Menstrual cup (English Wikipedia)

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"Silicone Rubber: What Is Medical Grade Silicone?". Casco Bay Molding.
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consumerreports.org

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contraceptionjournal.org

Mauck C, Lai JJ, Schwartz J, Weiner DH (April 2004). "Diaphragms in clinical trials: is clinician fitting necessary?". Contraception. 69 (4): 263–6. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2003.11.006. PMID 15033398.

cosmopolitan.com

Savin J (August 8, 2023). "What is a menstrual disc – and how do you use one?". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
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creativecommons.org

van Eijk AM, Zulaika G, Lenchner M, Mason L, Sivakami M, Nyothach E, et al. (August 2019). "Menstrual cup use, leakage, acceptability, safety, and availability: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet. Public Health. 4 (8): e376–e393. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30111-2. PMC 6669309. PMID 31324419. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Phillips-Howard PA, Nyothach E, Ter Kuile FO, Omoto J, Wang D, Zeh C, et al. (November 2016). "Menstrual cups and sanitary pads to reduce school attrition, and sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections: a cluster randomised controlled feasibility study in rural Western Kenya". BMJ Open. 6 (11): e013229. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013229. PMC 5168542. PMID 27881530. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

doi.org

Friberg M, Woeller K, Iberi V, Mancheno PP, Riedeman J, Bohman L, et al. (2023). "Development of in vitro methods to model the impact of vaginal lactobacilli on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation on menstrual cups as well as validation of recommended cleaning directions". Frontiers in Reproductive Health. 5: 1162746. doi:10.3389/frph.2023.1162746. PMC 10475951. PMID 37671283.
Gallo MF, Grimes DA, Schulz KF (2002). "Cervical cap versus diaphragm for contraception". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002 (4): CD003551. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003551. PMC 8719323. PMID 12519602.
van Eijk AM, Zulaika G, Lenchner M, Mason L, Sivakami M, Nyothach E, et al. (August 2019). "Menstrual cup use, leakage, acceptability, safety, and availability: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet. Public Health. 4 (8): e376–e393. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30111-2. PMC 6669309. PMID 31324419. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Eijk AM, Zulaika G, Lenchner M, Mason L, Sivakami M, Nyothach E, et al. (2019-08-01). "Menstrual cup use, leakage, acceptability, safety, and availability: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Public Health. 4 (8): e376–e393. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30111-2. ISSN 2468-2667. PMC 6669309. PMID 31324419.
North BB, Oldham MJ (February 2011). "Preclinical, clinical, and over-the-counter postmarketing experience with a new vaginal cup: menstrual collection". Journal of Women's Health. 20 (2): 303–11. doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1929. PMC 3036176. PMID 21194348.
Barnhart KT, Izquierdo A, Pretorius ES, Shera DM, Shabbout M, Shaunik A (June 2006). "Baseline dimensions of the human vagina". Human Reproduction. 21 (6): 1618–22. doi:10.1093/humrep/del022. PMID 16478763.
Manley H, Hunt JA, Santos L, Breedon P (January 2021). "Comparison between menstrual cups: first step to categorization and improved safety". Women's Health. 17: 17455065211058553. doi:10.1177/17455065211058553. PMC 8606723. PMID 34798792.
DeLoughery E, Colwill AC, Edelman A, Bannow BS (1 January 2024). "Red blood cell capacity of modern menstrual products: considerations for assessing heavy menstrual bleeding". BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health. 50 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2023-201895. ISSN 2515-1991. PMC 10847380. PMID 37550075.
Wunsch N, Green SJ, Adam S, Hampton J, Phillips-Howard PA, Mehta SD (27 January 2022). "In Vitro Study to Assess Effective Cleaning Techniques for Removing Staphylococcus aureus from Menstrual Cups". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (3): 1450. doi:10.3390/ijerph19031450. PMC 8835062. PMID 35162481.
Mason L, Laserson K, Oruko K, Nyothach E, Alexander K, Odhiambo F, et al. (2015). "Adolescent schoolgirls' experiences of menstrual cups and pads in rural western Kenya: a qualitative study". Waterlines. 34 (1): 15–30. doi:10.3362/1756-3488.2015.003. S2CID 72846874.
Bowman N, Thwaites A (21 January 2023). "Menstrual cup and risk of IUD expulsion – a systematic review". Contraception and Reproductive Medicine. 8 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/s40834-022-00203-x. ISSN 2055-7426. PMC 9863186. PMID 36670496.
Spechler S, Nieman LK, Premkumar A, Stratton P (2003). "The Keeper, a menstrual collection device, as a potential cause of endometriosis and adenomyosis". Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 56 (1): 35–7. doi:10.1159/000072329. PMID 12867766. S2CID 2419337.
Parasar P, Ozcan P, Terry KL (2017). "Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Management". Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep. 6 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1007/s13669-017-0187-1. PMC 5737931. PMID 29276652.
