Mechanical calculator (English Wikipedia)

"The arithmetical machine produces effects which approach nearer to thought than all the actions of animals. But it does nothing which would enable us to attribute will to it, as to the animals.", Pascal, Pensées Bartleby.com, Great Books online, Blaise Pasdcal, Thoughts

brasscashregister.net

Dick and Joan's antique. Retrieved October, 02 2012

cashregistersonline.com

History of the cash register. Retrieved October, 05 2012

cnam.fr

cnum.cnam.fr

"CNUM – 8KU54-2.5 : p.249 – im.253". cnum.cnam.fr.

doi.org

Prof. René Cassin, Pascal tercentenary celebration, London, (1942), Magazine Nature M.E.P (31 October 1942). "Pascal tercentenary celebration". Nature. 150 (3809). London: 527. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..527M. doi:10.1038/150527a0.
Magazine Nature, (1942) Prof. S. Chapman (31 October 1942). "Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) Tercentenary of the calculating machine". Nature. 150 (3809). London: 508–509. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..508C. doi:10.1038/150508a0.
Morar, Florin-Stefan (March 2015). "Reinventing machines: the transmission history of the Leibniz calculator". The British Journal for the History of Science. 48 (1): 123–146. doi:10.1017/S0007087414000429. ISSN 0007-0874. PMID 25833800. S2CID 38193192.
Roegel, Denis (2016). "Before Torchi and Schwilgué, There Was White". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 38 (4): 92–93. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2016.46. S2CID 28873771.

femaledelusioncalc.info

Smith 1929, pp. 173–181 Smith, David Eugene (1929). A Source Book in Mathematics. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
David Smith, p. 173-181 (1929) Smith, David Eugene (1929). A Source Book in Mathematics. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
As quoted in Smith 1929, pp. 180–181 Smith, David Eugene (1929). A Source Book in Mathematics. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
Quoted in David Smith, p. 173, (1929) Smith, David Eugene (1929). A Source Book in Mathematics. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Prof. René Cassin, Pascal tercentenary celebration, London, (1942), Magazine Nature M.E.P (31 October 1942). "Pascal tercentenary celebration". Nature. 150 (3809). London: 527. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..527M. doi:10.1038/150527a0.
Magazine Nature, (1942) Prof. S. Chapman (31 October 1942). "Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) Tercentenary of the calculating machine". Nature. 150 (3809). London: 508–509. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..508C. doi:10.1038/150508a0.

history-computer.com

History of computer (retrieved on 1 February 2012)
"History of Computers and Computing, Mechanical calculators, 19th century, Luiggi Torchi". history-computer.com. 4 January 2021.

imss.fi.it

brunelleschi.imss.fi.it

Picture of Burattini's machine Archived 9 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Florence, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, inv. 3179 (accessed on January, 09 2012)
Picture of Morland multiplying machine Florence, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, inv. 679 (retrieved on January, 09 2012)

johnwolff.id.au

Wolff, John (30 May 2007). "The "Millionaire" Calculating Machine - Technical Description". John Wolff's Web Museum. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
"John Wolff's Web Museum - Facit C1-13 - Technical Description".

metastudies.net

See http://things-that-count.net

museoscienza.org

Copy of Poleni's machine (it) Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo Da Vinci. Retrieved 4 October 2010

ncr.org.uk

NCR Retrospective website. Retrieved October, 02 2012

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Morar, Florin-Stefan (March 2015). "Reinventing machines: the transmission history of the Leibniz calculator". The British Journal for the History of Science. 48 (1): 123–146. doi:10.1017/S0007087414000429. ISSN 0007-0874. PMID 25833800. S2CID 38193192.

robroy.dyndns.info

"The introduction of punched cards into the new engine was important not only as a more convenient form of control than the drums, or because programs could now be of unlimited extent, and could be stored and repeated without the danger of introducing errors in setting the machine by hand; it was important also because it served to crystallize Babbage's feeling that he had invented something really new, something much more than a sophisticated calculating machine." Bruce Collier, 1970 Collier, Bruce (1990). The little engine that could've: The calculating machines of Charles Babbage. Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-8240-0043-9.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Morar, Florin-Stefan (March 2015). "Reinventing machines: the transmission history of the Leibniz calculator". The British Journal for the History of Science. 48 (1): 123–146. doi:10.1017/S0007087414000429. ISSN 0007-0874. PMID 25833800. S2CID 38193192.
Roegel, Denis (2016). "Before Torchi and Schwilgué, There Was White". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 38 (4): 92–93. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2016.46. S2CID 28873771.

umn.edu

cbi.umn.edu

"The calculating engines of English mathematician Charles Babbage (1791–1871) are among the most celebrated icons in the prehistory of computing. Babbage's Difference Engine No.1 was the first successful automatic calculator and remains one of the finest examples of precision engineering of the time. Babbage is sometimes referred to as "father of computing." The International Charles Babbage Society (later the Charles Babbage Institute) took his name to honor his intellectual contributions and their relation to modern computers." Charles Babbage Institute (page. Retrieved 1 February 2012).

vintagecalculators.com

"The Twin Marchant".

web.archive.org

Picture of Burattini's machine Archived 9 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Florence, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, inv. 3179 (accessed on January, 09 2012)
Picture of Hahn's Calculator IBM Collection of mechanical calculators

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Translated from "j'en composai une troisième qui va par ressorts et qui est très simple en sa construction. C'est celle de laquelle, comme j'ai déjà dit, je me suis servi plusieurs fois, au vu et su d'une infinité de personnes, et qui est encore en état de servir autant que jamais. Toutefois, en la perfectionnant toujours, je trouvai des raisons de la changer" Avis nécessaire à ceux qui auront curiosité de voir la Machine d'Arithmétique et de s'en servir Wikisource: La Machine d’arithmétique, Blaise Pascal
All the quotes in this paragraph are found in (fr) Wikisource: Avis nécessaire à ceux qui auront curiosité de voir la Machine d'Arithmétique et de s'en servir.

fr.wikisource.org

(fr) La Machine d’arithmétique, Blaise Pascal, Wikisource

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Morar, Florin-Stefan (March 2015). "Reinventing machines: the transmission history of the Leibniz calculator". The British Journal for the History of Science. 48 (1): 123–146. doi:10.1017/S0007087414000429. ISSN 0007-0874. PMID 25833800. S2CID 38193192.