Mesopotamia (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Mesopotamia" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

25web.archive.org

1^st place

13books.google.com

3^rd place

10doi.org

2^nd place

7worldcat.org

5^th place

6semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

6archive.org

6^th place

6nih.gov

4^th place

5jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

3harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

3bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

2atour.com

low place

1researchgate.net

120^th place

125^th place

1historyandpolicy.org

low place

1wikisource.org

27^th place

51^st place

1uchicago.edu

230^th place

214^th place

1stlawu.edu

low place

1ubc.ca

1,997^th place

1,295^th place

1clarku.edu

6,602^nd place

6,109^th place

1gvsu.edu

low place

1tandfonline.com

507^th place

429^th place

1asbbs.org

low place

1archaeology.org

3,488^th place

2,648^th place

1familytreedna.com

low place

1creativecommons.org

1,010^th place

612^th place

1livius.org

2,000^th place

1,766^th place

1worldhistory.org

2,220^th place

1,461^st place

archaeology.org

archive.archaeology.org

Mitchell, Larkin. "Earliest Egyptian Glyphs". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

archive.org

Eves, Howard (1969). An Introduction to the History of Mathematics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 31. ISBN 9780030745508.
Eves, Howard (1969). An Introduction to the History of Mathematics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 31. ISBN 9780030745508.
Struik, Dirk J. (1987). A Concise History of Mathematics. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-60255-4.
Boyer 1991, "Mesopotamia" p. 30: "Babylonian mathematicians did not hesitate to interpolate by proportional parts to approximate intermediate values. Linear interpolation seems to have been a commonplace procedure in ancient Mesopotamia, and the positional notation lent itself conveniently to the rile of three. [...] a table essential in Babylonian algebra; this subject reached a considerably higher level in Mesopotamia than in Egypt. Many problem texts from the Old Babylonian period show that the solution of the complete three-term quadratic equation afforded the Babylonians no serious difficulty, for flexible algebraic operations had been developed. They could transpose terms in an equations by adding equals to equals, and they could multiply both sides by like quantities to remove fractions or to eliminate factors. By adding $4ab$ to $(a-b)^{2}$ they could obtain $(a+b)^{2}$ for they were familiar with many simple forms of factoring. [...]Egyptian algebra had been much concerned with linear equations, but the Babylonians evidently found these too elementary for much attention. [...] In another problem in an Old Babylonian text we find two simultaneous linear equations in two unknown quantities, called respectively the "first silver ring" and the "second silver ring."" Boyer, Carl B. (1991). A History of Mathematics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8.
Spencer, William (2000). Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7613-1356-4.

asbbs.org

Wayne, Alexander; William, Violet (February 2012). "Trade and Traders of Mesopotamian Ur" (PDF). Journal of Business and Behavior Sciences. 19 (2012): 2.

atour.com

"Cavalli-Sforza et al. Genetic tree of West Asia". Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
Cavalli-Sforza; et al. "Genetic tree of West Asia". Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.

bbc.co.uk

"Migrants from the Near East 'brought farming to Europe'". BBC. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
"Ancient History in depth: Mesopotamia". BBC History. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.

news.bbc.co.uk

Twist, Jo (20 November 2005), "Open media to connect communities", BBC News, archived from the original on 17 May 2019, retrieved 6 August 2007.

