Melungeon (English Wikipedia)

Schroeder, Joan Vannorsdall (2009-02-01). "First Union: The Melungeons Revisited". Blue Ridge Country. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
Rheinheimer, Kurt (2009-01-01). "The Melungeons: A New Journey Home". Blue Ridge Country. Retrieved 2024-05-27.

books.google.com

Winkler, Wayne (2004). Walking Toward the Sunset: The Melungeons of Appalachia. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-919-7.
Forbes, Jack D. (1993). Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252051005.
Kennedy, N. Brent; Kennedy, Robyn Vaughan (1997). The Melungeons: The Resurrection of a Proud People: An Untold Story of Ethnic Cleansing in America (2nd ed.). Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-516-2 – via Google Books.

cambridge.org

Chresfield, Michell (2022), Halliwell, Martin; Jones, Sophie A. (eds.), "Genetics, Health and the Making of America's Triracial Isolates, 1950–80", The Edinburgh Companion to the Politics of American Health, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 459–475, ISBN 978-1-4744-5098-0, retrieved 2024-08-14

census.gov

www2.census.gov

"1894 Report of the U.S. Department of the Interior, in its Report of Indians Taxed and Not Taxed" (PDF). www2.census.gov. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
"1894 Report of the U.S. Department of the Interior, in its Report of Indians Taxed and Not Taxed" (PDF). www2.census.gov. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
"1894 Report of the U.S. Department of the Interior, in its Report of Indians Taxed and Not Taxed" (PDF). www2.census.gov. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 6 April 2025.

denverpost.com

"DNA finds origin of Appalachia's Melungeons: African men, white women". The Denver Post. AP. 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2024-05-23.

doi.org

O'Neill, Brian Juan (2017). "Review of Creole Societies in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, Havik, Philip J., and Malyn Newitt, eds". Africa Today. 63 (4): 84–90. doi:10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05. hdl:10071/14918. JSTOR 10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05.
Schorsch, Jonathan (2019). "Revisiting Blackness, Slavery, and Jewishness in the Early Modern Sephardic Atlantic". A Letter's Importance: The Spelling of Daka(h) (Deut. 23:2) and the Broadening of Western Sephardic Rabbinic Culture. doi:10.1163/9789004392489_022. ISBN 978-90-04-39248-9.
Berlin, Ira (1996). "From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America". The William and Mary Quarterly. 53 (2): 251–288. doi:10.2307/2947401. JSTOR 2947401.
Bartl, Renate (2018). American tri-racials: African-Native contact, multi-ethnic Native American Nations, and the ethnogenesis of tri-racial groups in North America (Thesis). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. doi:10.5282/edoc.26874.
Berlin, Ira (2017). "From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America". Critical Readings on Global Slavery (4 vols.). pp. 1216–1262. doi:10.1163/9789004346611_039. ISBN 978-90-04-34661-1.
Smith, J. Douglas. “The Campaign for Racial Purity and the Erosion of Paternalism in Virginia, 1922-1930: ‘Nominally White, Biologically Mixed, and Legally Negro.’” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 68, no. 1, 2002, pp. 65–106. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3069691. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.

earlywashingtondc.org

"O Say Can You See: Early Washington, D.C., Law & Family". earlywashingtondc.org. Retrieved 2024-08-14.

ebin.pub

"Dancing Revolution: Bodies, Space, and Sound in American Cultural History 2018059613, 2019013274, 9780252051234, 9780252042393, 9780252084188". ebin.pub. 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2024-05-23.

encyclopediavirginia.org

Wolfe, Brendan. "Racial Integrity Laws (1924–1930)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
Wolfe, Brendan. "Free Blacks in Colonial Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
Talbot, Tori. "Walter Ashby Plecker (1861–1947)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
Plecker, Walter A. "Surnames, by Counties and Cities, of Mixed Negroid Virginia Families Striving to Pass as "Indian" or White". Encyclopedia Virginia: Virginia Humanities. Library of Virginia. Retrieved 12 June 2023.

freeafricanamericans.com

"Introduction to Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina". freeafricanamericans.com. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
"Free African Americans, op.cit., Church and Cotanch Families". Freeafricanamericans.com. Retrieved August 21, 2013.

genome.gov

""Learning About Familial Mediterranean Fever", National Human Genome Research Institute". Genome.gov. November 17, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2013.

goodreads.com

"Daughter of the Legend". Goodreads. Retrieved 2025-05-28.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

O'Neill, Brian Juan (2017). "Review of Creole Societies in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, Havik, Philip J., and Malyn Newitt, eds". Africa Today. 63 (4): 84–90. doi:10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05. hdl:10071/14918. JSTOR 10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05.
Kananoja, Kalle (2013). Mariana Pequena, a black Angolan jew in early eighteenth-century Rio de Janeiro (Report). hdl:1814/27607.

historical-melungeons.com

Hicks, Mark (17 Aug 1991). "King of The Melungeons". Knoxville Journal. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 19 April 2025.

history.com

"Loving v. Virginia". History Channel. 14 December 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2023.

jhu.edu

muse.jhu.edu

Gibson, Toby D. (2013). "The Melungeons of Newman's Ridge: An Insider's Perspective". Appalachian Heritage. 41 (4): 59–66. ISSN 2692-9287.

jogg.info

Estes, Roberta A.; Goins, Jack H.; Ferguson, Penny; Crain, Janet Lewis (Fall 2011). "Melungeons, A Multi-Ethnic Population" (PDF). Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 7 (1). Retrieved 3 July 2023.

