Matter (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Matter" in English language version.

Last modified: 08:29:03, 23 July 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

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6152books.google.com

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accessscience.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Matter (physics)". McGraw-Hill's Access Science: Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2009.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Tsan, Ung Chan (2006). "What Is a Matter Particle?" (PDF). International Journal of Modern Physics E. 15 (1): 259–272. Bibcode:2006IJMPE..15..259C. doi:10.1142/S0218301306003916. S2CID 121628541. (From Abstract:) Positive baryon numbers (A>0) and positive lepton numbers (L>0) characterize matter particles while negative baryon numbers and negative lepton numbers characterize antimatter particles. Matter particles and antimatter particles belong to two distinct classes of particles. Matter-neutral particles are particles characterized by both zero baryon number and zero lepton number. This third class of particles includes mesons formed by a quark and an antiquark pair (a pair of matter particle and antimatter particle) and bosons which are messengers of known interactions (photons for electromagnetism, W and Z bosons for the weak interaction, gluons for the strong interaction). The antiparticle of a matter particle belongs to the class of antimatter particles, the antiparticle of an antimatter particle belongs to the class of matter particles.
The W boson mass is 80.398 GeV; see Figure 1 in C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: The Mass and Width of the W Boson" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Reviews of Particle Physics: Quarks" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
Persic, Massimo; Salucci, Paolo (1 September 1992). "The baryon content of the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 258 (1): 14P–18P. arXiv:astro-ph/0502178. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258P..14P. doi:10.1093/mnras/258.1.14P. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 17945298.
Satz, H.; Redlich, K.; Castorina, P. (2009). "The Phase Diagram of Hadronic Matter". The European Physical Journal C. 59 (1): 67–73. arXiv:0807.4469. Bibcode:2009EPJC...59...67C. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0795-z. S2CID 14503972.
Menezes, Débora P. (23 April 2016). "Modelling Hadronic Matter". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 706 (3) 032001. Bibcode:2016JPhCS.706c2001M. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/706/3/032001.
A. Bodmer (1971). "Collapsed Nuclei". Physical Review D. 4 (6): 1601. Bibcode:1971PhRvD...4.1601B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.4.1601.
E. Witten (1984). "Cosmic Separation of Phases". Physical Review D. 30 (2): 272. Bibcode:1984PhRvD..30..272W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.30.272.
C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Leptons" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Neutrinos Properties" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
Tsan, U.C. (2012). "Negative Numbers And Antimatter Particles". International Journal of Modern Physics E. 21 (1): 1250005–1–1250005–23. Bibcode:2012IJMPE..2150005T. doi:10.1142/S021830131250005X. (From Abstract:) Antimatter particles are characterized by negative baryonic number A or/and negative leptonic number L. Materialization and annihilation obey conservation of A and L (associated to all known interactions).
Smorra C.; et al. (20 October 2017). "A parts-per-billion measurement of the antiproton magnetic moment". Nature. 550 (7676): 371–374. Bibcode:2017Natur.550..371S. doi:10.1038/nature24048. PMID 29052625.
Tsan, Ung Chan (2013). "Mass, Matter Materialization, Mattergenesis and Conservation of Charge". International Journal of Modern Physics E. 22 (5): 1350027. Bibcode:2013IJMPE..2250027T. doi:10.1142/S0218301313500274. (From Abstract:) Matter conservation melans conservation of baryonic number A and leptonic number L, A and L being algebraic numbers. Positive A and L are associated to matter particles, negative A and L are associated to antimatter particles. All known interactions do conserve matter.
J.P. Ostriker; P.J. Steinhardt (2003). "New Light on Dark Matter". Science. 300 (5627): 1909–13. arXiv:astro-ph/0306402. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1909O. doi:10.1126/science.1085976. PMID 12817140. S2CID 11188699.
McGaugh, Stacy S. (1 August 2018). "A Precise Milky Way Rotation Curve Model for an Accurate Galactocentric Distance". Research Notes of the AAS. 2 (3): 156. arXiv:1808.09435. Bibcode:2018RNAAS...2..156M. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/aadd4b. ISSN 2515-5172.
McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, John M. (10 December 2007). "Milky Way Kinematics. I. Measurements at the Subcentral Point of the Fourth Quadrant". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (1): 427–438. arXiv:0708.0870. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671..427M. doi:10.1086/522297. ISSN 0004-637X. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, John M. (10 November 2016). "MILKY WAY KINEMATICS. II. A UNIFORM INNER GALAXY H i TERMINAL VELOCITY CURVE". The Astrophysical Journal. 831 (2): 124. arXiv:1608.03683. Bibcode:2016ApJ...831..124M. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/124. ISSN 0004-637X.
Eilers, Anna-Christina; Hogg, David W.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Ness, Melissa K. (20 January 2019). "The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc". The Astrophysical Journal. 871 (1): 120. arXiv:1810.09466. Bibcode:2019ApJ...871..120E. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648. ISSN 0004-637X.
McGaugh, Stacy S. (1 November 2019). "The Imprint of Spiral Arms on the Galactic Rotation Curve". The Astrophysical Journal. 885 (1): 87. arXiv:1909.11158. Bibcode:2019ApJ...885...87M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab479b. ISSN 0004-637X.
Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Brunthaler, A.; Zheng, X. W.; Dame, T. M.; Xu, Y.; Li, J.; Sakai, N.; Wu, Y.; Immer, K.; Zhang, B.; Sanna, A.; Moscadelli, L.; Rygl, K. L. J.; Bartkiewicz, A.; Hu, B.; Quiroga-Nuñez, L. H.; van Langevelde, H. J. (10 November 2019). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of High-mass Star-forming Regions: Our View of the Milky Way". The Astrophysical Journal. 885 (2): 131. arXiv:1910.03357. Bibcode:2019ApJ...885..131R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4a11. ISSN 0004-637X.
Wang, WenTing; Han, JiaXin; Cautun, Marius; Li, ZhaoZhou; Ishigaki, Miho N. (2020). "The mass of our Milky Way". Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. 63 (10) 109801. arXiv:1912.02599. Bibcode:2020SCPMA..6309801W. doi:10.1007/s11433-019-1541-6. ISSN 1674-7348. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
Watkins, Laura L.; van der Marel, Roeland P.; Sohn, Sangmo Tony; Wyn Evans, N. (12 March 2019). "Evidence for an Intermediate-mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions". The Astrophysical Journal. 873 (2): 118. arXiv:1804.11348. Bibcode:2019ApJ...873..118W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f. ISSN 1538-4357.
D. Majumdar (2007). Dark matter – possible candidates and direct detection. arXiv:hep-ph/0703310. Bibcode:2008pahh.book..319M.
K.A. Olive (2009). "Colliders and Cosmology". European Physical Journal C. 59 (2): 269–295. arXiv:0806.1208. Bibcode:2009EPJC...59..269O. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0738-8. S2CID 15421431.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Gerard't Hooft (1997). In search of the ultimate building blocks. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-57883-7.
Davies, P. C. W. (1979). The Forces of Nature. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-521-22523-6.
J.-P. Luminet; A. Bullough; A. King (1992). Black Holes. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-521-40906-3.
P.J. Collings (2002). "Chapter 1: States of Matter". Liquid Crystals: Nature's Delicate Phase of Matter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08672-9.
D. Majumdar (2007). Dark matter – possible candidates and direct detection. arXiv:hep-ph/0703310. Bibcode:2008pahh.book..319M.
P. Sukys (1999). Lifting the Scientific Veil: Science Appreciation for the Nonscientist. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8476-9600-0.
For a good explanation and elaboration, see R.J. Connell (1966). Matter and Becoming. Priory Press.
H.G. Liddell; R. Scott; J.M. Whiton (1891). A lexicon abridged from Liddell & Scott's Greek–English lexicon. Harper and Brothers. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-910207-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
M. Wenham (2005). Understanding Primary Science: Ideas, Concepts and Explanations (2nd ed.). Paul Chapman Educational Publishing. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-4129-0163-5.
J.C. Maxwell (1876). Matter and Motion. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-486-66895-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
B.A. Schumm (2004). Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8018-7971-5.
See, for example, M. Jibu; K. Yasue (1995). Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-55619-183-1., B. Martin (2009). Nuclear and Particle Physics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-470-74275-4. and K.W. Plaxco; M. Gross (2006). Astrobiology: A Brief Introduction. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8018-8367-5.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Persic, Massimo; Salucci, Paolo (1 September 1992). "The baryon content of the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 258 (1): 14P–18P. arXiv:astro-ph/0502178. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258P..14P. doi:10.1093/mnras/258.1.14P. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 17945298.
