Mesopotamia (English Wikipedia)

Mitchell, Larkin. "Earliest Egyptian Glyphs". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Eves, Howard (1969). An Introduction to the History of Mathematics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-03-074550-8.
Struik, Dirk J. (1987). A Concise History of Mathematics. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-60255-4.
Boyer 1991, "Mesopotamia" p. 30: "Babylonian mathematicians did not hesitate to interpolate by proportional parts to approximate intermediate values. Linear interpolation seems to have been a commonplace procedure in ancient Mesopotamia, and the positional notation lent itself conveniently to the rile of three. [...] a table essential in Babylonian algebra; this subject reached a considerably higher level in Mesopotamia than in Egypt. Many problem texts from the Old Babylonian period show that the solution of the complete three-term quadratic equation afforded the Babylonians no serious difficulty, for flexible algebraic operations had been developed. They could transpose terms in equations by adding equals to equals, and they could multiply both sides by like quantities to remove fractions or to eliminate factors. By adding $4ab$ to $(a-b)^{2}$ they could obtain $(a+b)^{2}$ for they were familiar with many simple forms of factoring. [...]Egyptian algebra had been much concerned with linear equations, but the Babylonians evidently found these too elementary for much attention. [...] In another problem in an Old Babylonian text we find two simultaneous linear equations in two unknown quantities, called respectively the "first silver ring" and the "second silver ring"." Boyer, Carl B. (1991). A History of Mathematics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Spencer, William (2000). Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7613-1356-4.

asbbs.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Wayne, Alexander; William, Violet (February 2012). "Trade and Traders of Mesopotamian Ur" (PDF). Journal of Business and Behavior Sciences. 19 (2012): 2.

atour.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cavalli-Sforza et al. Genetic tree of West Asia". Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
Cavalli-Sforza; et al. "Genetic tree of West Asia". Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.co.uk

"Migrants from the Near East 'brought farming to Europe'". BBC. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
"Ancient History in depth: Mesopotamia". BBC History. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.

news.bbc.co.uk

Twist, Jo (20 November 2005), "Open media to connect communities", BBC News, archived from the original on 17 May 2019, retrieved 6 August 2007.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Emberling 2015, p. 255. Emberling, Geoff (2015). "Mesopotamian cities and urban process, 3500–1600 BCE". In Yoffee, Norman (ed.). Early Cities in Comparative Perspective, 4000 BCE–1200 CE. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19008-4.
Emberling 2015, p. 256. Emberling, Geoff (2015). "Mesopotamian cities and urban process, 3500–1600 BCE". In Yoffee, Norman (ed.). Early Cities in Comparative Perspective, 4000 BCE–1200 CE. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19008-4.
Guo, Rongxing (2017). An Economic Inquiry into the Nonlinear Behaviors of Nations: Dynamic Developments and the Origins of Civilizations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 23. ISBN 978-3-319-48772-4. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2019. It was not until the widespread use of a syllabic script was adopted under Sargon's rule that significant portions of Sumerian population became literate.
Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (28 December 2004). Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East. A&C Black. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8264-1628-5. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Lambert, W. G. (2016). Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology: Selected Essays. The Cosmology of Sumer & Babylon. Mohr Siebeck. p. 111. ISBN 978-3-16-153674-8. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
Black & Green 1992, pp. 156, 169–170. Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. The British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-1705-8.
Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman; Northup, David (1 January 2010). The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-538-74438-6. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
Saggs, H. W. F. – Professor Emeritus of Semitic Languages at University College, Cardiff, Wales (2000). Babylonians. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20222-1. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wheeler, Mortimer (1953). The Indus Civilization. Cambridge history of India: Supplementary volume (3 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1968). p. 111. ISBN 978-0-521-06958-8. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. In calculating the significance of Indus contacts with Mesopotamia, it is obvious that the economic vitality of Mesopotamia is the controlling factor. Documentary evidence there vouches for vigorous commercial activity in the Sarginid and Larsa phases [...] {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Bryce, James (1886). "The Relations of History and Geography". Littell's Living Age. 5. 169. Boston: Littell and Company: 70. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. There was also an important trade route through central Asia, which coming down through Persia and Mesopotamia to the Levant, reached the sea in northern Syria [...]. These trade routes assumed enormous importance in the earlier Middle Ages, and upon them great political issues turned.
Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Headrick, Daniel R.; Hirsch, Steven W.; Johnson, Lyman L.; Northrup, David (2009). "Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact". The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History (6 ed.). Cengage Learning (published 2014). p. 279. ISBN 978-1-305-14709-6. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. Eurasia's overland trade faded, and merchants, soldiers, and explorers took to the seas.
Brebbia, Carlos A.; Martinez Boquera, A., eds. (28 December 2016). Islamic Heritage Architecture. Volume 159 of WIT transactions on the built environment. Southampton: WIT Press (published 2016). p. 111. ISBN 978-1-78466-237-0. Retrieved 10 April 2021. [...] the Silk Road [...] passed through central Asia and Mesopotamia. When the Suez Canal was inaugurated in 1869, trade was diverted to the sea [...].
Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-1-134-64102-4. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.