Mitchell MA, Bisch S, Arntfield S, Hosseini-Moghaddam SM (August 2015). "A confirmed case of toxic shock syndrome associated with the use of a menstrual cup". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology. 26 (4): 218–20. doi:10.1155/2015/560959. PMC 4556184. PMID 26361491.
Juma J, Nyothach E, Laserson KF, Oduor C, Arita L, Ouma C, et al. (May 2017). "Examining the safety of menstrual cups among rural primary school girls in western Kenya: observational studies nested in a randomised controlled feasibility study". BMJ Open. 7 (4): e015429. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015429. PMC 5566618. PMID 28473520.
Nonfoux L, Chiaruzzi M, Badiou C, Baude J, Tristan A, Thioulouse J, et al. (June 2018). "In Vitro". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 84 (12): e00351–18. doi:10.1128/aem.00351-18. PMC 5981080. PMID 29678918.
O'Brien SH (30 November 2018). "Evaluation and management of heavy menstrual bleeding in adolescents: the role of the hematologist". Hematology. 2018 (1): 390–398. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.390. PMC 6246024. PMID 30504337.
Koskenniemi A (2023-01-02). "Say no to shame, waste, inequality—and leaks! Menstrual activism in the market for alternative period products". Feminist Media Studies. 23 (1): 19–36. doi:10.1080/14680777.2021.1948885. hdl:10138/357657. ISSN 1468-0777. S2CID 237756421.
Mauck C, Lai JJ, Schwartz J, Weiner DH (April 2004). "Diaphragms in clinical trials: is clinician fitting necessary?". Contraception. 69 (4): 263–6. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2003.11.006. PMID 15033398.
Schwartz JL, Weiner DH, Jou Lai J, Frezieres RG, Creinin MD, Archer DF, et al. (2015). "Contraceptive Efficacy, Safety, Fit, and Acceptability of a Single-Size Diaphragm Developed with End-User Input". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 125 (4): 895–903. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000721. PMID 25751199. S2CID 205466445.
DeLoughery E, Colwill A, Edelman A, Samuelson Bannow B (January 9, 2024). "Red blood cell capacity of modern menstrual products: considerations for assessing heavy menstrual bleeding". BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health. 50 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2023-201895. PMC 10847380. PMID 37550075 – via BMJ Journals.
Abigail L, Bethany SB, Matteson K, Edelman A, Colwill A (February 15, 2023). "Menstrual Technology Innovations and the Implications for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 141 (4): 666–673. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005126. PMC 10026971. PMID 36791417.
Wu M, McIntosh J, Liu J (March 20, 2016). "Current prevalence rate of latex allergy: Why it remains a problem?". Journal of Occupational Health. 58 (2): 138–144. doi:10.1539/joh.15-0275-RA. PMC 5356959. PMID 27010091.
Kwak JI, Nam SH, Kim D, An YJ (October 2019). "Comparative study of feminine hygiene product regulations in Korea, the European Union, and the United States". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 107: 104397. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.022. PMID 31152857.
Li L, Frey M, Browning KJ (2010). "Biodegradability Study on Cotton and Polyester Fabrics" (PDF). Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 5 (4): 155892501000500. doi:10.1177/155892501000500406. S2CID 38815400.
Klosterman Kidd L (1994). "DSpace Angular Universal". doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-9822.
North BB, Oldham MJ (February 2011). "Preclinical, clinical, and over-the-counter postmarketing experience with a new vaginal cup: menstrual collection". Journal of Women's Health. 20 (2): 303–11. doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1929. PMC 3036176. PMID 21194348.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nyothach E, Ter Kuile FO, Omoto J, Wang D, Zeh C, et al. (November 2016). "Menstrual cups and sanitary pads to reduce school attrition, and sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections: a cluster randomised controlled feasibility study in rural Western Kenya". BMJ Open. 6 (11): e013229. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013229. PMC 5168542. PMID 27881530. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Huang PT, Huang JH (2020-05-01). "Menstrual Cup Use Intention and the Moderating Effects of Sexual Orientation and Gender Characteristic Among Female University Students in Taiwan: A Theory-Driven Exploration". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 49 (4): 1355–1366. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-1412-y. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 31432360. S2CID 254265294.
Moussaoui D, Abdulcadir J, Yaron M (March 2022). "Hymen and virginity: What every paediatrician should know". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 58 (3): 382–387. doi:10.1111/jpc.15887. ISSN 1034-4810. PMC 9306936. PMID 35000235.
Pokhrel D, Bhattarai S, Emgård M, von Schickfus M, Forsberg BC, Biermann O (2021-01-25). "Acceptability and feasibility of using vaginal menstrual cups among schoolgirls in rural Nepal: a qualitative pilot study". Reproductive Health. 18 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/s12978-020-01036-0. ISSN 1742-4755. PMC 7831234. PMID 33487171.

