Mecoptera (English Wikipedia)

Dunford, James C.; Somma, Louis A. (2008). Capinera, John L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Entomology: Scorpionflies (Mecoptera). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 3304–3309. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
"A Dictionary of Entomology". Nature. 91 (2267): 858. 2011. Bibcode:1913Natur..91S.134.. doi:10.1038/091134c0. ISBN 978-1-84593-542-9. S2CID 3947767.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Martill, David M.; Bechly, Günter; Loveridge, Robert F. (2007). The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 367–369. ISBN 978-1-139-46776-6.
Wiegmann, Brian; Yeates, David K. (2012). The Evolutionary Biology of Flies. Columbia University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-231-50170-5. Recently, a close affinity between Siphonaptera and Mecoptera has been convincingly demonstrated via morphology (Bilinski et al. 1998) and molecular data (Whiting 2002), rendering Mecoptera paraphyletic, but making the clade including Mecoptera and Siphonaptera monophyletic
Whiting, Michael F. (2004). "Phylogeny of the Holometabolous Insects". In Cracraft, Joel; Donoghue, Michael J. (eds.). Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-19-972960-9.
Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. (2014). The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. Wiley. pp. 1345–1347. ISBN 978-1-118-84616-2.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Qiao, X.; Shih, C. K.; Petrulevičius, J. F.; Dong, R. (2013). "Fossils from the Middle Jurassic of China shed light on morphology of Choristopsychidae (Insecta, Mecoptera)". ZooKeys (318): 91–111. Bibcode:2013ZooK..318...91Q. doi:10.3897/zookeys.318.5226. PMC 3744206. PMID 23950679.
Novokshonov, V. G.; Ross, A. J.; Cook, E.; Krzemiński, W.; Soszyńska-Maj, A. (2016). "A new family of scorpionflies (Insecta; Mecoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of England". Cretaceous Research. 62: 44–51. Bibcode:2016CrRes..62...44N. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.01.013.
Bashkuev, A.S. (2011). "Nedubroviidae, a new family of Mecoptera: the first Paleozoic long-proboscid scorpionflies". Zootaxa. 2895 (1): 47–57. Bibcode:2011Zoot.28955.1.3B. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2895.1.3. S2CID 83075922.
Lin, X.; Shih, M. J.; Labandeira, C. C.; Ren, D. (2016). "New data from the Middle Jurassic of China shed light on the phylogeny and origin of the proboscis in the Mesopsychidae (Insecta: Mecoptera)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 1–22. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16....1L. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0575-y (inactive 19 June 2026). PMC 4700641. PMID 26727998.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2026 (link)
Grimaldi, D.; Johnston, M. A. (2014). "The long-tongued Cretaceous scorpionfly Parapolycentropus Grimaldi and Rasnitsyn (Mecoptera: Pseudopolycentropodidae): new data and interpretations". American Museum Novitates (3793): 1–24. doi:10.1206/3793.1. hdl:2246/6466. S2CID 54799375.
Krzemiński, W.; Soszyńska-Maj, A.; Bashkuev, A. S.; Kopeć, K (2015). "Revision of the unique Early Cretaceous Mecoptera from Koonwarra (Australia) with description of a new genus and family". Cretaceous Research. 52: 501–506. Bibcode:2015CrRes..52..501K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.04.004.
Archibald, S.B. (2005). "New Dinopanorpida (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Eocene Okanogan Highlands (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 119–136. Bibcode:2005CaJES..42..119A. doi:10.1139/e04-073. S2CID 55513480.
Wang, C.; Shih, C.; Ren, D (2014). "A new fossil hangingfly (Mecoptera: Cimbrophlebiidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 88 (1): 29–34. Bibcode:2014AcGlS..88...29W. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12180. S2CID 129796533.
