Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Mazalim" in English language version.
the mazalim tribunals were an ancient institution that was adopted by the ʿabbasids in the eighth century. Its main purpose was to enable ordinary subjects to complain about the administrative elite of the empire.
group them into two main types recognized by the adab literature: mazalim, or the sultan's court, and shurta, police courts.