cam.ac.uk (Global: 569^th place; English: 354^th place)

arch.cam.ac.uk

Davenport, Ben (9 August 2013). "Ancient Mesopotamia - an overview". www.arch.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2025.

clarku.edu (Global: 9,653^rd place; English: 8,559^th place)

aleph0.clarku.edu

Joyce, David E. (1995). "Plimpton 322". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2022. The clay tablet with the catalog number 322 in the G. A. Plimpton Collection at Columbia University may be the most well known mathematical tablet, certainly the most photographed one, but it deserves even greater renown. It was scribed in the Old Babylonian period between −1900 and −1600 and shows the most advanced mathematics before the development of Greek mathematics.

creativecommons.org (Global: 580^th place; English: 287^th place)

Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; et al. (2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11) e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Seymour, Michael (2004). "Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980–2003". Current Anthropology. 45 (3): 351–368. doi:10.1086/383004. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 10.1086/383004. S2CID 224788984.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1962), "Mesopotamia", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 21 (2): 73–92, doi:10.1086/371676, JSTOR 543884, S2CID 222432558.
Wilkinson, Tony J. (2000), "Regional approaches to Mesopotamian archaeology: the contribution of archaeological surveys", Journal of Archaeological Research, 8 (3): 219–267, doi:10.1023/A:1009487620969, ISSN 1573-7756, S2CID 140771958.
Scheffler, Thomas (2003). "'Fertile crescent', 'Orient', 'Middle East': the changing mental maps of Southwest Asia". European Review of History. 10 (2): 253–272. doi:10.1080/1350748032000140796. S2CID 6707201.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1955). "Subartu and Subarian in Old Babylonian Sources". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 9 (1): 1–7. doi:10.2307/1359052. JSTOR 1359052. S2CID 163484083.
Dow, Sheila C. (April 2005). "Axioms and Babylonian thought: A reply". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 27 (3): 385–391. doi:10.1080/01603477.2005.11051453. S2CID 153637070. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
Lazim, Hayder; Almohammed, Eida Khalaf; Hadi, Sibte; Smith, Judith (2020). "Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula". Nature. 10 (1): 15289. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015289L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72283-1. PMC 7499422. PMID 32943725.
Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; et al. (2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11) e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Al-Zahery; et al. (October 2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 288. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..288A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC 3215667. PMID 21970613.
Tubiana, Joseph (22 October 2012). "Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Volume 1". Aethiopica. 7: 194–211. doi:10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.294. ISSN 2194-4024.

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

Hogg, Hope Waddell (1911). "Mesopotamia" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–187.

familytreedna.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Al-Zahery, N.; et al. (2003). ""Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations"" (PDF). PMID 12927131. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.

gvsu.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

scholarworks.gvsu.edu

Teall, Emily (October 2014). "Medicine and Doctoring in Ancient Mesopotamia". Grand Valley Journal of History. 3 (1): 3.

historyandpolicy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Milton-Edwards, Beverley (May 2003). "Iraq, past, present and future: a thoroughly-modern mandate?". History & Policy. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Seymour, Michael (2004). "Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980–2003". Current Anthropology. 45 (3): 351–368. doi:10.1086/383004. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 10.1086/383004. S2CID 224788984.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1962), "Mesopotamia", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 21 (2): 73–92, doi:10.1086/371676, JSTOR 543884, S2CID 222432558.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1955). "Subartu and Subarian in Old Babylonian Sources". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 9 (1): 1–7. doi:10.2307/1359052. JSTOR 1359052. S2CID 163484083.
Friedenwald, Julius; Morrison, Samuel (January 1940). "The History of the Enema with Some Notes on Related Procedures (Part I)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 8 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 77. JSTOR 44442727.
M. E. L. Mallowan, "The Bronze Head of the Akkadian Period from Nineveh. Archived 21 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine", Iraq Vol. 3, No. 1 (1936), pp. 104–110.

livius.org (Global: 2,150^th place; English: 2,305^th place)