Satz, H.; Redlich, K.; Castorina, P. (2009). "The Phase Diagram of Hadronic Matter". The European Physical Journal C. 59 (1): 67–73. arXiv:0807.4469. Bibcode:2009EPJC...59...67C. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0795-z. S2CID 14503972.
J.P. Ostriker; P.J. Steinhardt (2003). "New Light on Dark Matter". Science. 300 (5627): 1909–13. arXiv:astro-ph/0306402. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1909O. doi:10.1126/science.1085976. PMID 12817140. S2CID 11188699.
McGaugh, Stacy S. (1 August 2018). "A Precise Milky Way Rotation Curve Model for an Accurate Galactocentric Distance". Research Notes of the AAS. 2 (3): 156. arXiv:1808.09435. Bibcode:2018RNAAS...2..156M. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/aadd4b. ISSN 2515-5172.
McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, John M. (10 December 2007). "Milky Way Kinematics. I. Measurements at the Subcentral Point of the Fourth Quadrant". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (1): 427–438. arXiv:0708.0870. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671..427M. doi:10.1086/522297. ISSN 0004-637X. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, John M. (10 November 2016). "MILKY WAY KINEMATICS. II. A UNIFORM INNER GALAXY H i TERMINAL VELOCITY CURVE". The Astrophysical Journal. 831 (2): 124. arXiv:1608.03683. Bibcode:2016ApJ...831..124M. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/124. ISSN 0004-637X.
Eilers, Anna-Christina; Hogg, David W.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Ness, Melissa K. (20 January 2019). "The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc". The Astrophysical Journal. 871 (1): 120. arXiv:1810.09466. Bibcode:2019ApJ...871..120E. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648. ISSN 0004-637X.
McGaugh, Stacy S. (1 November 2019). "The Imprint of Spiral Arms on the Galactic Rotation Curve". The Astrophysical Journal. 885 (1): 87. arXiv:1909.11158. Bibcode:2019ApJ...885...87M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab479b. ISSN 0004-637X.
Portail, Matthieu; Gerhard, Ortwin; Wegg, Christopher; Ness, Melissa (21 February 2017). "Dynamical modelling of the galactic bulge and bar: the Milky Way's pattern speed, stellar and dark matter mass distribution". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (2): 1621–1644. arXiv:1608.07954. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2819. ISSN 0035-8711.
Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Brunthaler, A.; Zheng, X. W.; Dame, T. M.; Xu, Y.; Li, J.; Sakai, N.; Wu, Y.; Immer, K.; Zhang, B.; Sanna, A.; Moscadelli, L.; Rygl, K. L. J.; Bartkiewicz, A.; Hu, B.; Quiroga-Nuñez, L. H.; van Langevelde, H. J. (10 November 2019). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of High-mass Star-forming Regions: Our View of the Milky Way". The Astrophysical Journal. 885 (2): 131. arXiv:1910.03357. Bibcode:2019ApJ...885..131R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4a11. ISSN 0004-637X.
Bird, Sarah A; Xue, Xiang-Xiang; Liu, Chao; Flynn, Chris; Shen, Juntai; Wang, Jie; Yang, Chengqun; Zhai, Meng; Zhu, Ling; Zhao, Gang; Tian, Hai-Jun (29 August 2022). "Milky Way mass with K giants and BHB stars using LAMOST, SDSS/SEGUE, and Gaia : 3D spherical Jeans equation and tracer mass estimator". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 516 (1): 731–748. arXiv:2207.08839. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2036. ISSN 0035-8711. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
Wang, WenTing; Han, JiaXin; Cautun, Marius; Li, ZhaoZhou; Ishigaki, Miho N. (2020). "The mass of our Milky Way". Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. 63 (10) 109801. arXiv:1912.02599. Bibcode:2020SCPMA..6309801W. doi:10.1007/s11433-019-1541-6. ISSN 1674-7348. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
Watkins, Laura L.; van der Marel, Roeland P.; Sohn, Sangmo Tony; Wyn Evans, N. (12 March 2019). "Evidence for an Intermediate-mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions". The Astrophysical Journal. 873 (2): 118. arXiv:1804.11348. Bibcode:2019ApJ...873..118W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f. ISSN 1538-4357.
D. Majumdar (2007). Dark matter – possible candidates and direct detection. arXiv:hep-ph/0703310. Bibcode:2008pahh.book..319M.
K.A. Olive (2003). "Theoretical Advanced Study Institute lectures on dark matter". arXiv:astro-ph/0301505.
K.A. Olive (2009). "Colliders and Cosmology". European Physical Journal C. 59 (2): 269–295. arXiv:0806.1208. Bibcode:2009EPJC...59..269O. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0738-8. S2CID 15421431.