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There is discussion of the food cans contaminating the canned food, but none on their reuse to boil anything.
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escholarship.org

Schwartz JL, Weiner DH, Jou Lai J, Frezieres RG, Creinin MD, Archer DF, et al. (2015). "Contraceptive Efficacy, Safety, Fit, and Acceptability of a Single-Size Diaphragm Developed with End-User Input". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 125 (4): 895–903. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000721. PMID 25751199. S2CID 205466445.

espacenet.com

worldwide.espacenet.com

US 70865 Improvement in menstrual receiver A 1867 patent describes a sack fitting partly or wholly inside the vagina, suspended from a ring around the cervix, but with the ring held up by a U-shaped wire, which is fastened to the sack at one end and to a belt at the other. Quote:"I construct my menstrual receiver by forming a cup-shaped ring, a, made of rubber, gum, gold, silver, or any suitable substance, which may be made round, or elliptical, or of any shape to fit the os uteri. Around the lower orifice of ring is attached a sack or bag, b, made of rubber or any suitable materials. The ring a rests-around the os uteri, and the bag b rests entirely in the vagina, or may be made of such length as to rest parily outside and partly inside. I insert a small sponge in bag b to absorb the menstrual flux."
US 49915 (1865)US 626159 (1899)
US 574378

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Sylvia Hui (6 March 2024). "Catalonia launches free and reusable period products campaign". euronews. Associated Press. Retrieved 15 April 2024.

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European Commission (July 2023). "EU Ecolabel for Reusable Menstrual Cups: User Manual" (PDF). 1.

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"Period products then & now: 1918 to 2020". The Fornix. November 17, 2020. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.

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Parker E (28 July 2020). "These Period Cup Reviews Might Convince You to Ditch Pads and Tampons for Good". Glamour. Retrieved 2021-04-10.

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van Schagen S (8 November 2008). "A review of eco-minded feminine products". Grist. Retrieved 22 August 2014.

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Koskenniemi A (2023-01-02). "Say no to shame, waste, inequality—and leaks! Menstrual activism in the market for alternative period products". Feminist Media Studies. 23 (1): 19–36. doi:10.1080/14680777.2021.1948885. hdl:10138/357657. ISSN 1468-0777. S2CID 237756421.
Weir C (April 3, 2015). "In The Red: A private economic cost and qualitative analysis of environmental and health implications for five menstrual products". Dalhousie University. hdl:10222/76546. Retrieved February 29, 2024.

healthlinkbc.ca

"Heavy Menstrual Periods". www.healthlinkbc.ca. HealthLink BC.

