Meme (English Wikipedia)

Dawkins, Richard (2006). The Selfish Gene 30th Anniversary Edition (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-19-153755-4.
Kelly 1994, p. 360 "But if we consider culture as its own self-organizing system—a system with its own agenda and pressure to survive—then the history of humanity gets even more interesting. As Richard Dawkins has shown, systems of self-replicating ideas or memes can quickly accumulate their own agenda and behaviours. I assign no higher motive to a cultural entity than the primitive drive to reproduce itself and modify its environment to aid its spread. One way the self organizing system can do this is by consuming human biological resources." Kelly, Kevin (1994). Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems and the Economic World. Boston: Addison-Wesley. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-201-48340-6.
Wilson 1998 Wilson, Edward O. (1998). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Knopf. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-679-45077-1.

baillement.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Blackmore 1998; "The term 'contagion' is often associated with memetics. We may say that certain memes are contagious, or more contagious than others." Blackmore, Susan (1998). "Imitation and the definition of a meme" (PDF). Journal of Memetics. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
Blackmore 1998 Blackmore, Susan (1998). "Imitation and the definition of a meme" (PDF). Journal of Memetics. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2008.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Dawkins 1989, p. 192 "We need a name for the new replicator, a noun that conveys the idea of a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation. 'Mimeme' comes from a suitable Greek root, but I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like 'gene'. I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme. If it is any consolation, it could alternatively be thought of as being related to 'memory', or to the French word même. It should be pronounced to rhyme with 'cream'." Dawkins, Richard (1989). "11. Memes: The new replicators". The Selfish Gene (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-19-217773-5.
Millikan 2004, p. 16. "Richard Dawkins invented the term 'memes' to stand for items that are reproduced by imitation rather than reproduced genetically." Millikan, Ruth Garrett (2004). Varieties of Meaning: The 2002 Jean Nicod Lectures. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-13444-6.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Buyer beware: How to spot (and avoid) rug pulls and pump-and-dump schemes". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 13 May 2025.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

dictionary.cambridge.org

"Meme". Cambridge Dictionary. 2023. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2023.

cfpm.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cfpm.org

Laurent, John (1999). "A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes'". Journal of Memetics. 3 (1): 14–19. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021.
Gottsch, John D. (2001). "Mutation, Selection, And Vertical Transmission Of Theistic Memes In Religious Canons". Journal of Memetics. 5 (1). Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
Edmonds, Bruce (September 2002). "Three Challenges for the Survival of Memetics". Journal of Memetics. 6 (2). Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.

jom-emit.cfpm.org

Wilkins, John S. (1998). "What's in a Meme? Reflections from the perspective of the history and philosophy of evolutionary biology". Journal of Memetics. 2. Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2008.

cgscholar.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lankshear, Colin; Knobel, Michele (2019). "Memes, Macros, Meaning, and Menace: Some Trends in Internet Memes". The Journal of Communication and Media Studies. 4 (4): 43–57. doi:10.18848/2470-9247/CGP/v04i04/43-57. ISSN 2470-9247. S2CID 214369629. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.

dictionary.com (Global: 1,672^nd place; English: 1,248^th place)

"meme coin - Slang Dictionary". Dictionary.com. 21 October 2021. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2021.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