Hyatt, Alpheus; Arms, Jennie Maria (1891). "A novel diagrammatic representation of the orders of insects". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 6 (177): 11–13. doi:10.1155/1891/39454.
"A Dictionary of Entomology". Nature. 91 (2267): 858. 2011. Bibcode:1913Natur..91S.134.. doi:10.1038/091134c0. ISBN 978-1-84593-542-9. S2CID 3947767.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Willman, R. (1987). "The phylogenetic system of the Mecoptera". Systematic Entomology. 12 (4): 519–524. Bibcode:1987SysEn..12..519W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1987.tb00222.x. S2CID 86349146.
Whiting, Michael F. (2002). "Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera". Zoologica Scripta. 31 (1): 93–104. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x. S2CID 56100681.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Wang, Chen; Shih, Chungkun; Ren, Dong (2014). "A New Fossil Hangingfly (Mecoptera: Cimbrophlebiidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 88 (1): 29–34. Bibcode:2014AcGlS..88...29W. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12180. S2CID 129796533.
Ding, He; Shih, Chungkun; Bashkuev, Alexei; Zhao, Yunyun; Ren, Dong (2014). "The earliest fossil record of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of China". ZooKeys (431): 79–92. Bibcode:2014ZooK..431...79D. doi:10.3897/zookeys.431.7561. PMC 4141175. PMID 25152669.
Ollerton, J.; Coulthard, E. (2009). "Evolution of Animal Pollination". Science. 326 (5954): 808–809. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..808O. doi:10.1126/science.1181154. PMID 19892970. S2CID 856038.
Ren, D.; Labandeira, C.C.; Santiago-Blay, J.A.; Rasnitsyn, A.; Shih, C.K.; Bashkuev, A.; Logan, M.A.; Hotton, C.L.; Dilcher, D. (2009). "Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies". Science. 326 (5954): 840–847. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..840R. doi:10.1126/science.1178338. PMC 2944650. PMID 19892981.
Bashkuev, A. S. (2011). "The earliest Mesopsychidae and revision of the family Mesopanorpodidae (Mecoptera)". In Shcherbakov, D.; Engel, M.; Sharkey, M. (eds.). Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn. ZooKeys 130. Vol. 130. PenSoft. pp. 263–279. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1611. ISBN 978-954-642-609-3. PMC 3260765. PMID 22259282.
Whiting, Michael F.; Whiting, Alison S.; Hastriter, Michael W.; Dittmar, Katharina (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations". Cladistics. 24 (5): 677–707. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.731.5211. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x. S2CID 33808144. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Meusemann, Karen; Trautwein, Michelle; Friedrich, Frank; Beutel, Rolf G.; Wiegmann, Brian M.; et al. (2020). "Are Fleas Highly Modified Mecoptera? Phylogenomic Resolution of Antliophora (Insecta: Holometabola)". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.19.390666.
Tihelka, Erik; Giacomelli, Mattia; Huang, Di-Ying; Pisani, Davide; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Cai, Chen-Yang (2020). "Fleas are parasitic scorpionflies". Palaeoentomology. 3 (6): 641–653. Bibcode:2020Plegy...3..641T. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.6.16. hdl:1983/8d3c12c6-529c-4754-b59d-3abf88a32fc9. ISSN 2624-2834.
Chen, Qing-Xiao; Hua, Bao-Zhen (2016-06-03). "Ultrastructure and Morphology of Compound Eyes of the Scorpionfly Panorpa dubia (Insecta: Mecoptera: Panorpidae)". PLOS ONE. 11 (6) e0156970. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1156970C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156970. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4892548. PMID 27258365.