bnl.gov (Global: 6,608^th place; English: 7,961^st place)

"RHIC Scientists Serve Up "Perfect" Liquid" (Press release). Brookhaven National Laboratory. 18 April 2005. Retrieved 15 September 2009.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

R. Penrose (1991). "The mass of the classical vacuum". In S. Saunders; H.R. Brown (eds.). The Philosophy of Vacuum. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–26. ISBN 978-0-19-824449-3.
P. Davies (1992). The New Physics: A Synthesis. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-43831-5.
Bernard Pullman (2001). The Atom in the History of Human Thought. Oxford University Press. pp. 77–84. ISBN 978-0-19-515040-7.
Jeaneane D. Fowler (2002). Perspectives of reality: an introduction to the philosophy of Hinduism. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 99–115. ISBN 978-1-898723-93-6.
J. Olmsted; G. M. Williams (1996). Chemistry: The Molecular Science (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8151-8450-8.
Weinberg, S. (1998). The Quantum Theory of Fields. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-521-55002-4.
Masujima, M. (2008). Path Integral Quantization and Stochastic Quantization. Springer. p. 103. ISBN 978-3-540-87850-6.
Hale, Bob (19 September 2013). Necessary Beings: An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191648342. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018.
Hunter, Lawrence E. (13 January 2012). The Processes of Life: An Introduction to Molecular Biology. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262299947. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018.
G.F. Barker (1870). "Divisions of matter". A text-book of elementary chemistry: theoretical and inorganic. John F Morton & Co. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4460-2206-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
M. de Podesta (2002). Understanding the Properties of Matter (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-415-25788-6.
B. Povh; K. Rith; C. Scholz; F. Zetsche; M. Lavelle (2004). "Part I: Analysis: The building blocks of matter". Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts (4th ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-20168-7. Ordinary matter is composed entirely of first-generation particles, namely the u and d quarks, plus the electron and its neutrino.
D. Green (2005). High P_T physics at hadron colliders. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-521-83509-1.
L. Smolin (2007). The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, the Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next. Mariner Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-618-91868-3.
I.J.R. Aitchison; A.J.G. Hey (2004). Gauge Theories in Particle Physics. CRC Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-7503-0864-9.
B. Povh; K. Rith; C. Scholz; F. Zetsche; M. Lavelle (2004). Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts. Springer. p. 103. ISBN 978-3-540-20168-7.
A.M. Green (2004). Hadronic Physics from Lattice QCD. World Scientific. p. 120. ISBN 978-981-256-022-3.
T. Hatsuda (2008). "Quark–gluon plasma and QCD". In H. Akai (ed.). Condensed matter theories. Vol. 21. Nova Publishers. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-60021-501-8.
K.W. Staley (2004). "Origins of the Third Generation of Matter". The Evidence for the Top Quark. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-521-82710-2.
Y. Ne'eman; Y. Kirsh (1996). The Particle Hunters (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-521-47686-7. [T]he most natural explanation to the existence of higher generations of quarks and leptons is that they correspond to excited states of the first generation, and experience suggests that excited systems must be composite.
S.M. Walker; A. King (2005). What is Matter?. Lerner Publications. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8225-5131-7.
J.Kenkel; P.B. Kelter; D.S. Hage (2000). Chemistry: An Industry-based Introduction with CD-ROM. CRC Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-56670-303-1. All basic science textbooks define matter as simply the collective aggregate of all material substances that occupy space and have mass or weight.
K.A. Peacock (2008). The Quantum Revolution: A Historical Perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-313-33448-1.
M.H. Krieger (1998). Constitutions of Matter: Mathematically Modeling the Most Everyday of Physical Phenomena. University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-226-45305-7.
P. Davies (1992). The New Physics: A Synthesis. Cambridge University Press. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-521-43831-5. Matter fields: the fields whose quanta describe the elementary particles that make up the material content of the Universe (as opposed to the gravitons and their supersymmetric partners).
H.S. Goldberg; M.D. Scadron (1987). Physics of Stellar Evolution and Cosmology. Taylor & Francis. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-677-05540-4.
H.S. Goldberg; M.D. Scadron (1987). Physics of Stellar Evolution and Cosmology. Taylor & Francis. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-677-05540-4.
P.J. Collings (2002). "Chapter 1: States of Matter". Liquid Crystals: Nature's Delicate Phase of Matter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08672-9.
D.H. Trevena (1975). "Chapter 1.2: Changes of phase". The Liquid Phase. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-85109-031-3.
National Research Council (US) (2006). Revealing the hidden nature of space and time. National Academies Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-309-10194-3.
K. Pretzl (2004). "Dark Matter, Massive Neutrinos and Susy Particles". Structure and Dynamics of Elementary Matter. Walter Greiner. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-4020-2446-7.