Miltner, Kate M. (2018). "Internet Memes". The Sage Handbook of Social Media. Sage Publications. pp. 412–428. doi:10.4135/9781473984066.n23. ISBN 978-1-4129-6229-2. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
Heylighen & Chielens 2009 Heylighen, Francis; Chielens, K. (2009). Meyers, B. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science: Evolution of Culture, Memetics (PDF). Bibcode:2009ecss.book.....M. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3. ISBN 978-0-387-75888-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
McNamara 2011 McNamara, Adam (2011). "Can we measure memes?". Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience. 3: 1. doi:10.3389/fnevo.2011.00001. PMC 3118481. PMID 21720531.
Burman, J. T. (2012). "The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999". Perspectives on Science. 20 (1): 75–104. doi:10.1162/POSC_a_00057. ISSN 1063-6145. S2CID 57569644.
Huxley, T. H. (1880). "The coming of age of 'The origin of species'". Science. 1 (2): 15–20. doi:10.1126/science.os-1.2.15. PMID 17751948. S2CID 4061790.
Cloak, F. T. 1975. "Is a cultural ethology possible?" Human Ecology 3: 161–182. doi:10.1007/BF01531639.
Lankshear, Colin; Knobel, Michele (2019). "Memes, Macros, Meaning, and Menace: Some Trends in Internet Memes". The Journal of Communication and Media Studies. 4 (4): 43–57. doi:10.18848/2470-9247/CGP/v04i04/43-57. ISSN 2470-9247. S2CID 214369629. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
Deacon, Terrence W. (2004). "Memes as Signs in the Dynamic Logic of Semiosis: Beyond Molecular Science and Computation Theory". Conceptual Structures at Work. "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" series, no. 3127. Vol. 3127. Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 17–30. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-27769-9_2. ISBN 978-3-540-22392-4. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
Cannizzaro, Sara (31 December 2016). "Internet memes as internet signs: A semiotic view of digital culture". Sign Systems Studies. 44 (4): 562–586. doi:10.12697/SSS.2016.44.4.05. ISSN 1736-7409. S2CID 53374867. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
Heylighen & Chielens 2009. Heylighen, Francis; Chielens, K. (2009). Meyers, B. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science: Evolution of Culture, Memetics (PDF). Bibcode:2009ecss.book.....M. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3. ISBN 978-0-387-75888-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
Shifman, Limor (2013). "Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 18 (3): 362–377. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12013. hdl:11059/14843. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
Petrova, Yulia (2021). "Meme language, its impact on digital culture and collective thinking". E3S Web of Conferences. 273 11026. Bibcode:2021E3SWC.27311026P. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202127311026. ISSN 2267-1242. S2CID 237986424.
Fracchia, Joseph; Lewontin, Richard (February 2005). "The price of metaphor". History and Theory. 44 (1): 14–29. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2005.00305.x. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 3590779. The selectionist paradigm requires the reduction of society and culture to inheritance systems that consist of randomly varying, individual units, some of which are selected, and some not; and with society and culture thus reduced to inheritance systems, history can be reduced to 'evolution.' ... We conclude that while historical phenomena can always be modeled selectionistically, selectionist explanations do no work, nor do they contribute anything new except a misleading vocabulary that anesthetizes history.
Poulshock 2002 Poulshock, Joseph (2002). "The Problem and Potential of Memetics". Journal of Psychology and Theology. 30. Rosemead School of Psychology / Gale Group: 68–80. doi:10.1177/009164710203000105. S2CID 140875579.
Robertson, Lloyd Hawkeye (2007). "Reflections on the use of spirituality to privilege religion in scientific discourse: Incorporating considerations of self". Journal of Religion and Health. 46 (3): 449–461. doi:10.1007/s10943-006-9105-y. S2CID 39449795. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
Pettis, Ben T. (19 August 2021). "Know your meme and the homogenization of Web history". Internet Histories. 1–17 (3): 263–279. doi:10.1080/24701475.2021.1968657. S2CID 238660211. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
Shifman, Limor (26 March 2013). "Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 18 (3): 362–377. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12013. hdl:11059/14843.

dx.doi.org

Deacon, Terrence W. (2004). "Memes as Signs in the Dynamic Logic of Semiosis: Beyond Molecular Science and Computation Theory". Conceptual Structures at Work. "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" series, no. 3127. Vol. 3127. Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 17–30. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-27769-9_2. ISBN 978-3-540-22392-4. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

Harper, Douglas. "meme". Online Etymology Dictionary.

fool.com (Global: 6,246^th place; English: 4,084^th place)

Rossolillo, Nicholas (23 September 2021). "What Are Meme Stocks?". The Motley Fool. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
Rossolillo, Nicholas. "Top Meme Stocks of 2023". The Motley Fool. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2023.