jstor.org

Billingsley, Carolyn Earle (2004). Winkler, Wayne (ed.). "Melungeons: A Study in Racial Complexity—A Review Essay". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 102 (2): 207–223. ISSN 0023-0243.
Arora, Anupama; Kaur, Rajender (2017). "Writing India in Early American Women's Fiction". Early American Literature. 52 (2): 363–388. ISSN 0012-8163.
O'Neill, Brian Juan (2017). "Review of Creole Societies in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, Havik, Philip J., and Malyn Newitt, eds". Africa Today. 63 (4): 84–90. doi:10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05. hdl:10071/14918. JSTOR 10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05.
Berlin, Ira (1996). "From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America". The William and Mary Quarterly. 53 (2): 251–288. doi:10.2307/2947401. JSTOR 2947401.

lcgsco.org

"The Origins of the Melungeons". Larimer County Genealogical Society. 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2024-08-14.

melungeon.org

"FAQ". Melungeon Heritage Association. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
"FAQ". Melungeon Heritage Association. Retrieved 2024-08-19.

nativeamericansofdelawarestate.com

"Mitsawokett: "Self-Identification"". nativeamericansofdelawarestate.com. Retrieved 2024-08-14.

nccivilwarcenter.org

CCW (2018-09-06). "Jacob Bryant: A Documented Lumbee Indian Who Fought in the Confederate Army". NC History Center on the Civil War, Emancipation & Reconstruction. Retrieved 2024-05-27.

ncpedia.org

"Melungeons | NCpedia". www.ncpedia.org. Retrieved 2024-05-23.

ncsu.edu

cwnc.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu

"The North Carolina Bandits". Harper's Weekly. 30 March 1872.

newsleader.com

Loller, Travis. "'A whole lot of people upset by this study': DNA & the truth about Appalachia's Melungeons". The News Leader. Retrieved 2024-08-14.

nps.gov

"The Racial Integrity Act, 1924: An Attack on Indigenous Identity (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
"The Racial Integrity Act, 1924: An Attack on Indigenous Identity". National Park Service. June 21, 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.

starnewsonline.com

Staff, Ben Steelman StarNews. ""The Lumbee Indians" -- black, white and shades of red". Wilmington Star-News. Retrieved 2024-08-19.

tampabay.com

>"DNA study seeks origin of Melungeons". Tampa Bay Times. AP. May 25, 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

telegram.com

Loller, Travis. "DNA study pops myths of Appalachia's Melungeons". The Worcester Telegram & Gazette. Retrieved 2024-08-14.

tennesseeencyclopedia.net

Rust, Randal. "Melungeons". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
Toplovich, Ann. "Melungeons". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved 3 July 2023.

theatlantic.com

Dodge, David (January 1886). "The Free Negroes of North Carolina". The Atlantic.

thenation.com

Foner, Eric (8 June 2018). "Ira Berlin, 1941–2018". The Nation.

theroot.com

Siekman, Henry Louis Gates Jr and NEHGS Researcher Meaghan (2016-06-24). "Am I Related to Free People of Color in NC?". The Root. Retrieved 2024-08-14.

timesgazette.com

Gazette, Times (2020-06-23). "Highland Co.'s lost tribe". The Times Gazette. Retrieved 2024-08-14.

unc.edu

mediahub.unc.edu

Rosenzweig, Brian (2023-03-05). "'I know who I am:' A Black mother and son's journey of learning to embrace their mixed-race American Indian identity". UNC Media Hub. Retrieved 2024-08-19.

underonesky.org

Joanne Johnson Smith & Florence Kennedy Barnett, "The Guineas of West Virginia: A Transcript of A Presentation at First Union" Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, 25 July 1997; Wise, Virginia

unl.edu

digitalcommons.unl.edu

Schrift, Melissa (2013-04-01). "Becoming Melungeon". University of Nebraska Press: Sample Books and Chapters.
Schrift, Melissa (2013). "Introduction". Becoming Melungeon: Making an Ethnic Identity in the Appalachian South. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-7154-8.

usatoday.com

Neal, Dale (June 24, 2015). "Melungeons explore mysterious mixed-race origins". USA Today. Retrieved 7 July 2023.

virginiaplaces.org

"Melungeons in Virginia". www.virginiaplaces.org. Retrieved 2024-08-14.

web.archive.org

"Mystery of Newman's Ridge". historical-melungeons.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
Joanne Johnson Smith & Florence Kennedy Barnett, "The Guineas of West Virginia: A Transcript of A Presentation at First Union" Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, 25 July 1997; Wise, Virginia
Hicks, Mark (17 Aug 1991). "King of The Melungeons". Knoxville Journal. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 19 April 2025.

wired.com

Philipkoski, Kristen. "Melungeon Secret Solved, Sort Of". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-08-14.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Gibson, Toby D. (2013). "The Melungeons of Newman's Ridge: An Insider's Perspective". Appalachian Heritage. 41 (4): 59–66. ISSN 2692-9287.
Philipkoski, Kristen. "Melungeon Secret Solved, Sort Of". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
Billingsley, Carolyn Earle (2004). Winkler, Wayne (ed.). "Melungeons: A Study in Racial Complexity—A Review Essay". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 102 (2): 207–223. ISSN 0023-0243.
Arora, Anupama; Kaur, Rajender (2017). "Writing India in Early American Women's Fiction". Early American Literature. 52 (2): 363–388. ISSN 0012-8163.