K. Freeman; G. McNamara (2006). "What can the matter be?". In Search of Dark Matter. Birkhäuser Verlag. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-387-27616-8.
J.C. Wheeler (2007). Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping the Universe. Cambridge University Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-521-85714-7.
J. Gribbin (2007). The Origins of the Future: Ten Questions for the Next Ten Years. Yale University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-300-12596-2.
J.C. Wheeler (2007). Cosmic Catastrophes. Cambridge University Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-521-85714-7.
L. Smolin (2007). The Trouble with Physics. Mariner Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-618-91868-3.
P.M. Chaikin; T.C. Lubensky (2000). Principles of Condensed Matter Physics. Cambridge University Press. p. xvii. ISBN 978-0-521-79450-3.
W. Greiner (2003). W. Greiner; M.G. Itkis; G. Reinhardt; M.C. Güçlü (eds.). Structure and Dynamics of Elementary Matter. Springer. p. xii. ISBN 978-1-4020-2445-0.
B. Povh; K. Rith; C. Scholz; F. Zetsche; M. Lavelle (2004). "Fundamental constituents of matter". Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts (4th ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-20168-7.
von Glasenapp, Helmuth (1999). Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 181. ISBN 978-81-208-1376-2.
N. Chomsky (1988). Language and problems of knowledge: the Managua lectures (2nd ed.). MIT Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-262-53070-5.
T.H. Levere (1993). "Introduction". Affinity and Matter: Elements of Chemical Philosophy, 1800–1865. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-2-88124-583-1.
G.F. Barker (1870). "Introduction". A Text Book of Elementary Chemistry: Theoretical and Inorganic. John P. Morton and Company. p. 2.
J.J. Thomson (1909). "Preface". Electricity and Matter. A. Constable.
O.W. Richardson (1914). "Chapter 1". The Electron Theory of Matter. The University Press.
M. Jacob (1992). The Quark Structure of Matter. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-3687-8.
V. de Sabbata; M. Gasperini (1985). Introduction to Gravitation. World Scientific. p. 293. ISBN 978-9971-5-0049-8.
The history of the concept of matter is a history of the fundamental length scales used to define matter. Different building blocks apply depending upon whether one defines matter on an atomic or elementary particle level. One may use a definition that matter is atoms, or that matter is hadrons, or that matter is leptons and quarks depending upon the scale at which one wishes to define matter. B. Povh; K. Rith; C. Scholz; F. Zetsche; M. Lavelle (2004). "Fundamental constituents of matter". Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts (4th ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-20168-7.
J. Allday (2001). Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang. CRC Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7503-0806-9.
See, for example, M. Jibu; K. Yasue (1995). Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-55619-183-1., B. Martin (2009). Nuclear and Particle Physics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-470-74275-4. and K.W. Plaxco; M. Gross (2006). Astrobiology: A Brief Introduction. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8018-8367-5.
P.A. Tipler; R.A. Llewellyn (2002). Modern Physics. Macmillan. pp. 89–91, 94–95. ISBN 978-0-7167-4345-3.
P. Schmüser; H. Spitzer (2002). "Particles". In L. Bergmann; et al. (eds.). Constituents of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, Nuclei. CRC Press. pp. 773 ff. ISBN 978-0-8493-1202-1.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "Chemical Substance". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01039
Tsan, Ung Chan (2006). "What Is a Matter Particle?" (PDF). International Journal of Modern Physics E. 15 (1): 259–272. Bibcode:2006IJMPE..15..259C. doi:10.1142/S0218301306003916. S2CID 121628541. (From Abstract:) Positive baryon numbers (A>0) and positive lepton numbers (L>0) characterize matter particles while negative baryon numbers and negative lepton numbers characterize antimatter particles. Matter particles and antimatter particles belong to two distinct classes of particles. Matter-neutral particles are particles characterized by both zero baryon number and zero lepton number. This third class of particles includes mesons formed by a quark and an antiquark pair (a pair of matter particle and antimatter particle) and bosons which are messengers of known interactions (photons for electromagnetism, W and Z bosons for the weak interaction, gluons for the strong interaction). The antiparticle of a matter particle belongs to the class of antimatter particles, the antiparticle of an antimatter particle belongs to the class of matter particles.
The W boson mass is 80.398 GeV; see Figure 1 in C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: The Mass and Width of the W Boson" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Reviews of Particle Physics: Quarks" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
Persic, Massimo; Salucci, Paolo (1 September 1992). "The baryon content of the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 258 (1): 14P–18P. arXiv:astro-ph/0502178. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258P..14P. doi:10.1093/mnras/258.1.14P. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 17945298.
Satz, H.; Redlich, K.; Castorina, P. (2009). "The Phase Diagram of Hadronic Matter". The European Physical Journal C. 59 (1): 67–73. arXiv:0807.4469. Bibcode:2009EPJC...59...67C. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0795-z. S2CID 14503972.