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

Brown, Abram. "Robinhood Stock's Surprise Supporters: Investors From The Reddit Group Who Hated The Company". Forbes. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Shifman, Limor (2013). "Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 18 (3): 362–377. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12013. hdl:11059/14843. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
Shifman, Limor (26 March 2013). "Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 18 (3): 362–377. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12013. hdl:11059/14843.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Fracchia, Joseph; Lewontin, Richard (February 2005). "The price of metaphor". History and Theory. 44 (1): 14–29. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2005.00305.x. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 3590779. The selectionist paradigm requires the reduction of society and culture to inheritance systems that consist of randomly varying, individual units, some of which are selected, and some not; and with society and culture thus reduced to inheritance systems, history can be reduced to 'evolution.' ... We conclude that while historical phenomena can always be modeled selectionistically, selectionist explanations do no work, nor do they contribute anything new except a misleading vocabulary that anesthetizes history.
Helmus, Todd C. Artificial Intelligence, Deepfakes, and Disinformation: A Primer. RAND Corporation, 2022. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep42027 Archived 17 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 Feb. 2024.
Anderson, Karrin Vasb, and Kristina Horn Sheeler. "Texts (and Tweets) from Hillary: Meta-Meming and Postfeminist Political Culture." Presidential Studies Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 2, 2014, pp. 224–43. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43286740. Accessed 17 Feb. 2024.

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

Gardner, Martin (5 March 2000). "Kilroy Was Here". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.

litcharts.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Selfish Gene: Chapter 11 – Summary & Analysis Archived 14 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine". LitCharts.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

Meme Archived 21 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

McNamara 2011 McNamara, Adam (2011). "Can we measure memes?". Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience. 3: 1. doi:10.3389/fnevo.2011.00001. PMC 3118481. PMID 21720531.
Huxley, T. H. (1880). "The coming of age of 'The origin of species'". Science. 1 (2): 15–20. doi:10.1126/science.os-1.2.15. PMID 17751948. S2CID 4061790.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

McNamara 2011 McNamara, Adam (2011). "Can we measure memes?". Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience. 3: 1. doi:10.3389/fnevo.2011.00001. PMC 3118481. PMID 21720531.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Phillips, Matt; Marcos, Coral Murphy (4 August 2021). "Robinhood's shares jump as much as 65 percent, like the meme stocks it enabled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
Popper, Nathaniel; Browning, Kellen (29 January 2021). "The 'Roaring Kitty' Rally: How a Reddit User and His Friends Roiled the Markets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2023.

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

academic.oup.com

Shifman, Limor (2013). "Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 18 (3): 362–377. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12013. hdl:11059/14843. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.

oxforddictionaries.com (Global: 1,689^th place; English: 1,562^nd place)

en.oxforddictionaries.com

"meme". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2017.

oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com (Global: 7,396^th place; English: 7,015^th place)

"meme noun". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. 2019. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2017.

proquest.com (Global: 121^st place; English: 59^th place)

Benítez-Bribiesca, Luis (January 2001). "MEMETICS: A DANGEROUS IDEA". Interciencia. 26 (1). ProQuest 210137265. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023 – via Research Library.

redalyc.org (Global: 2,409^th place; English: 3,440^th place)

Benitez Bribiesca, Luis (January 2001). "Memetics: A Dangerous Idea" (PDF). Interciencia: Revista de Ciencia y Technologia de América. 26 (1): 29–31. ISSN 0378-1844. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2010. If the mutation rate is high and takes place over short periods, as memetics predict, instead of selection, adaptation and survival a chaotic disintegration occurs due to the accumulation of errors.

