Mfecane (English Wikipedia)

Wright 2009, p. 220. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 250. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 221. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, pp. 224–225. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, pp. 233, 225–226. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 227. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 228. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 231. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 248. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 249. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 237. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 233. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 234. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, pp. 247–248. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 239. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, pp. 214–215. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 216. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 217. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 215. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, pp. 215–216. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 235. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 240. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, pp. 243–245. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, p. 245. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, pp. 246–247. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, pp. 240, 243. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, pp. 240–241. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, pp. 249, 212–213, 215–217. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Wright 2009, pp. 211–212. Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. Vol. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 4 November 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Epprecht 1994. Epprecht, Marc (June 1994). "The Mfecane as Teaching Aid: History, Politics, and Pedagogy in Southern Africa". Journal of Historical Sociology. 7 (2): 113–130. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.1994.tb00164.x.
Omer-Cooper, J. D. (June 1993). "Has the Mfecane a future? a response to the Cobbing critique". Journal of Southern African Studies. 19 (2): 273–294. doi:10.1080/03057079308708360.
Saunders, Christopher (1 December 1991). "Conference report: Mfecane afterthoughts". Social Dynamics. 17 (2): 171–177. doi:10.1080/02533959108458518. ISSN 0253-3952.
Eldredge 1992. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Epprecht 1994, p. 114. Epprecht, Marc (June 1994). "The Mfecane as Teaching Aid: History, Politics, and Pedagogy in Southern Africa". Journal of Historical Sociology. 7 (2): 113–130. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.1994.tb00164.x.
Wright 1989, p. 286. Wright, John (1989). "Political Mythology and the Making of Natal's Mfecane". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 23 (2). doi:10.2307/485525. hdl:10539/10253. JSTOR 485525.
Etherington, Norman (2004). "A False Emptiness: How Historians May Have Been Misled by Early Nineteenth Century Maps of South-Eastern Africa". Imago Mundi. 56 (1): 68. doi:10.1080/0308569032000172969. JSTOR 40233902. S2CID 128461624.
Epprecht 1994, p. 115. Epprecht, Marc (June 1994). "The Mfecane as Teaching Aid: History, Politics, and Pedagogy in Southern Africa". Journal of Historical Sociology. 7 (2): 113–130. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.1994.tb00164.x.
Wright 1989, p. 287. Wright, John (1989). "Political Mythology and the Making of Natal's Mfecane". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 23 (2). doi:10.2307/485525. hdl:10539/10253. JSTOR 485525.
Eldredge 1992, p. 28. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 29. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, pp. 30–31. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Garstang, Michael; Coleman, Anthony; Therrell, Matthew (2014). "Climate and the mfecane". South African Journal of Science. 110 (5–6): 110. doi:10.1590/sajs.2014/20130239 – via EBSCOhost.
Eldredge 1992, p. 30. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, pp. 15–16, 34. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 15. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 17. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 22, 34. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 18. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Cobbing, Julian (1988). "The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo". The Journal of African History. 29 (3): 487–519. doi:10.1017/s0021853700030590.
Etherington, Norman (2004). "A Tempest in a Teapot? Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land in South Africa's Caledon Valley and the Invention of the Mfecane". The Journal of African History. 45 (2): 203–219. doi:10.1017/S0021853703008624. ISSN 0021-8537. S2CID 162838180.
Dowd, Gregory Evans (July 2022). "Indigenous Self-Vanishing? Relating the North American 'Iroquois Wars' and the Southern African Mfecane". The William and Mary Quarterly. 79 (3): 393–424. doi:10.1353/wmq.2022.0030. Retrieved 27 January 2023.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Wright 1989, p. 286. Wright, John (1989). "Political Mythology and the Making of Natal's Mfecane". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 23 (2). doi:10.2307/485525. hdl:10539/10253. JSTOR 485525.
Wright 1989, p. 287. Wright, John (1989). "Political Mythology and the Making of Natal's Mfecane". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 23 (2). doi:10.2307/485525. hdl:10539/10253. JSTOR 485525.

jhu.edu (Global: 699^th place; English: 479^th place)

muse.jhu.edu

Dowd, Gregory Evans (July 2022). "Indigenous Self-Vanishing? Relating the North American 'Iroquois Wars' and the Southern African Mfecane". The William and Mary Quarterly. 79 (3): 393–424. doi:10.1353/wmq.2022.0030. Retrieved 27 January 2023.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Eldredge 1992. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Wright 1989, p. 286. Wright, John (1989). "Political Mythology and the Making of Natal's Mfecane". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 23 (2). doi:10.2307/485525. hdl:10539/10253. JSTOR 485525.
Etherington, Norman (2004). "A False Emptiness: How Historians May Have Been Misled by Early Nineteenth Century Maps of South-Eastern Africa". Imago Mundi. 56 (1): 68. doi:10.1080/0308569032000172969. JSTOR 40233902. S2CID 128461624.
Wright 1989, p. 287. Wright, John (1989). "Political Mythology and the Making of Natal's Mfecane". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 23 (2). doi:10.2307/485525. hdl:10539/10253. JSTOR 485525.
Eldredge 1992, p. 28. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 29. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, pp. 30–31. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 30. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, pp. 15–16, 34. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 15. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 17. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 22, 34. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 18. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.