Menezes, Débora P. (23 April 2016). "Modelling Hadronic Matter". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 706 (3) 032001. Bibcode:2016JPhCS.706c2001M. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/706/3/032001.
A. Bodmer (1971). "Collapsed Nuclei". Physical Review D. 4 (6): 1601. Bibcode:1971PhRvD...4.1601B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.4.1601.
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C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Leptons" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Neutrinos Properties" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
Tsan, U.C. (2012). "Negative Numbers And Antimatter Particles". International Journal of Modern Physics E. 21 (1): 1250005–1–1250005–23. Bibcode:2012IJMPE..2150005T. doi:10.1142/S021830131250005X. (From Abstract:) Antimatter particles are characterized by negative baryonic number A or/and negative leptonic number L. Materialization and annihilation obey conservation of A and L (associated to all known interactions).
Smorra C.; et al. (20 October 2017). "A parts-per-billion measurement of the antiproton magnetic moment". Nature. 550 (7676): 371–374. Bibcode:2017Natur.550..371S. doi:10.1038/nature24048. PMID 29052625.
Tsan, Ung Chan (2013). "Mass, Matter Materialization, Mattergenesis and Conservation of Charge". International Journal of Modern Physics E. 22 (5): 1350027. Bibcode:2013IJMPE..2250027T. doi:10.1142/S0218301313500274. (From Abstract:) Matter conservation melans conservation of baryonic number A and leptonic number L, A and L being algebraic numbers. Positive A and L are associated to matter particles, negative A and L are associated to antimatter particles. All known interactions do conserve matter.
J.P. Ostriker; P.J. Steinhardt (2003). "New Light on Dark Matter". Science. 300 (5627): 1909–13. arXiv:astro-ph/0306402. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1909O. doi:10.1126/science.1085976. PMID 12817140. S2CID 11188699.
McGaugh, Stacy S. (1 August 2018). "A Precise Milky Way Rotation Curve Model for an Accurate Galactocentric Distance". Research Notes of the AAS. 2 (3): 156. arXiv:1808.09435. Bibcode:2018RNAAS...2..156M. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/aadd4b. ISSN 2515-5172.
McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, John M. (10 December 2007). "Milky Way Kinematics. I. Measurements at the Subcentral Point of the Fourth Quadrant". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (1): 427–438. arXiv:0708.0870. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671..427M. doi:10.1086/522297. ISSN 0004-637X. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, John M. (10 November 2016). "MILKY WAY KINEMATICS. II. A UNIFORM INNER GALAXY H i TERMINAL VELOCITY CURVE". The Astrophysical Journal. 831 (2): 124. arXiv:1608.03683. Bibcode:2016ApJ...831..124M. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/124. ISSN 0004-637X.
Eilers, Anna-Christina; Hogg, David W.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Ness, Melissa K. (20 January 2019). "The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc". The Astrophysical Journal. 871 (1): 120. arXiv:1810.09466. Bibcode:2019ApJ...871..120E. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648. ISSN 0004-637X.
McGaugh, Stacy S. (1 November 2019). "The Imprint of Spiral Arms on the Galactic Rotation Curve". The Astrophysical Journal. 885 (1): 87. arXiv:1909.11158. Bibcode:2019ApJ...885...87M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab479b. ISSN 0004-637X.
Portail, Matthieu; Gerhard, Ortwin; Wegg, Christopher; Ness, Melissa (21 February 2017). "Dynamical modelling of the galactic bulge and bar: the Milky Way's pattern speed, stellar and dark matter mass distribution". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (2): 1621–1644. arXiv:1608.07954. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2819. ISSN 0035-8711.
Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Brunthaler, A.; Zheng, X. W.; Dame, T. M.; Xu, Y.; Li, J.; Sakai, N.; Wu, Y.; Immer, K.; Zhang, B.; Sanna, A.; Moscadelli, L.; Rygl, K. L. J.; Bartkiewicz, A.; Hu, B.; Quiroga-Nuñez, L. H.; van Langevelde, H. J. (10 November 2019). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of High-mass Star-forming Regions: Our View of the Milky Way". The Astrophysical Journal. 885 (2): 131. arXiv:1910.03357. Bibcode:2019ApJ...885..131R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4a11. ISSN 0004-637X.
Bird, Sarah A; Xue, Xiang-Xiang; Liu, Chao; Flynn, Chris; Shen, Juntai; Wang, Jie; Yang, Chengqun; Zhai, Meng; Zhu, Ling; Zhao, Gang; Tian, Hai-Jun (29 August 2022). "Milky Way mass with K giants and BHB stars using LAMOST, SDSS/SEGUE, and Gaia : 3D spherical Jeans equation and tracer mass estimator". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 516 (1): 731–748. arXiv:2207.08839. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2036. ISSN 0035-8711. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
Wang, WenTing; Han, JiaXin; Cautun, Marius; Li, ZhaoZhou; Ishigaki, Miho N. (2020). "The mass of our Milky Way". Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. 63 (10) 109801. arXiv:1912.02599. Bibcode:2020SCPMA..6309801W. doi:10.1007/s11433-019-1541-6. ISSN 1674-7348. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
Watkins, Laura L.; van der Marel, Roeland P.; Sohn, Sangmo Tony; Wyn Evans, N. (12 March 2019). "Evidence for an Intermediate-mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions". The Astrophysical Journal. 873 (2): 118. arXiv:1804.11348. Bibcode:2019ApJ...873..118W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f. ISSN 1538-4357.
K.A. Olive (2009). "Colliders and Cosmology". European Physical Journal C. 59 (2): 269–295. arXiv:0806.1208. Bibcode:2009EPJC...59..269O. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0738-8. S2CID 15421431.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