sagepub.com (Global: 609^th place; English: 451^st place)

sk.sagepub.com

Miltner, Kate M. (2018). "Internet Memes". The Sage Handbook of Social Media. Sage Publications. pp. 412–428. doi:10.4135/9781473984066.n23. ISBN 978-1-4129-6229-2. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Gill, Jameson (2011). "Memes and narrative analysis: A potential direction for the development of neo-Darwinian orientated research in organisations" (PDF). EURAM 11: Proceedings of the European Academy of Management. European Academy of Management: 0–30. ISSN 2466-7498. S2CID 54894144. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
Burman, J. T. (2012). "The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999". Perspectives on Science. 20 (1): 75–104. doi:10.1162/POSC_a_00057. ISSN 1063-6145. S2CID 57569644.
Huxley, T. H. (1880). "The coming of age of 'The origin of species'". Science. 1 (2): 15–20. doi:10.1126/science.os-1.2.15. PMID 17751948. S2CID 4061790.
Lankshear, Colin; Knobel, Michele (2019). "Memes, Macros, Meaning, and Menace: Some Trends in Internet Memes". The Journal of Communication and Media Studies. 4 (4): 43–57. doi:10.18848/2470-9247/CGP/v04i04/43-57. ISSN 2470-9247. S2CID 214369629. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
Cannizzaro, Sara (31 December 2016). "Internet memes as internet signs: A semiotic view of digital culture". Sign Systems Studies. 44 (4): 562–586. doi:10.12697/SSS.2016.44.4.05. ISSN 1736-7409. S2CID 53374867. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
Petrova, Yulia (2021). "Meme language, its impact on digital culture and collective thinking". E3S Web of Conferences. 273 11026. Bibcode:2021E3SWC.27311026P. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202127311026. ISSN 2267-1242. S2CID 237986424.
Poulshock 2002 Poulshock, Joseph (2002). "The Problem and Potential of Memetics". Journal of Psychology and Theology. 30. Rosemead School of Psychology / Gale Group: 68–80. doi:10.1177/009164710203000105. S2CID 140875579.
Robertson, Lloyd Hawkeye (2007). "Reflections on the use of spirituality to privilege religion in scientific discourse: Incorporating considerations of self". Journal of Religion and Health. 46 (3): 449–461. doi:10.1007/s10943-006-9105-y. S2CID 39449795. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
Pettis, Ben T. (19 August 2021). "Know your meme and the homogenization of Web history". Internet Histories. 1–17 (3): 263–279. doi:10.1080/24701475.2021.1968657. S2CID 238660211. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.

shu.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 9,682^nd place)

shura.shu.ac.uk

Gill, Jameson (2011). "Memes and narrative analysis: A potential direction for the development of neo-Darwinian orientated research in organisations" (PDF). EURAM 11: Proceedings of the European Academy of Management. European Academy of Management: 0–30. ISSN 2466-7498. S2CID 54894144. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2022.

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

μίμημα, μιμεῖσθαι,μῖμος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.

umich.edu (Global: 429^th place; English: 307^th place)

cscs.umich.edu

Shalizi, Cosma Rohilla. "Memes". Center for the Study of Complex Systems. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2021.

usatoday.com (Global: 55^th place; English: 36^th place)

Schubert, Karen (31 July 2003). "Bazaar goes bizarre". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2007.

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ojs.utlib.ee

Cannizzaro, Sara (31 December 2016). "Internet memes as internet signs: A semiotic view of digital culture". Sign Systems Studies. 44 (4): 562–586. doi:10.12697/SSS.2016.44.4.05. ISSN 1736-7409. S2CID 53374867. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