"Livius.org". Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2022.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Al-Zahery, N.; et al. (2003). ""Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations"" (PDF). PMID 12927131. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
Lazim, Hayder; Almohammed, Eida Khalaf; Hadi, Sibte; Smith, Judith (2020). "Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula". Nature. 10 (1): 15289. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015289L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72283-1. PMC 7499422. PMID 32943725.
Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; et al. (2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11) e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Al-Zahery; et al. (October 2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 288. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..288A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC 3215667. PMID 21970613.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lazim, Hayder; Almohammed, Eida Khalaf; Hadi, Sibte; Smith, Judith (2020). "Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula". Nature. 10 (1): 15289. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015289L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72283-1. PMC 7499422. PMID 32943725.
Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; et al. (2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11) e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Al-Zahery; et al. (October 2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 288. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..288A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC 3215667. PMID 21970613.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Sissakian, Varoujan K.; Adamo, Nasrat; Al-Ansari, Nadhir; Mukhalad, Talal; Laue, Jan (January 2020). "Sea Level Changes in the Mesopotamian Plain and Limits of the Arabian Gulf: A Critical Review". Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. 10 (4): 88–110.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Seymour, Michael (2004). "Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980–2003". Current Anthropology. 45 (3): 351–368. doi:10.1086/383004. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 10.1086/383004. S2CID 224788984.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1962), "Mesopotamia", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 21 (2): 73–92, doi:10.1086/371676, JSTOR 543884, S2CID 222432558.
Wilkinson, Tony J. (2000), "Regional approaches to Mesopotamian archaeology: the contribution of archaeological surveys", Journal of Archaeological Research, 8 (3): 219–267, doi:10.1023/A:1009487620969, ISSN 1573-7756, S2CID 140771958.
Scheffler, Thomas (2003). "'Fertile crescent', 'Orient', 'Middle East': the changing mental maps of Southwest Asia". European Review of History. 10 (2): 253–272. doi:10.1080/1350748032000140796. S2CID 6707201.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1955). "Subartu and Subarian in Old Babylonian Sources". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 9 (1): 1–7. doi:10.2307/1359052. JSTOR 1359052. S2CID 163484083.
Dow, Sheila C. (April 2005). "Axioms and Babylonian thought: A reply". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 27 (3): 385–391. doi:10.1080/01603477.2005.11051453. S2CID 153637070. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2019.

stlawu.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

it.stlawu.edu

Fowler and Robson, p. 368. Photograph, illustration, and description of the root(2) tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. High resolution photographs, descriptions, and analysis of the root(2) tablet (YBC 7289) from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 12 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

Dow, Sheila C. (April 2005). "Axioms and Babylonian thought: A reply". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 27 (3): 385–391. doi:10.1080/01603477.2005.11051453. S2CID 153637070. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2019.

ubc.ca (Global: 1,820^th place; English: 998^th place)

math.ubc.ca

Fowler and Robson, p. 368. Photograph, illustration, and description of the root(2) tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. High resolution photographs, descriptions, and analysis of the root(2) tablet (YBC 7289) from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 12 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