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Telfer N (January 2, 2019). "Menstrual cups: questions, myths, and misconceptions". Clue. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.

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dr.lib.iastate.edu

Klosterman Kidd L (1994). "DSpace Angular Universal". doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-9822.

jeffjournal.org

Li L, Frey M, Browning KJ (2010). "Biodegradability Study on Cotton and Polyester Fabrics" (PDF). Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 5 (4): 155892501000500. doi:10.1177/155892501000500406. S2CID 38815400.

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"Kumbalangi goes modern, becomes India's first sanitary napkin free panchayat".

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Chu M (8 December 2017). "Menstrual cups approved for 1st time in Korea". KBR. Retrieved 30 March 2024.

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Eun-byel I (December 8, 2017). "Korean retailers allowed to sell menstrual 'cup'". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 30 March 2024.

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"Das neue Singa Diaphragma – Medintim". www.medintim.de.

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"Menstrual Cup Materials Explained : Silicone, Latex & Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE)". MeLuna USA. 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
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menstrualcupreviews.net

Anakalia (9 January 2019). "How to Choose a Menstrual Cup - For Beginners and Pros". MenstrualCupReviews.net. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
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Scott E (December 12, 2019). "I tried the menstrual cup you can wear during sex". Metro. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.

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Holt W. "Health Canada Just Approved Two New Reusable Menstrual Products & 1 Has A Helpful Handle - MTL Blog". www.mtlblog.com.

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"How to Recycle Your Old Menstrual Cup". My Eco Flow. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.