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pespmc1.vub.ac.be

Heylighen & Chielens 2009 Heylighen, Francis; Chielens, K. (2009). Meyers, B. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science: Evolution of Culture, Memetics (PDF). Bibcode:2009ecss.book.....M. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3. ISBN 978-0-387-75888-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
Heylighen, Francis. "Meme replication: The memetic life-cycle". Principia Cybernetica. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
R. Evers, John. "A justification of societal altruism according to the memetic application of Hamilton's rule". Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Heylighen & Chielens 2009. Heylighen, Francis; Chielens, K. (2009). Meyers, B. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science: Evolution of Culture, Memetics (PDF). Bibcode:2009ecss.book.....M. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3. ISBN 978-0-387-75888-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2009.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"meme". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
"Meme". Cambridge Dictionary. 2023. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
"meme noun". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. 2019. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Meme Archived 21 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Miltner, Kate M. (2018). "Internet Memes". The Sage Handbook of Social Media. Sage Publications. pp. 412–428. doi:10.4135/9781473984066.n23. ISBN 978-1-4129-6229-2. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
Heylighen & Chielens 2009 Heylighen, Francis; Chielens, K. (2009). Meyers, B. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science: Evolution of Culture, Memetics (PDF). Bibcode:2009ecss.book.....M. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3. ISBN 978-0-387-75888-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
Gill, Jameson (2011). "Memes and narrative analysis: A potential direction for the development of neo-Darwinian orientated research in organisations" (PDF). EURAM 11: Proceedings of the European Academy of Management. European Academy of Management: 0–30. ISSN 2466-7498. S2CID 54894144. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
Shalizi, Cosma Rohilla. "Memes". Center for the Study of Complex Systems. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
Laurent, John (1999). "A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes'". Journal of Memetics. 3 (1): 14–19. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021.
"The Selfish Gene: Chapter 11 – Summary & Analysis Archived 14 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine". LitCharts.
Gardner, Martin (5 March 2000). "Kilroy Was Here". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
Lankshear, Colin; Knobel, Michele (2019). "Memes, Macros, Meaning, and Menace: Some Trends in Internet Memes". The Journal of Communication and Media Studies. 4 (4): 43–57. doi:10.18848/2470-9247/CGP/v04i04/43-57. ISSN 2470-9247. S2CID 214369629. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
Heylighen, Francis. "Meme replication: The memetic life-cycle". Principia Cybernetica. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
R. Evers, John. "A justification of societal altruism according to the memetic application of Hamilton's rule". Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Blackmore 1998; "The term 'contagion' is often associated with memetics. We may say that certain memes are contagious, or more contagious than others." Blackmore, Susan (1998). "Imitation and the definition of a meme" (PDF). Journal of Memetics. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
Blackmore 1998 Blackmore, Susan (1998). "Imitation and the definition of a meme" (PDF). Journal of Memetics. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
Wilkins, John S. (1998). "What's in a Meme? Reflections from the perspective of the history and philosophy of evolutionary biology". Journal of Memetics. 2. Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
Deacon, Terrence W. (2004). "Memes as Signs in the Dynamic Logic of Semiosis: Beyond Molecular Science and Computation Theory". Conceptual Structures at Work. "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" series, no. 3127. Vol. 3127. Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 17–30. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-27769-9_2. ISBN 978-3-540-22392-4. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
Kull, Kalevi (2000). "Copy versus translate, meme versus sign: Development of Biological Textuality". European Journal for Semiotic Studies. 12 (1): 101–120. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
Cannizzaro, Sara (31 December 2016). "Internet memes as internet signs: A semiotic view of digital culture". Sign Systems Studies. 44 (4): 562–586. doi:10.12697/SSS.2016.44.4.05. ISSN 1736-7409. S2CID 53374867. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
Gottsch, John D. (2001). "Mutation, Selection, And Vertical Transmission Of Theistic Memes In Religious Canons". Journal of Memetics. 5 (1). Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
Heylighen & Chielens 2009. Heylighen, Francis; Chielens, K. (2009). Meyers, B. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science: Evolution of Culture, Memetics (PDF). Bibcode:2009ecss.book.....M. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3. ISBN 978-0-387-75888-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
Shifman, Limor (2013). "Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 18 (3): 362–377. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12013. hdl:11059/14843. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
Benítez-Bribiesca, Luis (January 2001). "MEMETICS: A DANGEROUS IDEA". Interciencia. 26 (1). ProQuest 210137265. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023 – via Research Library.
Benitez Bribiesca, Luis (January 2001). "Memetics: A Dangerous Idea" (PDF). Interciencia: Revista de Ciencia y Technologia de América. 26 (1): 29–31. ISSN 0378-1844. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2010. If the mutation rate is high and takes place over short periods, as memetics predict, instead of selection, adaptation and survival a chaotic disintegration occurs due to the accumulation of errors.
Edmonds, Bruce (September 2002). "Three Challenges for the Survival of Memetics". Journal of Memetics. 6 (2). Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
Robertson, Lloyd Hawkeye (2007). "Reflections on the use of spirituality to privilege religion in scientific discourse: Incorporating considerations of self". Journal of Religion and Health. 46 (3): 449–461. doi:10.1007/s10943-006-9105-y. S2CID 39449795. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
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wired.co.uk (Global: 3,046^th place; English: 2,125^th place)