books.google.com

Emberling 2015, p. 255. Emberling, Geoff (2015). "Mesopotamian cities and urban process, 3500–1600 BCE". In Yoffee, Norman (ed.). Early Cities in Comparative Perspective, 4000 BCE–1200 CE. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19008-4.
Emberling 2015, p. 256. Emberling, Geoff (2015). "Mesopotamian cities and urban process, 3500–1600 BCE". In Yoffee, Norman (ed.). Early Cities in Comparative Perspective, 4000 BCE–1200 CE. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19008-4.
Guo, Rongxing (2017). An Economic Inquiry into the Nonlinear Behaviors of Nations: Dynamic Developments and the Origins of Civilizations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 23. ISBN 9783319487724. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2019. It was not until the widespread use of a syllabic script was adopted under Sargon's rule that significant portions of Sumerian population became literate.
Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (28 December 2004). Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East. A&C Black. p. 75. ISBN 9780826416285. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Lambert, W. G. (2016). Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology: Selected Essays. The Cosmology of Sumer & Babylon. Mohr Siebeck. p. 111. ISBN 978-3161536748. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
Black & Green 1992, pp. 156, 169–170. Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. The British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-1705-8.
Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman; Northup, David (1 January 2010). The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-538-74438-6. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
Saggs, H. W. F. – Professor Emeritus of Semitic Languages at University College, Cardiff, Wales (2000). Babylonians. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20222-1. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wheeler, Mortimer (1953). The Indus Civilization. Cambridge history of India: Supplementary volume (3 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1968). p. 111. ISBN 9780521069588. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. In calculating the significance of Indus contacts with Mesopotamia, it is obvious that the economic vitality of Mesopotamia is the controlling factor. Documentary evidence there vouches for vigorous commercial activity in the Sarginid and Larsa phases [...]
Bryce, James (1886). "The Relations of History and Geography". Littell's Living Age. 5. 169. Boston: Littell and Company: 70. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. There was also an important trade route through central Asia, which coming down through Persia and Mesopotamia to the Levant, reached the sea in northern Syria [...]. These trade routes assumed enormous importance in the earlier Middle Ages, and upon them great political issues turned.
Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Headrick, Daniel R.; Hirsch, Steven W.; Johnson, Lyman L.; Northrup, David (2009). "Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact". The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History (6 ed.). Cengage Learning (published 2014). p. 279. ISBN 9781305147096. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. Eurasia's overland trade faded, and merchants, soldiers, and explorers took to the seas.
Brebbia, Carlos A.; Martinez Boquera, A., eds. (28 December 2016). Islamic Heritage Architecture. Volume 159 of WIT transactions on the built environment. Southampton: WIT Press (published 2016). p. 111. ISBN 9781784662370. Retrieved 10 April 2021. [...] the Silk Road [...] passed through central Asia and Mesopotamia. When the Suez Canal was inaugurated in 1869, trade was diverted to the sea [...].
Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-1-134-64102-4. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.

clarku.edu

aleph0.clarku.edu

Joyce, David E. (1995). "Plimpton 322". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2022. The clay tablet with the catalog number 322 in the G. A. Plimpton Collection at Columbia University may be the most well known mathematical tablet, certainly the most photographed one, but it deserves even greater renown. It was scribed in the Old Babylonian period between −1900 and −1600 and shows the most advanced mathematics before the development of Greek mathematics.

creativecommons.org

Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; et al. (2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

doi.org

Seymour, Michael (2004). "Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980–2003". Current Anthropology. 45 (3): 351–368. doi:10.1086/383004. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 10.1086/383004. S2CID 224788984. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1962), "Mesopotamia", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 21 (2): 73–92, doi:10.1086/371676, JSTOR 543884, S2CID 222432558.
Wilkinson, Tony J. (2000), "Regional approaches to Mesopotamian archaeology: the contribution of archaeological surveys", Journal of Archaeological Research, 8 (3): 219–267, doi:10.1023/A:1009487620969, ISSN 1573-7756, S2CID 140771958.
Scheffler, Thomas (2003). "'Fertile crescent', 'Orient', 'Middle East': the changing mental maps of Southeast Asia". European Review of History. 10 (2): 253–272. doi:10.1080/1350748032000140796. S2CID 6707201.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1955). "Subartu and Subarian in Old Babylonian Sources". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 9 (1): 1–7. doi:10.2307/1359052. JSTOR 1359052. S2CID 163484083.
Dow, Sheila C. (April 2005). "Axioms and Babylonian thought: A reply". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 27 (3): 385–391. doi:10.1080/01603477.2005.11051453. S2CID 153637070. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
Lazim, Hayder; Almohammed, Eida Khalaf; Hadi, Sibte; Smith, Judith (2020). "Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula". Nature. 10 (1): 15289. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015289L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72283-1. PMC 7499422. PMID 32943725.
Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; et al. (2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Al-Zahery; et al. (October 2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 288. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..288A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC 3215667. PMID 21970613.
Tubiana, Joseph (22 October 2012). "Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Volume 1". Aethiopica. 7: 194–211. doi:10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.294. ISSN 2194-4024.

familytreedna.com

Al-Zahery, N.; et al. (2003). ""Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.

gvsu.edu

scholarworks.gvsu.edu

Teall, Emily (October 2014). "Medicine and Doctoring in Ancient Mesopotamia". Grand Valley Journal of History. 3 (1): 3.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Lazim, Hayder; Almohammed, Eida Khalaf; Hadi, Sibte; Smith, Judith (2020). "Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula". Nature. 10 (1): 15289. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015289L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72283-1. PMC 7499422. PMID 32943725.
Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; et al. (2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Al-Zahery; et al. (October 2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 288. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..288A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC 3215667. PMID 21970613.

historyandpolicy.org

Milton-Edwards, Beverley (May 2003). "Iraq, past, present and future: a thoroughly-modern mandate?". History & Policy. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.