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nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Friberg M, Woeller K, Iberi V, Mancheno PP, Riedeman J, Bohman L, et al. (2023). "Development of in vitro methods to model the impact of vaginal lactobacilli on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation on menstrual cups as well as validation of recommended cleaning directions". Frontiers in Reproductive Health. 5: 1162746. doi:10.3389/frph.2023.1162746. PMC 10475951. PMID 37671283.
Gallo MF, Grimes DA, Schulz KF (2002). "Cervical cap versus diaphragm for contraception". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002 (4): CD003551. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003551. PMC 8719323. PMID 12519602.
van Eijk AM, Zulaika G, Lenchner M, Mason L, Sivakami M, Nyothach E, et al. (August 2019). "Menstrual cup use, leakage, acceptability, safety, and availability: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet. Public Health. 4 (8): e376–e393. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30111-2. PMC 6669309. PMID 31324419. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Eijk AM, Zulaika G, Lenchner M, Mason L, Sivakami M, Nyothach E, et al. (2019-08-01). "Menstrual cup use, leakage, acceptability, safety, and availability: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Public Health. 4 (8): e376–e393. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30111-2. ISSN 2468-2667. PMC 6669309. PMID 31324419.
North BB, Oldham MJ (February 2011). "Preclinical, clinical, and over-the-counter postmarketing experience with a new vaginal cup: menstrual collection". Journal of Women's Health. 20 (2): 303–11. doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1929. PMC 3036176. PMID 21194348.
Barnhart KT, Izquierdo A, Pretorius ES, Shera DM, Shabbout M, Shaunik A (June 2006). "Baseline dimensions of the human vagina". Human Reproduction. 21 (6): 1618–22. doi:10.1093/humrep/del022. PMID 16478763.
Manley H, Hunt JA, Santos L, Breedon P (January 2021). "Comparison between menstrual cups: first step to categorization and improved safety". Women's Health. 17: 17455065211058553. doi:10.1177/17455065211058553. PMC 8606723. PMID 34798792.
DeLoughery E, Colwill AC, Edelman A, Bannow BS (1 January 2024). "Red blood cell capacity of modern menstrual products: considerations for assessing heavy menstrual bleeding". BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health. 50 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2023-201895. ISSN 2515-1991. PMC 10847380. PMID 37550075.
Wunsch N, Green SJ, Adam S, Hampton J, Phillips-Howard PA, Mehta SD (27 January 2022). "In Vitro Study to Assess Effective Cleaning Techniques for Removing Staphylococcus aureus from Menstrual Cups". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (3): 1450. doi:10.3390/ijerph19031450. PMC 8835062. PMID 35162481.
Bowman N, Thwaites A (21 January 2023). "Menstrual cup and risk of IUD expulsion – a systematic review". Contraception and Reproductive Medicine. 8 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/s40834-022-00203-x. ISSN 2055-7426. PMC 9863186. PMID 36670496.
Spechler S, Nieman LK, Premkumar A, Stratton P (2003). "The Keeper, a menstrual collection device, as a potential cause of endometriosis and adenomyosis". Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 56 (1): 35–7. doi:10.1159/000072329. PMID 12867766. S2CID 2419337.
Parasar P, Ozcan P, Terry KL (2017). "Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Management". Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep. 6 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1007/s13669-017-0187-1. PMC 5737931. PMID 29276652.
Howard C, Rose CL, Trouton K, Stamm H, Marentette D, Kirkpatrick N, et al. (June 2011). "FLOW (finding lasting options for women): multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing tampons with menstrual cups". Canadian Family Physician. 57 (6): e208-15. PMC 3114692. PMID 21673197.
Mitchell MA, Bisch S, Arntfield S, Hosseini-Moghaddam SM (August 2015). "A confirmed case of toxic shock syndrome associated with the use of a menstrual cup". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology. 26 (4): 218–20. doi:10.1155/2015/560959. PMC 4556184. PMID 26361491.
Juma J, Nyothach E, Laserson KF, Oduor C, Arita L, Ouma C, et al. (May 2017). "Examining the safety of menstrual cups among rural primary school girls in western Kenya: observational studies nested in a randomised controlled feasibility study". BMJ Open. 7 (4): e015429. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015429. PMC 5566618. PMID 28473520.
Nonfoux L, Chiaruzzi M, Badiou C, Baude J, Tristan A, Thioulouse J, et al. (June 2018). "In Vitro". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 84 (12): e00351–18. doi:10.1128/aem.00351-18. PMC 5981080. PMID 29678918.
O'Brien SH (30 November 2018). "Evaluation and management of heavy menstrual bleeding in adolescents: the role of the hematologist". Hematology. 2018 (1): 390–398. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.390. PMC 6246024. PMID 30504337.
Mauck C, Lai JJ, Schwartz J, Weiner DH (April 2004). "Diaphragms in clinical trials: is clinician fitting necessary?". Contraception. 69 (4): 263–6. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2003.11.006. PMID 15033398.
Schwartz JL, Weiner DH, Jou Lai J, Frezieres RG, Creinin MD, Archer DF, et al. (2015). "Contraceptive Efficacy, Safety, Fit, and Acceptability of a Single-Size Diaphragm Developed with End-User Input". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 125 (4): 895–903. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000721. PMID 25751199. S2CID 205466445.
DeLoughery E, Colwill A, Edelman A, Samuelson Bannow B (January 9, 2024). "Red blood cell capacity of modern menstrual products: considerations for assessing heavy menstrual bleeding". BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health. 50 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2023-201895. PMC 10847380. PMID 37550075 – via BMJ Journals.
Abigail L, Bethany SB, Matteson K, Edelman A, Colwill A (February 15, 2023). "Menstrual Technology Innovations and the Implications for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 141 (4): 666–673. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005126. PMC 10026971. PMID 36791417.
Allen RE (1 January 2004). "Diaphragm fitting". American Family Physician. 69 (1): 97–100. PMID 14727824.
Wu M, McIntosh J, Liu J (March 20, 2016). "Current prevalence rate of latex allergy: Why it remains a problem?". Journal of Occupational Health. 58 (2): 138–144. doi:10.1539/joh.15-0275-RA. PMC 5356959. PMID 27010091.
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