Solon, Olivia (20 June 2013). "Richard Dawkins on the internet's hijacking of the word 'meme'". Wired UK. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Shifman, Limor (2014). Memes in Digital Culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-1-4619-4733-2. OCLC 860711989.
Gill, Jameson (2011). "Memes and narrative analysis: A potential direction for the development of neo-Darwinian orientated research in organisations" (PDF). EURAM 11: Proceedings of the European Academy of Management. European Academy of Management: 0–30. ISSN 2466-7498. S2CID 54894144. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
Burman, J. T. (2012). "The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999". Perspectives on Science. 20 (1): 75–104. doi:10.1162/POSC_a_00057. ISSN 1063-6145. S2CID 57569644.
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Shifman, Limor (2014). Memes in Digital Culture. MIT Press. ISBN 978-1-4690-6325-6. OCLC 929971523.
Lankshear, Colin; Knobel, Michele (2019). "Memes, Macros, Meaning, and Menace: Some Trends in Internet Memes". The Journal of Communication and Media Studies. 4 (4): 43–57. doi:10.18848/2470-9247/CGP/v04i04/43-57. ISSN 2470-9247. S2CID 214369629. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
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Petrova, Yulia (2021). "Meme language, its impact on digital culture and collective thinking". E3S Web of Conferences. 273 11026. Bibcode:2021E3SWC.27311026P. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202127311026. ISSN 2267-1242. S2CID 237986424.
Benitez Bribiesca, Luis (January 2001). "Memetics: A Dangerous Idea" (PDF). Interciencia: Revista de Ciencia y Technologia de América. 26 (1): 29–31. ISSN 0378-1844. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2010. If the mutation rate is high and takes place over short periods, as memetics predict, instead of selection, adaptation and survival a chaotic disintegration occurs due to the accumulation of errors.
Fracchia, Joseph; Lewontin, Richard (February 2005). "The price of metaphor". History and Theory. 44 (1): 14–29. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2005.00305.x. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 3590779. The selectionist paradigm requires the reduction of society and culture to inheritance systems that consist of randomly varying, individual units, some of which are selected, and some not; and with society and culture thus reduced to inheritance systems, history can be reduced to 'evolution.' ... We conclude that while historical phenomena can always be modeled selectionistically, selectionist explanations do no work, nor do they contribute anything new except a misleading vocabulary that anesthetizes history.
Phillips, Matt; Marcos, Coral Murphy (4 August 2021). "Robinhood's shares jump as much as 65 percent, like the meme stocks it enabled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
Popper, Nathaniel; Browning, Kellen (29 January 2021). "The 'Roaring Kitty' Rally: How a Reddit User and His Friends Roiled the Markets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2023.

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

Osipovich, Alexander; Dawsey, Josh; Ramkumar, Amrith (23 April 2025). "Trump's Biggest Meme-Coin Investors Get Invited to Dinner With the President". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 June 2025.

yahoo.com (Global: 431^st place; English: 257^th place)

Edelman, Amelia (26 June 2024). "Always sending memes to your loved ones? It's called 'pebbling.' Here's why experts say the trend has its pros and cons". Yahoo Life. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.

zbi.ee (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kull, Kalevi (2000). "Copy versus translate, meme versus sign: Development of Biological Textuality". European Journal for Semiotic Studies. 12 (1): 101–120. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

zenodo.org (Global: 737^th place; English: 426^th place)

Robertson, Lloyd Hawkeye (2007). "Reflections on the use of spirituality to privilege religion in scientific discourse: Incorporating considerations of self". Journal of Religion and Health. 46 (3): 449–461. doi:10.1007/s10943-006-9105-y. S2CID 39449795. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2019.

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