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"Weirdest Looking Bugs". EnkiVillage. 2015-05-13. Retrieved 22 June 2015.

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Grimaldi, D.; Johnston, M. A. (2014). "The long-tongued Cretaceous scorpionfly Parapolycentropus Grimaldi and Rasnitsyn (Mecoptera: Pseudopolycentropodidae): new data and interpretations". American Museum Novitates (3793): 1–24. doi:10.1206/3793.1. hdl:2246/6466. S2CID 54799375.
Tihelka, Erik; Giacomelli, Mattia; Huang, Di-Ying; Pisani, Davide; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Cai, Chen-Yang (2020). "Fleas are parasitic scorpionflies". Palaeoentomology. 3 (6): 641–653. Bibcode:2020Plegy...3..641T. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.6.16. hdl:1983/8d3c12c6-529c-4754-b59d-3abf88a32fc9. ISSN 2624-2834.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Qiao, X.; Shih, C. K.; Petrulevičius, J. F.; Dong, R. (2013). "Fossils from the Middle Jurassic of China shed light on morphology of Choristopsychidae (Insecta, Mecoptera)". ZooKeys (318): 91–111. Bibcode:2013ZooK..318...91Q. doi:10.3897/zookeys.318.5226. PMC 3744206. PMID 23950679.
Lin, X.; Shih, M. J.; Labandeira, C. C.; Ren, D. (2016). "New data from the Middle Jurassic of China shed light on the phylogeny and origin of the proboscis in the Mesopsychidae (Insecta: Mecoptera)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 1–22. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16....1L. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0575-y (inactive 19 June 2026). PMC 4700641. PMID 26727998.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2026 (link)
Ding, He; Shih, Chungkun; Bashkuev, Alexei; Zhao, Yunyun; Ren, Dong (2014). "The earliest fossil record of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of China". ZooKeys (431): 79–92. Bibcode:2014ZooK..431...79D. doi:10.3897/zookeys.431.7561. PMC 4141175. PMID 25152669.
Ollerton, J.; Coulthard, E. (2009). "Evolution of Animal Pollination". Science. 326 (5954): 808–809. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..808O. doi:10.1126/science.1181154. PMID 19892970. S2CID 856038.
Ren, D.; Labandeira, C.C.; Santiago-Blay, J.A.; Rasnitsyn, A.; Shih, C.K.; Bashkuev, A.; Logan, M.A.; Hotton, C.L.; Dilcher, D. (2009). "Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies". Science. 326 (5954): 840–847. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..840R. doi:10.1126/science.1178338. PMC 2944650. PMID 19892981.
Bashkuev, A. S. (2011). "The earliest Mesopsychidae and revision of the family Mesopanorpodidae (Mecoptera)". In Shcherbakov, D.; Engel, M.; Sharkey, M. (eds.). Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn. ZooKeys 130. Vol. 130. PenSoft. pp. 263–279. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1611. ISBN 978-954-642-609-3. PMC 3260765. PMID 22259282.
Chen, Qing-Xiao; Hua, Bao-Zhen (2016-06-03). "Ultrastructure and Morphology of Compound Eyes of the Scorpionfly Panorpa dubia (Insecta: Mecoptera: Panorpidae)". PLOS ONE. 11 (6) e0156970. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1156970C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156970. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4892548. PMID 27258365.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Qiao, X.; Shih, C. K.; Petrulevičius, J. F.; Dong, R. (2013). "Fossils from the Middle Jurassic of China shed light on morphology of Choristopsychidae (Insecta, Mecoptera)". ZooKeys (318): 91–111. Bibcode:2013ZooK..318...91Q. doi:10.3897/zookeys.318.5226. PMC 3744206. PMID 23950679.
Lin, X.; Shih, M. J.; Labandeira, C. C.; Ren, D. (2016). "New data from the Middle Jurassic of China shed light on the phylogeny and origin of the proboscis in the Mesopsychidae (Insecta: Mecoptera)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 1–22. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16....1L. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0575-y (inactive 19 June 2026). PMC 4700641. PMID 26727998.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2026 (link)
Ding, He; Shih, Chungkun; Bashkuev, Alexei; Zhao, Yunyun; Ren, Dong (2014). "The earliest fossil record of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of China". ZooKeys (431): 79–92. Bibcode:2014ZooK..431...79D. doi:10.3897/zookeys.431.7561. PMC 4141175. PMID 25152669.
Ren, D.; Labandeira, C.C.; Santiago-Blay, J.A.; Rasnitsyn, A.; Shih, C.K.; Bashkuev, A.; Logan, M.A.; Hotton, C.L.; Dilcher, D. (2009). "Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies". Science. 326 (5954): 840–847. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..840R. doi:10.1126/science.1178338. PMC 2944650. PMID 19892981.
Bashkuev, A. S. (2011). "The earliest Mesopsychidae and revision of the family Mesopanorpodidae (Mecoptera)". In Shcherbakov, D.; Engel, M.; Sharkey, M. (eds.). Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn. ZooKeys 130. Vol. 130. PenSoft. pp. 263–279. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1611. ISBN 978-954-642-609-3. PMC 3260765. PMID 22259282.
Chen, Qing-Xiao; Hua, Bao-Zhen (2016-06-03). "Ultrastructure and Morphology of Compound Eyes of the Scorpionfly Panorpa dubia (Insecta: Mecoptera: Panorpidae)". PLOS ONE. 11 (6) e0156970. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1156970C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156970. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4892548. PMID 27258365.