The W boson mass is 80.398 GeV; see Figure 1 in C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: The Mass and Width of the W Boson" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Reviews of Particle Physics: Quarks" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Leptons" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Neutrinos Properties" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.

in2p3.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

hal.in2p3.fr

Tsan, Ung Chan (2006). "What Is a Matter Particle?" (PDF). International Journal of Modern Physics E. 15 (1): 259–272. Bibcode:2006IJMPE..15..259C. doi:10.1142/S0218301306003916. S2CID 121628541. (From Abstract:) Positive baryon numbers (A>0) and positive lepton numbers (L>0) characterize matter particles while negative baryon numbers and negative lepton numbers characterize antimatter particles. Matter particles and antimatter particles belong to two distinct classes of particles. Matter-neutral particles are particles characterized by both zero baryon number and zero lepton number. This third class of particles includes mesons formed by a quark and an antiquark pair (a pair of matter particle and antimatter particle) and bosons which are messengers of known interactions (photons for electromagnetism, W and Z bosons for the weak interaction, gluons for the strong interaction). The antiparticle of a matter particle belongs to the class of antimatter particles, the antiparticle of an antimatter particle belongs to the class of matter particles.

iop.org (Global: 1,046^th place; English: 1,608^th place)

iopscience.iop.org

McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, John M. (10 December 2007). "Milky Way Kinematics. I. Measurements at the Subcentral Point of the Fourth Quadrant". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (1): 427–438. arXiv:0708.0870. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671..427M. doi:10.1086/522297. ISSN 0004-637X. Retrieved 2 January 2026.

iupac.org (Global: 1,291^st place; English: 1,832^nd place)

goldbook.iupac.org

IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "Chemical Substance". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01039

lbl.gov (Global: 3,154^th place; English: 3,216^th place)

pdg.lbl.gov

The W boson mass is 80.398 GeV; see Figure 1 in C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: The Mass and Width of the W Boson" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Reviews of Particle Physics: Quarks" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Leptons" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.
C. Amsler; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Neutrinos Properties" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594.

libretexts.org (Global: 4,683^rd place; English: 3,565^th place)

chem.libretexts.org

"2.1: Pure Substances and Mixtures". Chemistry LibreTexts. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

science.nasa.gov

"Dark Energy Dark Matter". NASA Science: Astrophysics. 5 June 2015.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Smorra C.; et al. (20 October 2017). "A parts-per-billion measurement of the antiproton magnetic moment". Nature. 550 (7676): 371–374. Bibcode:2017Natur.550..371S. doi:10.1038/nature24048. PMID 29052625.
J.P. Ostriker; P.J. Steinhardt (2003). "New Light on Dark Matter". Science. 300 (5627): 1909–13. arXiv:astro-ph/0306402. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1909O. doi:10.1126/science.1085976. PMID 12817140. S2CID 11188699.

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

academic.oup.com

Bird, Sarah A; Xue, Xiang-Xiang; Liu, Chao; Flynn, Chris; Shen, Juntai; Wang, Jie; Yang, Chengqun; Zhai, Meng; Zhu, Ling; Zhao, Gang; Tian, Hai-Jun (29 August 2022). "Milky Way mass with K giants and BHB stars using LAMOST, SDSS/SEGUE, and Gaia : 3D spherical Jeans equation and tracer mass estimator". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 516 (1): 731–748. arXiv:2207.08839. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2036. ISSN 0035-8711. Retrieved 2 January 2026.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Tsan, Ung Chan (2006). "What Is a Matter Particle?" (PDF). International Journal of Modern Physics E. 15 (1): 259–272. Bibcode:2006IJMPE..15..259C. doi:10.1142/S0218301306003916. S2CID 121628541. (From Abstract:) Positive baryon numbers (A>0) and positive lepton numbers (L>0) characterize matter particles while negative baryon numbers and negative lepton numbers characterize antimatter particles. Matter particles and antimatter particles belong to two distinct classes of particles. Matter-neutral particles are particles characterized by both zero baryon number and zero lepton number. This third class of particles includes mesons formed by a quark and an antiquark pair (a pair of matter particle and antimatter particle) and bosons which are messengers of known interactions (photons for electromagnetism, W and Z bosons for the weak interaction, gluons for the strong interaction). The antiparticle of a matter particle belongs to the class of antimatter particles, the antiparticle of an antimatter particle belongs to the class of matter particles.
Persic, Massimo; Salucci, Paolo (1 September 1992). "The baryon content of the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 258 (1): 14P–18P. arXiv:astro-ph/0502178. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258P..14P. doi:10.1093/mnras/258.1.14P. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 17945298.
Satz, H.; Redlich, K.; Castorina, P. (2009). "The Phase Diagram of Hadronic Matter". The European Physical Journal C. 59 (1): 67–73. arXiv:0807.4469. Bibcode:2009EPJC...59...67C. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0795-z. S2CID 14503972.
J.P. Ostriker; P.J. Steinhardt (2003). "New Light on Dark Matter". Science. 300 (5627): 1909–13. arXiv:astro-ph/0306402. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1909O. doi:10.1126/science.1085976. PMID 12817140. S2CID 11188699.
K.A. Olive (2009). "Colliders and Cosmology". European Physical Journal C. 59 (2): 269–295. arXiv:0806.1208. Bibcode:2009EPJC...59..269O. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0738-8. S2CID 15421431.