oi.uchicago.edu

Woods C. (2006). "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian". In S. L. Sanders (ed) Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91–120, Chicago, Illinois . Archived 29 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Milton-Edwards, Beverley (May 2003). "Iraq, past, present and future: a thoroughly-modern mandate?". History & Policy. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
"Migrants from the Near East 'brought farming to Europe'". BBC. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
"Ancient History in depth: Mesopotamia". BBC History. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
Guo, Rongxing (2017). An Economic Inquiry into the Nonlinear Behaviors of Nations: Dynamic Developments and the Origins of Civilizations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 23. ISBN 978-3-319-48772-4. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2019. It was not until the widespread use of a syllabic script was adopted under Sargon's rule that significant portions of Sumerian population became literate.
Woods C. (2006). "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian". In S. L. Sanders (ed) Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91–120, Chicago, Illinois . Archived 29 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (28 December 2004). Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East. A&C Black. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8264-1628-5. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Fowler and Robson, p. 368. Photograph, illustration, and description of the root(2) tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. High resolution photographs, descriptions, and analysis of the root(2) tablet (YBC 7289) from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 12 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
Joyce, David E. (1995). "Plimpton 322". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2022. The clay tablet with the catalog number 322 in the G. A. Plimpton Collection at Columbia University may be the most well known mathematical tablet, certainly the most photographed one, but it deserves even greater renown. It was scribed in the Old Babylonian period between −1900 and −1600 and shows the most advanced mathematics before the development of Greek mathematics.
Twist, Jo (20 November 2005), "Open media to connect communities", BBC News, archived from the original on 17 May 2019, retrieved 6 August 2007.
Lambert, W. G. (2016). Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology: Selected Essays. The Cosmology of Sumer & Babylon. Mohr Siebeck. p. 111. ISBN 978-3-16-153674-8. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
Dow, Sheila C. (April 2005). "Axioms and Babylonian thought: A reply". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 27 (3): 385–391. doi:10.1080/01603477.2005.11051453. S2CID 153637070. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman; Northup, David (1 January 2010). The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-538-74438-6. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
Saggs, H. W. F. – Professor Emeritus of Semitic Languages at University College, Cardiff, Wales (2000). Babylonians. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20222-1. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wheeler, Mortimer (1953). The Indus Civilization. Cambridge history of India: Supplementary volume (3 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1968). p. 111. ISBN 978-0-521-06958-8. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. In calculating the significance of Indus contacts with Mesopotamia, it is obvious that the economic vitality of Mesopotamia is the controlling factor. Documentary evidence there vouches for vigorous commercial activity in the Sarginid and Larsa phases [...] {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Mitchell, Larkin. "Earliest Egyptian Glyphs". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
Bryce, James (1886). "The Relations of History and Geography". Littell's Living Age. 5. 169. Boston: Littell and Company: 70. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. There was also an important trade route through central Asia, which coming down through Persia and Mesopotamia to the Levant, reached the sea in northern Syria [...]. These trade routes assumed enormous importance in the earlier Middle Ages, and upon them great political issues turned.
Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Headrick, Daniel R.; Hirsch, Steven W.; Johnson, Lyman L.; Northrup, David (2009). "Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact". The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History (6 ed.). Cengage Learning (published 2014). p. 279. ISBN 978-1-305-14709-6. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. Eurasia's overland trade faded, and merchants, soldiers, and explorers took to the seas.
Al-Zahery, N.; et al. (2003). ""Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations"" (PDF). PMID 12927131. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
"Cavalli-Sforza et al. Genetic tree of West Asia". Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
Cavalli-Sforza; et al. "Genetic tree of West Asia". Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
M. E. L. Mallowan, "The Bronze Head of the Akkadian Period from Nineveh. Archived 21 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine", Iraq Vol. 3, No. 1 (1936), pp. 104–110.
Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-1-134-64102-4. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
"Livius.org". Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
"Mesopotamia". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2017.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Seymour, Michael (2004). "Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980–2003". Current Anthropology. 45 (3): 351–368. doi:10.1086/383004. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 10.1086/383004. S2CID 224788984.
Miquel, A.; Brice, W. C.; Sourdel, D.; Aubin, J.; Holt, P. M.; Kelidar, A.; Blanc, H.; MacKenzie, D. N.; Pellat, Ch. (2011), "ʿIrāḳ", in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Online, OCLC 624382576.
Canard, M. (2011), "al-ḎJazīra, Ḏjazīrat Aḳūr or Iḳlīm Aḳūr", in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Online, OCLC 624382576.
Wilkinson, Tony J. (2000), "Regional approaches to Mesopotamian archaeology: the contribution of archaeological surveys", Journal of Archaeological Research, 8 (3): 219–267, doi:10.1023/A:1009487620969, ISSN 1573-7756, S2CID 140771958.
Tubiana, Joseph (22 October 2012). "Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Volume 1". Aethiopica. 7: 194–211. doi:10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.294. ISSN 2194-4024.
Winter, Irene J. (1985). "After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East". In Kessler, Herbert L.; Simpson, Marianna Shreve. Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Series IV. 16. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art. pp. 11–32. ISSN 0091-7338.

worldhistory.org (Global: 2,330^th place; English: 1,976^th place)

"Mesopotamia". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2017.

Mesopotamia (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

archaeology.org (Global: 4,349th place; English: 3,410th place)

archive.archaeology.org

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

asbbs.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

atour.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

cam.ac.uk (Global: 569th place; English: 354th place)

arch.cam.ac.uk

clarku.edu (Global: 9,653rd place; English: 8,559th place)

aleph0.clarku.edu

creativecommons.org (Global: 580th place; English: 287th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82nd place; English: 41st place)

familytreedna.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

gvsu.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

scholarworks.gvsu.edu

historyandpolicy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

livius.org (Global: 2,150th place; English: 2,305th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

researchgate.net (Global: 96th place; English: 89th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

stlawu.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

it.stlawu.edu

tandfonline.com (Global: 286th place; English: 209th place)

ubc.ca (Global: 1,820th place; English: 998th place)

math.ubc.ca

uchicago.edu (Global: 226th place; English: 199th place)

oi.uchicago.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

worldhistory.org (Global: 2,330th place; English: 1,976th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archaeology.org (Global: 4,349^th place; English: 3,410^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cam.ac.uk (Global: 569^th place; English: 354^th place)

clarku.edu (Global: 9,653^rd place; English: 8,559^th place)

creativecommons.org (Global: 580^th place; English: 287^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

livius.org (Global: 2,150^th place; English: 2,305^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

ubc.ca (Global: 1,820^th place; English: 998^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

worldhistory.org (Global: 2,330^th place; English: 1,976^th place)