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Rutsch, Poncie (22 January 2015). "Finding Crime Clues In What Insects Had For Dinner". NPR. Retrieved 22 June 2015.

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citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Whiting, Michael F.; Whiting, Alison S.; Hastriter, Michael W.; Dittmar, Katharina (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations". Cladistics. 24 (5): 677–707. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.731.5211. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x. S2CID 33808144. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

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Bashkuev, A.S. (2011). "Nedubroviidae, a new family of Mecoptera: the first Paleozoic long-proboscid scorpionflies". Zootaxa. 2895 (1): 47–57. Bibcode:2011Zoot.28955.1.3B. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2895.1.3. S2CID 83075922.
Grimaldi, D.; Johnston, M. A. (2014). "The long-tongued Cretaceous scorpionfly Parapolycentropus Grimaldi and Rasnitsyn (Mecoptera: Pseudopolycentropodidae): new data and interpretations". American Museum Novitates (3793): 1–24. doi:10.1206/3793.1. hdl:2246/6466. S2CID 54799375.
Archibald, S.B. (2005). "New Dinopanorpida (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Eocene Okanogan Highlands (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 119–136. Bibcode:2005CaJES..42..119A. doi:10.1139/e04-073. S2CID 55513480.
Wang, C.; Shih, C.; Ren, D (2014). "A new fossil hangingfly (Mecoptera: Cimbrophlebiidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 88 (1): 29–34. Bibcode:2014AcGlS..88...29W. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12180. S2CID 129796533.
"A Dictionary of Entomology". Nature. 91 (2267): 858. 2011. Bibcode:1913Natur..91S.134.. doi:10.1038/091134c0. ISBN 978-1-84593-542-9. S2CID 3947767.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Willman, R. (1987). "The phylogenetic system of the Mecoptera". Systematic Entomology. 12 (4): 519–524. Bibcode:1987SysEn..12..519W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1987.tb00222.x. S2CID 86349146.
Whiting, Michael F. (2002). "Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera". Zoologica Scripta. 31 (1): 93–104. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x. S2CID 56100681.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Wang, Chen; Shih, Chungkun; Ren, Dong (2014). "A New Fossil Hangingfly (Mecoptera: Cimbrophlebiidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 88 (1): 29–34. Bibcode:2014AcGlS..88...29W. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12180. S2CID 129796533.
Ollerton, J.; Coulthard, E. (2009). "Evolution of Animal Pollination". Science. 326 (5954): 808–809. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..808O. doi:10.1126/science.1181154. PMID 19892970. S2CID 856038.
Whiting, Michael F.; Whiting, Alison S.; Hastriter, Michael W.; Dittmar, Katharina (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations". Cladistics. 24 (5): 677–707. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.731.5211. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x. S2CID 33808144. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

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"Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science Facility". STAFS.

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Newton, Blake. "Scorpionflies & Hangingflies". University of Kentucky. Retrieved 25 February 2017.

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www3.interscience.wiley.com

Whiting, Michael F. (2002). "Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera". Zoologica Scripta. 31 (1): 93–104. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x. S2CID 56100681.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

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Tihelka, Erik; Giacomelli, Mattia; Huang, Di-Ying; Pisani, Davide; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Cai, Chen-Yang (2020). "Fleas are parasitic scorpionflies". Palaeoentomology. 3 (6): 641–653. Bibcode:2020Plegy...3..641T. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.6.16. hdl:1983/8d3c12c6-529c-4754-b59d-3abf88a32fc9. ISSN 2624-2834.
Chen, Qing-Xiao; Hua, Bao-Zhen (2016-06-03). "Ultrastructure and Morphology of Compound Eyes of the Scorpionfly Panorpa dubia (Insecta: Mecoptera: Panorpidae)". PLOS ONE. 11 (6) e0156970. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1156970C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156970. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4892548. PMID 27258365.

Mecoptera (English Wikipedia)

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