msu.edu (Global: 1,844^th place; English: 1,231^st place)

d.lib.msu.edu

Cornelius, Akil (2022). The Venda Armoury: Warfare, gender, and technology in South Africa, 1820 to 1904 (Thesis). Michigan State University.

natalia.org.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

Herrman, Louis (December 1974). "Nathaniel Isaacs" (PDF). Natalia (4). Pietermartizburg: The Natal Society Foundation: 19–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2010.

sahistory.org.za (Global: 2,579^th place; English: 1,727^th place)

"General South African History Timeline: 1800s". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2014.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Eldredge 1992. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Etherington, Norman (2004). "A False Emptiness: How Historians May Have Been Misled by Early Nineteenth Century Maps of South-Eastern Africa". Imago Mundi. 56 (1): 68. doi:10.1080/0308569032000172969. JSTOR 40233902. S2CID 128461624.
Eldredge 1992, p. 28. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 29. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, pp. 30–31. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 30. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, pp. 15–16, 34. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 15. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 17. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 22, 34. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 18. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Etherington, Norman (2004). "A Tempest in a Teapot? Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land in South Africa's Caledon Valley and the Invention of the Mfecane". The Journal of African History. 45 (2): 203–219. doi:10.1017/S0021853703008624. ISSN 0021-8537. S2CID 162838180.

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

Carroll, Rory (22 May 2006). "Shaka Zulu's brutality was exaggerated, says new book". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2010.

uwa.edu.au (Global: 7,226^th place; English: 4,917^th place)

research-repository.uwa.edu.au

Etherington, Norman (2004). "A Tempest in a Teapot? Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land in South Africa's Caledon Valley and the Invention of the Mfecane". The Journal of African History. 45 (2): 203–219. doi:10.1017/S0021853703008624. ISSN 0021-8537. S2CID 162838180.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"General South African History Timeline: 1800s". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Wright, John; Cobbing, Julian (12 September 1988). "The Mfecane: Beginning the inquest". Wits Institutional Repository African Studies Institute – Seminar Papers. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Eldredge 1992. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 28. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 29. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, pp. 30–31. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 30. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, pp. 15–16, 34. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 15. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 17. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 22, 34. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 18. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Segolodi, Moanaphuti (1940). "Ditso Tsa Batawana". Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Herrman, Louis (December 1974). "Nathaniel Isaacs" (PDF). Natalia (4). Pietermartizburg: The Natal Society Foundation: 19–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
Carroll, Rory (22 May 2006). "Shaka Zulu's brutality was exaggerated, says new book". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2010.

wits.ac.za (Global: low place; English: 9,373^rd place)

wiredspace.wits.ac.za

Wright, John; Cobbing, Julian (12 September 1988). "The Mfecane: Beginning the inquest". Wits Institutional Repository African Studies Institute – Seminar Papers. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2018.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Saunders, Christopher (1 December 1991). "Conference report: Mfecane afterthoughts". Social Dynamics. 17 (2): 171–177. doi:10.1080/02533959108458518. ISSN 0253-3952.
Eldredge 1992. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 28. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 29. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, pp. 30–31. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 30. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, pp. 15–16, 34. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 15. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 17. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 22, 34. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Eldredge 1992, p. 18. Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Etherington, Norman (2004). "A Tempest in a Teapot? Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land in South Africa's Caledon Valley and the Invention of the Mfecane". The Journal of African History. 45 (2): 203–219. doi:10.1017/S0021853703008624. ISSN 0021-8537. S2CID 162838180.

Mfecane (English Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 121st place; English: 142nd place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305th place; English: 264th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

jhu.edu (Global: 699th place; English: 479th place)

muse.jhu.edu

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; English: 20th place)

msu.edu (Global: 1,844th place; English: 1,231st place)

d.lib.msu.edu

natalia.org.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

sahistory.org.za (Global: 2,579th place; English: 1,727th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

theguardian.com (Global: 12th place; English: 11th place)

uwa.edu.au (Global: 7,226th place; English: 4,917th place)

research-repository.uwa.edu.au

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wits.ac.za (Global: low place; English: 9,373rd place)

wiredspace.wits.ac.za

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

academia.edu (Global: 121^st place; English: 142^nd place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

jhu.edu (Global: 699^th place; English: 479^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

msu.edu (Global: 1,844^th place; English: 1,231^st place)

sahistory.org.za (Global: 2,579^th place; English: 1,727^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

uwa.edu.au (Global: 7,226^th place; English: 4,917^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wits.ac.za (Global: low place; English: 9,373^rd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)