jstor.org

Seymour, Michael (2004). "Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980–2003". Current Anthropology. 45 (3): 351–368. doi:10.1086/383004. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 10.1086/383004. S2CID 224788984. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1962), "Mesopotamia", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 21 (2): 73–92, doi:10.1086/371676, JSTOR 543884, S2CID 222432558.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1955). "Subartu and Subarian in Old Babylonian Sources". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 9 (1): 1–7. doi:10.2307/1359052. JSTOR 1359052. S2CID 163484083.
Friedenwald, Julius; Morrison, Samuel (January 1940). "The History of the Enema with Some Notes on Related Procedures (Part I)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 8 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 77. JSTOR 44442727.
M. E. L. Mallowan, "The Bronze Head of the Akkadian Period from Nineveh. Archived 21 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine", Iraq Vol. 3, No. 1 (1936), pp. 104–110.

livius.org

"Livius.org". Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2022.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lazim, Hayder; Almohammed, Eida Khalaf; Hadi, Sibte; Smith, Judith (2020). "Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula". Nature. 10 (1): 15289. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015289L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72283-1. PMC 7499422. PMID 32943725.
Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; et al. (2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Al-Zahery; et al. (October 2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 288. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..288A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC 3215667. PMID 21970613.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lazim, Hayder; Almohammed, Eida Khalaf; Hadi, Sibte; Smith, Judith (2020). "Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula". Nature. 10 (1): 15289. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015289L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72283-1. PMC 7499422. PMID 32943725.
Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; et al. (2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Al-Zahery; et al. (October 2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 288. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..288A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC 3215667. PMID 21970613.

researchgate.net

Sissakian, Varoujan K.; Adamo, Nasrat; Al-Ansari, Nadhir; Mukhalad, Talal; Laue, Jan (January 2020). "Sea Level Changes in the Mesopotamian Plain and Limits of the Arabian Gulf: A Critical Review". Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. 10 (4): 88–110.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Seymour, Michael (2004). "Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980–2003". Current Anthropology. 45 (3): 351–368. doi:10.1086/383004. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 10.1086/383004. S2CID 224788984. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1962), "Mesopotamia", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 21 (2): 73–92, doi:10.1086/371676, JSTOR 543884, S2CID 222432558.
Wilkinson, Tony J. (2000), "Regional approaches to Mesopotamian archaeology: the contribution of archaeological surveys", Journal of Archaeological Research, 8 (3): 219–267, doi:10.1023/A:1009487620969, ISSN 1573-7756, S2CID 140771958.
Scheffler, Thomas (2003). "'Fertile crescent', 'Orient', 'Middle East': the changing mental maps of Southeast Asia". European Review of History. 10 (2): 253–272. doi:10.1080/1350748032000140796. S2CID 6707201.
Finkelstein, J. J. (1955). "Subartu and Subarian in Old Babylonian Sources". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 9 (1): 1–7. doi:10.2307/1359052. JSTOR 1359052. S2CID 163484083.
Dow, Sheila C. (April 2005). "Axioms and Babylonian thought: A reply". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 27 (3): 385–391. doi:10.1080/01603477.2005.11051453. S2CID 153637070. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2019.

stlawu.edu

it.stlawu.edu

Fowler and Robson, p. 368. Photograph, illustration, and description of the root(2) tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. High resolution photographs, descriptions, and analysis of the root(2) tablet (YBC 7289) from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 12 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

tandfonline.com

Dow, Sheila C. (April 2005). "Axioms and Babylonian thought: A reply". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 27 (3): 385–391. doi:10.1080/01603477.2005.11051453. S2CID 153637070. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2019.

ubc.ca

math.ubc.ca

Fowler and Robson, p. 368. Photograph, illustration, and description of the root(2) tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. High resolution photographs, descriptions, and analysis of the root(2) tablet (YBC 7289) from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 12 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

uchicago.edu

oi.uchicago.edu

Woods C. (2006). "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian". In S. L. Sanders (ed) Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91–120, Chicago, Illinois [1]. Archived 29 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

