consequently, the name Μασσαγέται may be the individual denomination, the proper name of this Iranian nomadic people. But a clear judgement in this matter is impeded by the fact that Arrian (III. 28, 8) describes the Dahae (Δάαι) as living on this side of the Tanais = Sir-darya, i.e. between the Sir-darya and Amu-darya rivers. From this report it follows that the Massagetae were identical with the Dahae. Harmatta, János (1999). "Alexander the Great in Central Asia". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39 (1–4): 129–136. doi:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11. S2CID 162246561. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
Kullanda 2014. Kullanda, Sergey Vsevolodovich [in Russian] (2014). "External Relations of Scythian". Journal of Language Relationship. 11 (1): 81–90. doi:10.31826/jlr-2014-110110.
Schmitt 2018c: "3. altpers. Skunxa- (der Anführer der Saken, die sich gegen Dareios I. erhoben), vielleicht zu verbinden mit osset. digoron skₒyxyn, iron æsk'wænxun „sich auszeichnen usw."." [3. OPers. Skunxa- (the leader of the Sakas, who rebelled against Darius I), perhaps related to Osset. Digor skₒyxyn, Iron æsk’wænxun "to distinguish oneself, etc.".] Schmitt, Rüdiger (2018c). "Die Sprache der Skythen" [THE LANGUAGE OF THE SCYTHIANS] (PDF). Nartamongæ. The Journal of Alano-Ossetic Studies: Epic, Mythology & Language (in German). 13 (1–2): 77–86. doi:10.23671/VNC.2018.1-2.37869. ISSN 1810-8172. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
Safaee, Yazdan (2020). "Scythian and Zoroastrian Earth Goddesses: A Comparative Study on Api and Ārmaiti". In Niknami, Kamal-Aldin; Hozhabri, Ali (eds.). Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period. University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series. Springer International Publishing. pp. 65–75. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5_6. ISBN 978-3-030-41776-5. S2CID 219515548.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Unterländer 2017: "During the first millennium BCE, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin... Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture... " Unterländer, Martina (2017). "Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. PMC 5337992. PMID 28256537.

iranicaonline.org

Schmitt 2018a. Schmitt, R. (2018a). "Scythian Language". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York City, United States: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation; Brill Publishers. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
Schmitt 1986. Schmitt, R. (1986). "3". Apasiacae. Encyclopædia Iranica. New York City, United States: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation; Brill Publishers. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
Brunner 2004. Brunner, C. J. (2004). "Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 5. New York City, United States: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation; Brill Publishers. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
Schmitt 1994. Schmitt, R. (1994). "Amorges". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York City, United States: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation; Brill Publishers. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
Shahbazi 1994. Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1994). "3". Darius. Encyclopædia Iranica. New York City, United States: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation; Brill Publishers. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
Litvinsky 2000. Litvinsky, Boris A. [in Russian] (2000). "Spear". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York City, United States: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation; Brill Publishers. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
Schmitt 2018a: "OPers. Skunxa- (the leader of the Sakas, who rebelled against Darius I), perhaps related to Oss. skₒyxyn/æsk’wænxun “to distinguish oneself”." Schmitt, R. (2018a). "Scythian Language". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York City, United States: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation; Brill Publishers. Retrieved 28 July 2022.