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

link.springer.com

Wang, WenTing; Han, JiaXin; Cautun, Marius; Li, ZhaoZhou; Ishigaki, Miho N. (2020). "The mass of our Milky Way". Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. 63 (10) 109801. arXiv:1912.02599. Bibcode:2020SCPMA..6309801W. doi:10.1007/s11433-019-1541-6. ISSN 1674-7348. Retrieved 2 January 2026.

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

slac.stanford.edu

B. Carithers; P. Grannis (1995). "Discovery of the Top Quark" (PDF). Beam Line. 25 (3): 4–16.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Matter (physics)". McGraw-Hill's Access Science: Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
Hale, Bob (19 September 2013). Necessary Beings: An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191648342. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018.
Hunter, Lawrence E. (13 January 2012). The Processes of Life: An Introduction to Molecular Biology. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262299947. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Persic, Massimo; Salucci, Paolo (1 September 1992). "The baryon content of the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 258 (1): 14P–18P. arXiv:astro-ph/0502178. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258P..14P. doi:10.1093/mnras/258.1.14P. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 17945298.
McGaugh, Stacy S. (1 August 2018). "A Precise Milky Way Rotation Curve Model for an Accurate Galactocentric Distance". Research Notes of the AAS. 2 (3): 156. arXiv:1808.09435. Bibcode:2018RNAAS...2..156M. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/aadd4b. ISSN 2515-5172.
McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, John M. (10 December 2007). "Milky Way Kinematics. I. Measurements at the Subcentral Point of the Fourth Quadrant". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (1): 427–438. arXiv:0708.0870. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671..427M. doi:10.1086/522297. ISSN 0004-637X. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, John M. (10 November 2016). "MILKY WAY KINEMATICS. II. A UNIFORM INNER GALAXY H i TERMINAL VELOCITY CURVE". The Astrophysical Journal. 831 (2): 124. arXiv:1608.03683. Bibcode:2016ApJ...831..124M. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/124. ISSN 0004-637X.
Eilers, Anna-Christina; Hogg, David W.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Ness, Melissa K. (20 January 2019). "The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc". The Astrophysical Journal. 871 (1): 120. arXiv:1810.09466. Bibcode:2019ApJ...871..120E. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648. ISSN 0004-637X.
McGaugh, Stacy S. (1 November 2019). "The Imprint of Spiral Arms on the Galactic Rotation Curve". The Astrophysical Journal. 885 (1): 87. arXiv:1909.11158. Bibcode:2019ApJ...885...87M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab479b. ISSN 0004-637X.
Portail, Matthieu; Gerhard, Ortwin; Wegg, Christopher; Ness, Melissa (21 February 2017). "Dynamical modelling of the galactic bulge and bar: the Milky Way's pattern speed, stellar and dark matter mass distribution". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (2): 1621–1644. arXiv:1608.07954. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2819. ISSN 0035-8711.
Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Brunthaler, A.; Zheng, X. W.; Dame, T. M.; Xu, Y.; Li, J.; Sakai, N.; Wu, Y.; Immer, K.; Zhang, B.; Sanna, A.; Moscadelli, L.; Rygl, K. L. J.; Bartkiewicz, A.; Hu, B.; Quiroga-Nuñez, L. H.; van Langevelde, H. J. (10 November 2019). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of High-mass Star-forming Regions: Our View of the Milky Way". The Astrophysical Journal. 885 (2): 131. arXiv:1910.03357. Bibcode:2019ApJ...885..131R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4a11. ISSN 0004-637X.
Bird, Sarah A; Xue, Xiang-Xiang; Liu, Chao; Flynn, Chris; Shen, Juntai; Wang, Jie; Yang, Chengqun; Zhai, Meng; Zhu, Ling; Zhao, Gang; Tian, Hai-Jun (29 August 2022). "Milky Way mass with K giants and BHB stars using LAMOST, SDSS/SEGUE, and Gaia : 3D spherical Jeans equation and tracer mass estimator". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 516 (1): 731–748. arXiv:2207.08839. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2036. ISSN 0035-8711. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
Wang, WenTing; Han, JiaXin; Cautun, Marius; Li, ZhaoZhou; Ishigaki, Miho N. (2020). "The mass of our Milky Way". Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. 63 (10) 109801. arXiv:1912.02599. Bibcode:2020SCPMA..6309801W. doi:10.1007/s11433-019-1541-6. ISSN 1674-7348. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
Watkins, Laura L.; van der Marel, Roeland P.; Sohn, Sangmo Tony; Wyn Evans, N. (12 March 2019). "Evidence for an Intermediate-mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions". The Astrophysical Journal. 873 (2): 118. arXiv:1804.11348. Bibcode:2019ApJ...873..118W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f. ISSN 1538-4357.

Matter (English Wikipedia)

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