web.archive.org

Seymour, Michael (2004). "Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980–2003". Current Anthropology. 45 (3): 351–368. doi:10.1086/383004. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 10.1086/383004. S2CID 224788984. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
Milton-Edwards, Beverley (May 2003). "Iraq, past, present and future: a thoroughly-modern mandate?". History & Policy. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
"Migrants from the Near East 'brought farming to Europe'". BBC. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
"Ancient History in depth: Mesopotamia". BBC History. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
Guo, Rongxing (2017). An Economic Inquiry into the Nonlinear Behaviors of Nations: Dynamic Developments and the Origins of Civilizations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 23. ISBN 9783319487724. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2019. It was not until the widespread use of a syllabic script was adopted under Sargon's rule that significant portions of Sumerian population became literate.
Woods C. (2006). "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian". In S. L. Sanders (ed) Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91–120, Chicago, Illinois [1]. Archived 29 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (28 December 2004). Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East. A&C Black. p. 75. ISBN 9780826416285. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Fowler and Robson, p. 368. Photograph, illustration, and description of the root(2) tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. High resolution photographs, descriptions, and analysis of the root(2) tablet (YBC 7289) from the Yale Babylonian Collection. Archived 12 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
Joyce, David E. (1995). "Plimpton 322". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2022. The clay tablet with the catalog number 322 in the G. A. Plimpton Collection at Columbia University may be the most well known mathematical tablet, certainly the most photographed one, but it deserves even greater renown. It was scribed in the Old Babylonian period between −1900 and −1600 and shows the most advanced mathematics before the development of Greek mathematics.
Twist, Jo (20 November 2005), "Open media to connect communities", BBC News, archived from the original on 17 May 2019, retrieved 6 August 2007.
Lambert, W. G. (2016). Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology: Selected Essays. The Cosmology of Sumer & Babylon. Mohr Siebeck. p. 111. ISBN 978-3161536748. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
Dow, Sheila C. (April 2005). "Axioms and Babylonian thought: A reply". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 27 (3): 385–391. doi:10.1080/01603477.2005.11051453. S2CID 153637070. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman; Northup, David (1 January 2010). The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-538-74438-6. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
Saggs, H. W. F. – Professor Emeritus of Semitic Languages at University College, Cardiff, Wales (2000). Babylonians. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20222-1. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wheeler, Mortimer (1953). The Indus Civilization. Cambridge history of India: Supplementary volume (3 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1968). p. 111. ISBN 9780521069588. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. In calculating the significance of Indus contacts with Mesopotamia, it is obvious that the economic vitality of Mesopotamia is the controlling factor. Documentary evidence there vouches for vigorous commercial activity in the Sarginid and Larsa phases [...]
Mitchell, Larkin. "Earliest Egyptian Glyphs". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
Bryce, James (1886). "The Relations of History and Geography". Littell's Living Age. 5. 169. Boston: Littell and Company: 70. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. There was also an important trade route through central Asia, which coming down through Persia and Mesopotamia to the Levant, reached the sea in northern Syria [...]. These trade routes assumed enormous importance in the earlier Middle Ages, and upon them great political issues turned.
Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Headrick, Daniel R.; Hirsch, Steven W.; Johnson, Lyman L.; Northrup, David (2009). "Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact". The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History (6 ed.). Cengage Learning (published 2014). p. 279. ISBN 9781305147096. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. Eurasia's overland trade faded, and merchants, soldiers, and explorers took to the seas.
Al-Zahery, N.; et al. (2003). ""Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
"Cavalli-Sforza et al. Genetic tree of West Asia". Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
Cavalli-Sforza; et al. "Genetic tree of West Asia". Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
M. E. L. Mallowan, "The Bronze Head of the Akkadian Period from Nineveh. Archived 21 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine", Iraq Vol. 3, No. 1 (1936), pp. 104–110.
Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-1-134-64102-4. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
"Livius.org". Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
"Mesopotamia". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2017.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Hogg, Hope Waddell (1911). "Mesopotamia" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–187.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Seymour, Michael (2004). "Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980–2003". Current Anthropology. 45 (3): 351–368. doi:10.1086/383004. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 10.1086/383004. S2CID 224788984. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
Miquel, A.; Brice, W. C.; Sourdel, D.; Aubin, J.; Holt, P. M.; Kelidar, A.; Blanc, H.; MacKenzie, D. N.; Pellat, Ch. (2011), "ʿIrāḳ", in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Online, OCLC 624382576.
Canard, M. (2011), "al-ḎJazīra, Ḏjazīrat Aḳūr or Iḳlīm Aḳūr", in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Online, OCLC 624382576.
Wilkinson, Tony J. (2000), "Regional approaches to Mesopotamian archaeology: the contribution of archaeological surveys", Journal of Archaeological Research, 8 (3): 219–267, doi:10.1023/A:1009487620969, ISSN 1573-7756, S2CID 140771958.
Tubiana, Joseph (22 October 2012). "Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Volume 1". Aethiopica. 7: 194–211. doi:10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.294. ISSN 2194-4024.

worldcat.org

Winter, Irene J. (1985). "After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East". In Kessler, Herbert L.; Simpson, Marianna Shreve. Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Series IV. 16. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art. pp. 11–32. ISSN 0091-7338.
Winter, Irene J. (1985). "After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East". In Kessler, Herbert L.; Simpson, Marianna Shreve. Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Series IV. 16. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art. pp. 11–32. ISSN 0091-7338.

worldhistory.org

"Mesopotamia". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2017.