livius.org

Lendering 1996: "Herodotus calls the Sakâ tigrakhaudâ the Orthocorybantians ("pointed hat men")" Lendering, Jona (1996). "Scythians / Sacae". Livius.org. Retrieved 2022-07-08.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Unterländer 2017: "During the first millennium BCE, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin... Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture... " Unterländer, Martina (2017). "Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. PMC 5337992. PMID 28256537.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Unterländer 2017: "During the first millennium BCE, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin... Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture... " Unterländer, Martina (2017). "Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. PMC 5337992. PMID 28256537.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Harmatta 1999. Harmatta, János (1999). "Alexander the Great in Central Asia". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39 (1–4): 129–136. doi:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11. S2CID 162246561. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
Harmatta 1999: However, we must not forget that the Old Persian epigraphic texts distinguish for Saka tribes or peoples: 1. Sakā tayaiy paradraya "Sakas who are living beyond the sea" (=European Scythians). 2. Sakā haumavargā "Sakas worshipping the Hauma" (in Central Asia, the Ἀμύργιοι Σάκαι of the Greek geographers), 3. Sakā tigraxaudā "Sakas who wear the pointed cap" (between the Araxša = Amu darya and the Sir-darya rivers, 4. Sakā tayaiy para Sugdam "Sakas who are living beyond Sogdiana (=beyond the Sir-darya river)"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the quoted passage, however, Arrian says that these Scythians, living in the neighbourhood of the Sogdians between the Amu-darya and the Sir-darya rivers, were called Massagetae. Consequently, the name Μασσαγέται may be the individual denomination, the proper name of this Iranian nomadic people. Harmatta, János (1999). "Alexander the Great in Central Asia". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39 (1–4): 129–136. doi:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11. S2CID 162246561. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
Harmatta 1999: In the quoted passage, however, Arrian says that these Scythians, living in the neighbourhood of the Sogdians between the Amu-darya and the Sir-darya rivers, were called Massagetae. Consequently, the name Μασσαγέται may be the individual denomination, the proper name of this Iranian nomadic people. But a clear judgement in this matter is impeded by the fact that Arrian (III. 28, 8) describes the Dahae (Δάαι) as living on this side of the Tanais = Sir-darya, i.e. between the Sir-darya and Amu-darya rivers. From this report it follows that the Massagetae were identical with the Dahae. Harmatta, János (1999). "Alexander the Great in Central Asia". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39 (1–4): 129–136. doi:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11. S2CID 162246561. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
Safaee, Yazdan (2020). "Scythian and Zoroastrian Earth Goddesses: A Comparative Study on Api and Ārmaiti". In Niknami, Kamal-Aldin; Hozhabri, Ali (eds.). Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period. University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series. Springer International Publishing. pp. 65–75. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5_6. ISBN 978-3-030-41776-5. S2CID 219515548.

stanfords.co.uk

Sandes 2014. Sandes, Caroline (2014). "Persepolis, Iran". Stanfords Blog. Stanfords. Retrieved 14 January 2018.

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

Smith, William (1854). The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. Bostin: Little, Brown and Company. p. Derbiccae.

vncran.ru

Schmitt 2018c: "3. altpers. Skunxa- (der Anführer der Saken, die sich gegen Dareios I. erhoben), vielleicht zu verbinden mit osset. digoron skₒyxyn, iron æsk'wænxun „sich auszeichnen usw."." [3. OPers. Skunxa- (the leader of the Sakas, who rebelled against Darius I), perhaps related to Osset. Digor skₒyxyn, Iron æsk’wænxun "to distinguish oneself, etc.".] Schmitt, Rüdiger (2018c). "Die Sprache der Skythen" [THE LANGUAGE OF THE SCYTHIANS] (PDF). Nartamongæ. The Journal of Alano-Ossetic Studies: Epic, Mythology & Language (in German). 13 (1–2): 77–86. doi:10.23671/VNC.2018.1-2.37869. ISSN 1810-8172. Retrieved 28 July 2022.

wikipedia.org

ru.wikipedia.org

Litvinsky 2000. Litvinsky, Boris A. [in Russian] (2000). "Spear". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York City, United States: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation; Brill Publishers. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
Kullanda 2014. Kullanda, Sergey Vsevolodovich [in Russian] (2014). "External Relations of Scythian". Journal of Language Relationship. 11 (1): 81–90. doi:10.31826/jlr-2014-110110.

pl.wikipedia.org

Olbrycht 2000. Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000). "Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations". In Pstrusińska, Jadwiga [in Polish]; Fear, Andrew (eds.). Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. pp. 101–140. ISBN 978-8-371-88337-8.

ky.wikipedia.org

Abetekov & Yusupov 1994. Abetekov, A. [in Kyrgyz]; Yusupov, H. (1994). "Ancient Iranian Nomads in Western Central Asia". In Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Harmatta, János; Puri, Baij Nath; Etemadi, G. F.; Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Paris, France: UNESCO. pp. 24–34. ISBN 978-9-231-02846-5.

worldcat.org

Schmitt 2018c: "3. altpers. Skunxa- (der Anführer der Saken, die sich gegen Dareios I. erhoben), vielleicht zu verbinden mit osset. digoron skₒyxyn, iron æsk'wænxun „sich auszeichnen usw."." [3. OPers. Skunxa- (the leader of the Sakas, who rebelled against Darius I), perhaps related to Osset. Digor skₒyxyn, Iron æsk’wænxun "to distinguish oneself, etc.".] Schmitt, Rüdiger (2018c). "Die Sprache der Skythen" [THE LANGUAGE OF THE SCYTHIANS] (PDF). Nartamongæ. The Journal of Alano-Ossetic Studies: Epic, Mythology & Language (in German). 13 (1–2): 77–86. doi:10.23671/VNC.2018.1-2.37869. ISSN 1810-8172. Retrieved 28 July 2022.